Dinoflagellata

Dinoflagellata

Taxonavigation

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Diaphoretickes
Cladus: Tsar
Cladus: Sar
Infraregnum: Alveolata
Phylum: Myzozoa
Subphylum: Dinozoa
Infraphylum: Dinoflagellata
Superclasses: Dinokaryota – Syndina

Overview of classes

Dinophyceae – Noctilucea – Peridinea – Syndinea – Dinoflagellata incertae sedis

Synonymy: Pyrrophyta

Name

Dinoflagellata Bütschli, 1885 [1880-1889]

Synonyms or similar groups:

• Arthrodelen Flagellaten Stein, 1883
• Cilioflagellata Claparède & Lachmann, 1868
• Dinophyceae Pascher, 1914
• Pyrrophyta Pascher, 1914
• Dinoflagellida Calkins, 1926
• Pyrrhophyta Pascher, 1931
• Pyrrhophycophyta Papenfuss, 1946
• Dinophyta Dillon, 1963 [?]
• Dinozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1981
• Dinomastigota Margulis & Sagan, 1985
• Dinokaryota Fensome et al., 1993; Cavalier-Smith, 1993

References

• Thomas Cavalier-Smith and E. E. Chao, Protalveolate phylogeny and systematics and the origins of Sporozoa and dinoflagellates (phylum Myzozoa nom. nov.), Europ. J. Protistol. 40, 185-212 (2004).
• Thomas Cavalier-Smith, Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa, Europ. J. Protistol. 39, 338-348 (2003).
• Saldarriaga, J.F., Taylor, F.J.R. (2017). Dinoflagellata. In: Archibald, J.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Slamovits, C. (Eds.). Handbook of the Protists. Springer, pp. 1-54. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_22-1

Links

• Dinoflagellata in the World Register of Marine Species

Vernacular names

English: Dinoflagellates
español: Dinoflagelados
eesti: Dinoflagellaadid, Vaguviburvetikad
français: Dinoflagellés
magyar: Páncélos ostorosok
Türkçe: Ateşrengi algler

Alternative classifications

Stein (1883)

Stein, F. von (1883). Der Organismus der Infusionsthiere, Abt. 3 (2). Engelmann, Leipzig, [1].

• Infusionthiere
  • Peritrichen Infusionthiere (Peritricha)
  • Hypotrichen Infusionthiere (Hypotricha)
  • Heterotrichen Infusionthiere (Heterotricha)
  • Holotrichen Infusionthiere (Holotricha)
  • Flagellaten oder Geisselinfusorien
  • Arthrodelen Flagellaten
    • Prorocentrinen
    • Cladopyxiden
    • Peridiniden
    • Dinophysiden
    • Noctiluciden

Bütschli (1885 [1880-1889])

From Bütschli, O. (1880–1889). Dr. H.G. Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs: wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort und Bild: wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort und Bild. Erster Band: Protozoa. Abt. I, Sarkodina und Sporozoa, 1880-82 [2]. Abt. II, Mastigophora, 1883-87 [3]. Abt. III, Infusoria und System der Radiolaria, 1887-89 [4]. C.F. Winter, Leipzig.

Phylum Protozoa

• Class Sarkodina
• Class Sporozoa
• Class Mastigophora
  • Order Flagellata
  • Order Choanoflagellata
  • Order Dinoflagellata [Abt. II, p. 1001]
    • Suborder Adinida
    • Suborder Dinifera
  • Order Cystoflagellata
• Class Infusoria
  • Subclass Ciliata
  • Subclass Suctoria

Fritsch (1935)

Fritsch, F.E. The Structure and Reproduction of the Algae. Vol. I, Introduction, Chlorophyceae. Xanthophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Dinophyceae, Chloromonadineae, Euglenineae, Colourless Flagellata, 1935, [5]. From Sharma (1986), [6], [7].

"Algae"

• Class Dinophyceae (Peridinieae)
  • Desmokontae
    • Order Desmomonadales
    • Order Thecatales
    • Order Dinophysiales
  • Dinokontae
    • Order Dinoflagellata
    • Order Dinococcales
    • Order Dinotrichales

Kudo (1954)

Protozoology, 4th ed., [8].

Phylum Protozoa Goldfuss

• Subphylum 1 Plasmodroma Doflein
  • Class 1 Mastigophora Diesing
    • Subclass 1 Phytomastigina Doflein
      • Order 6 Dinoflagellata Bütschli
        • Suborder 1 Prorocentrinea Poche
          • Family Prorocentridae Kofoid
            • Genus Prorocentrum Ehrenberg, Genus Exuviaella Cienkowski
        • Suborder 2 Peridiniinea Poche
          • Tribe 1 Gymnodinioidae Poche
            • Family 1 Cystodiniidae Kofoid and Swezy
              • Genus Cystodinium Klebs, Genus Glenodinium Ehrenberg (Glenodiniopsis, Stasziecella Woloszynska)
            • Family 2 Pronoctilucidae Lebour
              • Genus Pronoctiluca Fabre-Domergue, Genus Oxyrrhis Dujardin
            • Family 3 Pouchetiidae Kofoid and Swezy
              • Genus Pouchetia Schütt, Genus Protopsis Kofoid and Swezy, Genus Nematodinium Kofoid and Swezy, Genus Proterythropsis Kofoid and Swezy, Genus Erythropsis Hertwig
            • Family 4 Noctilucidae Kent
              • Genus Noctiluca Suriray, Genus Pavillardia Kofoid and Swezy
            • Family 5 Gymnodiniidae Kofoid
              • Genus Gymnodinium Stein, Genus Hemidinium Stein, Genus Amphidinium Claparède and Lachmann, Genus Gyrodinium Kofoid and Swezy, Genus Cochlodinium Schütt, Genus Torodinium Kofoid and Swezy, Genus Massartia Conrad, Genus Chilodinium Conrad, Genus Trochodinium Conrad, Genus Ceratodinium Conrad
            • Family 6 Blastodiniidae Kofoid and Swezy
              • Genus Blastodinium Chatton, Genus Oodinium Chatton, Genus Apodinium Chatton, Genus Chytriodinium Chatton, Genus Trypanodinium Chatton, Genus Duboscqella Chatton, Genus Haplozoon Dogiel, Genus Syndinium Chatton, Genus Paradinium Chatton, Genus Ellobiopsis Caullery, Genus Paraellobiopsis Collin
            • Family 7 Polykrikidae Kofoid and Swezey
              • Genus Polykrikos Bütschli
          • Tribe 2 Peridinioidae Poche
            • Family 1 Peridiniidae Kent
              • Genus Peridinium Ehrenberg, Genus Ceratium Schrank, Genus Heterodinium Kofoid, Genus Dolichodinium Kofoid and Adamson, Genus Goniodoma Stein, Genus Gonyaulax Diesing, Genus Spiraulax Kofoid, Genus Woloszynskia Thompson
            • Family 2 Dinophysidae Kofoid
              • Genus Dinophysis Ehrenberg, Genus Oxyphysis Kofoid
            • Family 3 Phytodiniidae Klebs
              • Genus Phytodinium Klebs, Genus Dissodinium Klebs
        • Suborder 3 Cystoflagellata Haeckel
          • Leptodiscus medusoides Hertwig, Craspedotella pileolus Kofoid

John O. Corliss (1984)

From The kingdom Protista and its 45 phyla

In Kingdom Protista
Assemblage "Dinoflagellates"

• Phylum Peridinea
• Phylum Syndinea
• incertae sedis
  • Group Ebriidea
  • Group Ellobiophyceae
  • Group Acritarcha

Taylor in Margulis et al. (1990)

Taylor, F.J.R., 1990. 24. Phylum Dinoflagellata:. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, D.J. Chapman (ed.). Handbook of Protoctista. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston, p. 419-437. See Brands, S.J. (1989-2015), [9].

Kingdom Protoctista

• Section IV: Phyla with flagellated stages and complex sexual cycles
  • Phylum 24. Dinoflagellata
    • Class Dinophyceae
    • Class Syndiniophyceae

Cavalier-Smith (1993)

From Kingdom Protozoa and its 18 phyla, [10].

Empire Eukaryota

• Superkingdom 2. Metakaryota
  • Kingdom 1. Protozoa
    • Subkingdom 2. Dictyozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1991
      • Branch 2. Bikonta new branch
        • Infrakingdom 2. Neozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1983
          • Parvkindgdom 2. Alveolata Cavalier-Smith, 1991 stat. nov.
            • Superphylum 1. Miozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1987
              • Phylum 1. Dinozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1981 emend.
                • Subphylum 1. Protalveolata Cavalier-Smith, 1991
                  • Class 1. Colponemea cl. nov. (order Colponemida ord. nov.)
                  • Class 2. Oxyrrhea Cavalier-Smith, 1987 (order Oxyrrhida orthog. emend. pro Oxyrrhinales Sournia in Taylor, 1990)
                  • Class 3. Ellobiopsea orthog. emend. pro Ellobiophyceae Loeblich III, 1970
                • Subphylum 2. Dinoflagellata Butschli, 1885 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith, 1991 (originally a class) (syn. Cilioflagellata Müller, Dinophyta auct., Dinophyceae Pascher, 1914)
                  • Superclass 1. Syndina supercl. nov.
                    • Class 1. Syndinea Chatton, 1920 stat. nov. Loeblich, 1976 orthog. emend. Corliss, 1984
                  • Superclass 2. Hemidinia supercl. nov.
                    • Class 1. Noctilucea Haeckel, 1866 stat. nov. (order Cystoflagellata Haeckel, 1873 stat. nov. Butschli, 1887)
                    • Class 2. Haplozooidea Poche, 1911 (syn. Blastodiniphyceae Fensome et al., 1993 orthog. emend.) (order Blastodinida Chatton, 1906)
                  • Superclass 3. Dinokaryota supercl. nov.
                    • Class 1. Peridinea Ehrenberg, 1830 stat. nov. Wettstein, 1901 emend.
                      • Subclass 1. Gymnodinoidia Poche, 1913 stat. nov. (syn. Gymnodiniphycidae Fensome et al., 1993)
                      • Subclass 2. Peridinoidia Poche, 1913 stat. nov. Fritsch, 1935 (syn. Peridiniphycidae Fensome et al., 1993)
                      • Subclass 3. Prorocentroidia Lemmermann, 1899, stat. nov. (syn. Prorocentrophycidae Fensome et al., 1993)
                      • Subclass 4. Desmocapsoidia Pascher, 1941 stat. nov.
                      • Subclass 5. Thoracosphaeroidia subcl. nov.
                    • Class 2. Bilidinea Cavalier-Smith, 1993 (orders Dinophysida Lindemann, 1928 and Nannoceratopsida)

Fensome et al. (1993)

Fensome, R.A., Taylor, F.J.R., Norris, G., Sarjeant, W.A.S., Wharton, D.I. & Williams, G.L. (1993). A classification of fossil and living dinoflagellates. Micropaleontology Press Special Paper, no.7, 351 p. See Brands, S.J. (1989-2016), [11].

Division Dinoflagellata Bütschli (1885)

• Subdivision Dinokaryota Fensome et al. (1993)
  • Class Dinophyceae Bütschli (1885)
  • Class Blastodiniphyceae Fensome et al. (1993)
  • Class Noctiluciphyceae Fensome et al. (1993)
  • Incertae sedis
• Subdivision Syndinia
  • Class Syndiniophyceae Loeblich III (1976)
• Incertae sedis

Cavalier-Smith (1998)

From A revised six-kingdom system of life, [12].

Empire or Superkingdom 2. Eukaryota

• Kingdom 1. Protozoa Goldfuss 1818 stat. nov. Owen 1858 em. [almost certainly paraphyletic]
  • Subkingdom 2. Neozoa Cavalier-Smith 1993 stat. nov. 1997 em. [almost certainly paraphyletic]
    • Infrakingdom 3. Alveolata Cavalier-Smith 1991 em.
      • Superphylum 1. Miozoa Cavalier-Smith 1987.
        • Phylum 1. Dinozoa Cavalier-Smith 1981 em.
          • Subphylum 1. Protalveolata Cavalier-Smith 1991 em. (e.g. Colponema, Ellobiopsis, Spironema, Hemimastix, Colpodella, Perkinsus) [probably paraphyletic]
          • Subphylum 2. Dinoflagellata Bütschli 1885 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1991 (e.g. Noctiluca, Crypthecodinium, Amphidinium)

Dodge & Lee, in Lee et al. 2000

Dodge, J.D. & Lee, J.J. 2000. Phylum Dinoflagellata. In: Lee, J.J., Leedale, G.F. & Bradbury, P. An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Society of Protozoologists/Allen Press: Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A, 2nd ed., vol. 1, p. 656-689, [13]. See Brands, S.J., 1989-2015, [14].

In “protozoa”, “alveolates”

• Phylum Dinoflagellata Bütschli, 1885
  • Class Dinophyceae
    • Order Gymnodiniales Apstein, 1909
      • Family Gymnodiniaceae (Bergh) Lankester, 1885
        • Genus Gymnodinium Stein, 1878
        • Genus Gyrodinium Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
        • Genus Amphidinium Claparède & Lachmann, 1859
        • Genus Cochlodinium Schütt, 1896
        • Genus Katodinium Fott, 1957
        • Genus Torodinium Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
        • Genus Woloszynskia Thompson, 1951
      • Family Polykrikaceae Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
        • Genus Polykrikos Bütschli, 1873
      • Family Warnowiaceae Lindemann, 1928
        • Genus Erythropsodinium P.C. Silva, 1960 [error, see Erythropsidinium]
        • Genus Nematodinium Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
      • Family Actiniscaceae Kützing, 1844
        • Genus Actiniscus (Ehrenb.) Ehrenb., 1843
    • Order Ptychodiscales Fensome et al., 1993
      • Family Ptychodiscaceae Lemmermann, 1899
        • Genus Ptychodiscus Stein, 1883
    • Order Suessiales Fensome et al., 1993
      • Family Symbiodiniaceae Fensome et al., 1993
        • Genus Symbiodinium Freudenthal, 1962
    • Order Gonyaulacales Taylor, 1980
      • Family Cladopyxiaceae Stein, 1883
        • Genus Cladopyxis Stein, 1883
        • Genus Micracanthodinium Deflandre, 1937
        • Genus Amphidoma Stein, 1883
        • Genus Palaeophalacroma Schiller, 1928
      • Family Gonyaulacaceae Lindemann, 1928
        • Genus Gonyaulax Diesing, 1866
        • Genus Amylax Meunier, 1910
        • Genus Protoceratium Bergh, 1881
        • Genus Peridinella Kofoid & Michener, 1911 [error, see Peridiniella]
      • Family Ceratocoryaceae Lindemann, 1928
        • Genus Ceratocorys Stein, 1883
      • Family Ceratiaceae Kofoid, 1907
        • Genus Ceratium Schrank 1793
      • Family Goniodomaceae Lindemann, 1928
        • Genus Triadinium Dodge, 1981 [see Goniodoma Stein, 1883]
        • Genus Helgolandinium von Stosch, 1969
        • Genus Alexandrium Halim, 1960
        • Genus Pyrophacus Stein, 1883
        • Genus Pyrodinium Plate, 1906
      • Family Pyrocystaceae Apstein, 1909
        • Genus Pyrocystis Haeckel, 1890
        • Genus Thecadinium Kofoid & Skogsberg, 1928
      • Family Heterodiniaceae Lindemann, 1928
        • Genus Heterodinium Kofoid, 1906
      • Family Crypthecodiniaceae Chatton, 1952
        • Genus Crypthecodinium Biecheler, 1938
    • Order Peridiniales Haeckel, 1894
      • Family Heterocapsaceae Fensome et al., 1993b
        • Genus Heterocapsa Stein, 1883
      • Family Peridiniaceae Ehrenb., 1831
        • Genus Peridinium Ehrenberg, 1830
        • Genus Scrippsiella Loeblich III, 1965
        • Genus Pentapharsodinium Indelicato & Loeblich III, 1986
      • Family Congruentidiaceae J. Schiller, 1935
        • Genus Protoperidinium Bergh, 1881
        • Genus Diplopsalis Bergh, 1882
        • Genus Oblea Loeblich Jr. & Loeblich III, 1966
        • Genus Diplopsalopsis Meunier, 1910
      • Family Podolampaceae Lindemann, 1928
        • Genus Podolampas Stein, 1883
        • Genus Blepharocysta Ehrenb., 1873
      • Family Oxytoxaceae Lindemann, 1928
        • Genus Oxytoxum Stein, 1883
        • Genus Amphidiniopsis Woloszynska, 192
    • Order Dinophysiales Kofoid, 1926
      • Family Dinophysiaceae Stein, 1883 [see Dinophysaceae Stein, 1883]
        • Genus Dinophysis Ehrenberg, 1839
        • Genus Histioneis Stein, 1883
        • Genus Ornithocercus Stein, 1883
      • Family Amphisoleniaceae Lindemann, 1928
        • Genus Amphisolenia Stein, 1883
        • Genus Triposolenia Kofoid, 1906
    • Order Prorocentrales Lemmermann, 1910
      • Family Prorocentraceae Stein, 1883
        • Genus Prorocentrum Ehrenb., 1834
        • Genus Mesoporos Lillick, 1937
    • Order Phytodinales Christensen, 1962
      • Family Phytodiniaceae Klebs, 1912
        • Genus Dinothrix Pascher, 1914
        • Genus Stylodinium Klebs, 1912
        • Genus Hemidinium Stein, 1878
    • Order Thoracosphaerales Tangen, 1982
      • Family Thoracosphaeraceae Schiller, 1930
        • Genus Thoracosphaera Kamptner, 1927
  • Class Blastodiniophyceae Fensome et al., 1993
    • Order Blastodiniales Chatton, 1906
      • Family Oodiniaceae Chatton, 1920
        • Genus Amyloodinium Brown & Hovasse, 1946
        • Genus Crepidoodinium Lom & Lawler, 1981
        • Genus Pfiesteria Steidinger & Burkholder, 1996
      • Family Cachonellaceae Silva, 1980
        • Genus Dissodinium Klebs, 1916
  • Class Noctiluciphyceae Fensome et al., 1993
    • Order Noctilucales Haeckel, 1894
      • Family Noctilucaceae Kent, 1881
        • Genus Noctiluca Suriray, 1816
      • Family Kofoidiniaceae F.J.R. Taylor, 1976
        • Genus Kofoidinium Pavillard, 1928
  • Class Syndiniophyceae Loeblich III, 1976
    • Order Syndiniales Loeblich III, 1976
      • Family Syndiniaceae Chatton, 1920
        • Genus Syndinium Chatton, 1910
        • Genus Merodinium Chatton, 1923
      • Family Amoebophryaceae J. Cachon, 1964 ex Loeblich III, 1970
        • Genus Amoebophrya Koeppen, 1894
      • Family Dubosquellaceae Chatton, 1920 [error, see Duboscquellaceae]
        • Genus Duboscquella Chatton, 1920
      • Family Oxyrrhinaceae Sournia, 1984
        • Genus Oxyrrhis Dujardin, 1841

Okolodkov in Pugachev (2011)

Okolodkov, Y. B. [Околодков Ю. Б.]. Dinoflagellata. In: Pugachev, O. N. ed. [О.Н. Пугачев]. 2011. Protista 3: Guide-book on zoology. [Протисты 3: руководство по зоологии]. St. Petersburg: KMK Scientific Press, 474 pp. (in Russian, with English summaries), [15], [16].

Protists

• Alveolata
  • Ciliophora
  • Sporozoa (Apicomplexa)
  • Colpodellea
  • Phylum Dinoflagellata (Bütschli) Fensome, Taylor, Norris, Sarjeant, Wharton & Williams, 1993
    • Subphylum Dinokaryota Fensome, Taylor, Norris, Sarjeant, Wharton & Williams, 1993
      • Class Dinophyceae Pascher, 1914
      • Class Blastodiniphyceae Fensome, Taylor, Norris, Sarjeant, Wharton & Williams, 1993
      • Class Noctiluciphyceae Fensome, Taylor, Norris, Sarjeant, Wharton & Williams, 1993
    • Dinoflagellata incertae sedis
    • Subphylum Syndinea (Corliss) Fensome, Taylor, Norris, Sarjeant, Wharton & Williams, 1993
      • Class Syndiniophyceae Loeblich III, 1976

Adl et al. (2012)

• Adl, S.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Lane, C.E., Lukeš, J., Bass, D., Bowser, S.S., Brown, M.W., Burki, F., Dunthorn, M., Hampl, V., Heiss, A., Hoppenrath, M., Lara, E., Le Gall, L., Lynn, D.H., McManus, H., Mitchell, E.A.D., Mozley-Stanridge, S.E., Parfrey, L.W., Pawlowski, J., Rueckert, S., Shadwick, L., Schoch, C.L., Smirnow, A. & Spiegel, F.W. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59(5): 429–514. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x . [Erratum: 60(3): 321. DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12033 .] Reference page. 

Eukaryota

• Sar Burki et al., 2008 (R)
  • Alveolata Cavalier-Smith 1991
    • Protalveolata Cavalier-Smith 1991, emend. Adl et al. 2012 (P)
      • Chromerida Moore et al. 2008 (P?)
        • Chromera, Vitrella
      • Colpodellida Cavalier-Smith 1993, emend. Adl et al. 2005 (P?)
        • Alphamonas, Colpodella, Voromonas
      • Perkinsidae Levine 1978, emend. Adl et al. 2005
        • Parvilucifera, Perkinsus
      • Oxyrrhis Dujardin 1841 (Oxyrrhinaceae Sournia 1984) (M)
      • Syndiniales Loeblich III 1976
        • Amoebophrya, Duboscquella, Merodinium, Syndinium
    • Dinoflagellata Bütschli 1885, emend. Fensome et al. 1993, emend. Adl et al. 2005
      • Noctilucales Haeckel 1894 (Noctiluciphyceae Fensome et al. 1993)
        • Abedinium, Cachonodinium, Craspedotella, Cymbodinium, Kofoidinium, Leptodiscus, Noctiluca, Petalodinium, Pomatodinium, Scaphodinium, Spatulodinium
      • Dinophyceae Pascher 1914
        • Gymnodiniphycidae Fensome et al. 1993
          • Gymnodinium F. Stein 1878, emend. G. Hansen & Moestrup in Daugbjerg et al. 2000 sensu stricto
            • Dissodinium, Gymnodinium, Lepidodinium, Nematodinium, Polykrikos, Proterythropsis, Warnowia
          • Amphidinium Claparède & Lachmann 1859, emend. Flø Jørgensen et al. 2004 sensu stricto
          • Gyrodinium Kofoid & Swezy 1921, emend. G. Hansen & Moestrup in Daugbjerg et al. 2000 sensu stricto
          • Kareniaceae Bergholtz et al. 2005
            • Brachidinium, Karenia, Karlodinium, Takayama
          • Ptychodiscales Fensome et al. 1993
            • Achradina, Amphitolus, Balechina, Ptychodiscus, Sclerodinium
          • Borghiellaceae Moestrup et al. 2009
            • Baldinia, Borghiella
          • Tovelliaceae Moestrup et al. 2005
            • Bernardinium, Esopotrodinium, Jadwigia, Tovellia
          • Suessiaceae Fensome et al. 1993, emend. Moestrup et al. 2009
            • Biecheleria, Polarella, Protodinium, Symbiodinium
        • Peridiniphycidae Fensome et al. 1993
          • Gonyaulacales Taylor 1980
            • Alexandrium, Amylax, Ceratium, Coolia, Fragilidium, Gambierdiscus, Goniodoma, Gonyaulax, Lingulodinium, Ostreopsis, Peridinella, Protoceratium, Pyrocystis, Pyrophacus
          • Peridiniales Haeckel 1894
            • Amphidiniopsis, Archaeperidinium, Blastodinium, Diplopelta, Diplopsalis, Diplopsalopsis, Herdmania, Oblea, Peridinium, Peridiniopsis, Preperidinium, Protoperidinium
          • Thoracosphaeraceae Schiller 1930
            • Amyloodinium, Cryptoperidiniopsis, Ensiculifera, Leonella, Luciella, Paulsenella, Pentapharsodinium, Pfiesteria, Scrippsiella, Stoeckeria, Thoracosphaera, Tyrannodinium
          • Podolampadaceae Lindemann 1928
            • Blepharocysta, Gaarderiella, Heterobractum, Lissodinium, Mysticella, Podolampas
        • Dinophysiales Kofoid 1926
          • Amphisolenia, Citharistes, Dinophysis, Histioneis, Ornithocercus, Oxyphysis, Phalacroma, Sinophysis, Triposolenia
        • Prorocentrales Lemmermann 1910
          • Mesoporus, Prorocentrum
      • Incertae sedis Dinoflagellata: (Blastodiniales Chatton 1906, no longer valid). Amyloodinium, Apodinium, Cachonella, Crepidoodinium, Haplozoon, Oodinium, Piscinodinium, Protoodinium

Ruggiero et al. (2015)

Ruggiero, M.A., Gordon, D.P., Orrell, T.M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R.C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M. D. & Kirk, P. M. (2015). A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0119248, [17].

• Superkingdom Eukaryota
  • Kingdom Chromista
    • Subkingdom Hacrobia
    • Subkingdom Harosa [= "Supergroup SAR"]
      • Infrakingdom Halvaria
        • Superphylum Alveolata
          • Phylum Ciliophora
          • Phylum Miozoa
            • Subphylum Myzozoa
              • Infraphylum Apicomplexa
              • Infraphylum Dinozoa
                • Superclass Dinoflagellata
                  • Class Dinophyceae
                    • Subclass N.N.
                      • Order Actiniscales
                      • Order Blastodinales
                      • Order Coccidinales
                      • Order Dinamoebales
                      • Order Lophodinales
                      • Order Pyrocystales
                      • Order Thoracosphaerales
                    • Subclass Dinophysoidia
                      • Order Dinophysidales
                      • Order Nannoceratopsales
                    • Subclass Gonyaulacoidia
                      • Order Gonyaulacales
                      • Order Gymnodiniales
                    • Subclass Peridinoidia
                      • Order Peridiniales
                      • Order Prorocentrales
                    • Subclass Suessioidia
                      • Order Suessiales
                  • Class Ellobiopsea
                    • Order Ellobiopsida
                  • Class Noctilucea
                    • Order Noctilucida
                  • Class Oxyrrhea
                    • Order Acrocoelida
                    • Order Oxyrrhida
                  • Class Syndinea
                    • Order Rastrimonadida
                    • Order Syndinida
                • Superclass Perkinsozoa
                  • Class Myzomonadea
                    • Order Algovorida
                  • Class Perkinsea
                    • Order Perkinsida
                    • Order Phagodinida
            • Subphylum Protalveolata
              • Class Colponemea
                • Order Colponemida
        • Superphylum Heterokonta [= "Supergroup Stramenopiles"]
      • Infrakingdom Rhizaria