Euglenozoa

Euglenozoa

Taxonavigation

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Protozoa
Subregnum: Eozoa
Infraregnum: Euglenozoa
Phylum: Euglenozoa
Subphyla: Euglenoida - Postgaardia - Glycomonada

Subphyla (in synonymy): Plicostoma - Saccostoma

Classes (overview): Diplosonematophyceae – Euglenoidea (Euglenophyceae) – Kinetoplastea (Bodonophyceae) – Postgaardea (Postgaardiophyceae)

Name

Euglenozoa K.I.Mey., Razmn. Rast. 14 (1937) ("Euglenophyta")

Synonyms

• Bodonozoa Casper, Grundz. Nat. Syst. Mikroorg. 180 (1974) (“Bodonicea”), pro zool. phyl.
• Diplosonematozoa Doweld, Prosyllabus: lxvii (2001) (“Diplosonematophyta”).
  • Euglenozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1981 (isonym)
  • Bodonophyta (Bodonozoa) Doweld, Prosyllabus: lxvii (2001) (isonym)

References

Primary references

• Meyer, K.I. (Мейер, К.И.) 1937. Размножение растений [Reproduction of Plants]. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatelstvo kolkhoznoj i sovkhoznoj literatury “Selkhozgiz” (Russian) Reference page. 
• Casper, S.J. 1974. Grundzüge eines natürlichen System der Mikroorganismen. Jena: VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag. 232 pp. Reference page. 
• Doweld, A.B. 2001. Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum. Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta) [Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum. Опыт системы сосудистых растений]. LXXX + 110 pp. Moscow: Geos. ISBN 5-89118-283-1. Фундаментальная электронная библиотека «Флора и фауна» DJVU Google Books Reference page. 

Additional references

• Cavalier-Smith, T. 2003. The excavate protozoan phyla Metamonada Grassé emend. (Anaeromonadea, Parabasalia, Carpediemonas, Eopharyngia) and Loukozoa emend. (Jakobea, Malawimonas): their evolutionary affinities and new higher taxa. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 1741–1758. DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.02548-0 Reference page. 
• Cavalier-Smith T. 2003. Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa. European Journal of Protistology 39: 338–348. DOI: 10.1078/0932-4739-00002 Reference page. 
• Cavalier-Smith, T. 2016. Higher classification and phylogeny of Euglenozoa. European Journal of Protistology 56: 250–276. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2016.09.003 . PMID: 27889663 . Reference page. 

Alternative classifications

Cavalier-Smith (1981)

• Cavalier-Smith, T. 1981. Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine? Biosystems 14(3–4): 461–481. DOI: 10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2. PMID 7337818. Reference page. 

In empire Eukaryota

• Kingdom Euglenozoa
  
  • Phylum Euglenozoa
    • Euglenida / Euglenophyta
    • Kinetoplastida

John O. Corliss (1984)

From The kingdom Protista and its 45 phyla.

In Kingdom Protista
Assemblage "Euglenozoa" named after kingdom Euglenozoa Cavalier-Smith 1981

• Phylum Euglenophyta
• Phylum Kinetoplastidea
• incertae sedis
  • Phylum Pseudociliata

Patterson (1988)

Patterson, D. J. 1988. The evolution of Protozoa. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 83 (suppl. 1): 580–600, [1].

[Table 1. Major groups of protists distinguished by ultrastructural identity]

• Prodiscea sedis mutabilis
  • Heterolobosea sedis mutabilis
    • Schizopyrenida
    • Acrasida
  • Stephanopogon sedis mutabilis
  • Euglenozoa sedis mutabilis
    • Kinetoplastida
    • Plicostomatida
      • Diplonema
      • Euglenida

Cavalier-Smith (1993a)

Cavalier-Smith, T. (1993). The origin, losses and gains of chloroplasts. In: Origins of plastids (pp. 291-348). Springer US, [2].

• Phylim Euglenozoa Cavalier-Smith 1981
  • Subphylum 1. Euglenoida Bütschli stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1992
  • Subphylum 2. Kinetoplasta Honigberg 1963 stat. nov.
  • Subphylum 3. Diplonemia Cavalier-Smith, 1992

T. Cavalier-Smith (1993b).

From Kingdom Protozoa and its 18 phyla, [3].

Empire Eukaryota

• Superkingdom 2. Metakaryota
  • Kingdom 1. Protozoa
    • Subkingdom 2. Dictyozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1991
      • Branch 2. Bikonta new branch
        • Infrakingdom 1. Euglenozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1981 stat. nov.
          • Phylum 1. Euglenozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1981
            • Subphylum 1. Diplonemia subph. nov.
              • Class 1. Diplonemea cl. nov. (order Diplonemida ord. nov. [Diplonema = Isonema])
            • Subphylum 2. Euglenoida Butschli, 1884 (as Euglenoidina) emend. Senn, 1900 stat. nov.
              • Class 1. Petalomonadea cl. nov. (order Petalomonadida ord. nov.)
              • Class 2. Peranemea cl. nov. (orders Ploeotiida ord. nov.; Peranemida Butschli, 1884 stat. nov.)
              • Class 3. Aphagea cl. nov.
                • Subclass 1. Euglenia subcl. nov. (orders Astasida Ehrenberg, 1831 stat. nov.; Eutreptiida Leedale, 1967)
                • Subclass 2. Rhabdomonadia subcl. nov. (order Rhabdomonadida Leedale, 1967)
            • Subphylum 3. Kinetoplasta Honigberg, 1963 stat. nov.
              • Class 1. Kinetoplastea Honigberg, 1963 emend. Vickerman, 1976 stat. nov. Margulis, 1974 (= subcl. Bodonidea Hollande, 1958)
                • Order Bodonida Hollande, 1952 emend. Vickerman, 1976, Krylov et al., 1980
                • Order Trypanosomida Kent, 1880 stat. nov. Hollande, 1952)

Simpson (1997)

Simpson, A. G. (1997). The identity and composition of the Euglenozoa. Archiv für Protistenkunde, 148(3), 318-328, [4].

Euglenozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1981

• Euglenids (Euglenida Bütschli, 1884)
• Kinetoplastids (Kinetoplastida Honigberg, 1963)
• Diplonemids (Diplonemea Cavalier-Smith, 1993)
• Postgaardi Fenchel et al., 1995
• Calkinsia Lackey, 1960

T. Cavalier-Smith (1998).

From A revised six-kingdom system of life.

In Kingdom Protozoa, Subkingdom Neozoa, Infrakingdom Discicristata
Phylum Euglenozoa Cavalier-Smith 1981

• Subphylum Plicostoma
• Subphylum Saccostoma

David J. Patterson (1999)

From The diversity of eukaryotes

In Eukaryotes
Clade Euglenozoa

• Euglenids
• Kinetoplastids
• Postgaardi
• Diplonemids

Alimov et al. (2000)

Alimov, A. F. ed. (А. Ф. Алимов). 2000. Protista 1: Handbook on zoology (Протисты 1: руководство по зоологии). St. Petersburg: Nauka, 2000, 679 pp. (in Russian, with English summaries), [5].

Protists

• Phylum Euglenozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1978
  • Class Euglenoidea Bütschli, 1884
    • Order Eutreptiida Leedale, 1967
    • Order Euglenida Bütschli, 1884
    • Order Rhabdomonadida Leedale, 1967
    • Order Sphenomonadida Leedale, 1967
    • Order Heteronematida Leedale, 1967
  • Class Kinetoplastidea Honigberg et al., 1963
    • Order Bodonida Hollande, 1952
      • Family Bodonidae Dophlein, 1901
      • Family Cryptobiidae Poche, 1911
    • Order Trypanosomatida Kent, 1880
      • Family Trypanosomatidae Grobben, 1905

Doweld (2001)

• Doweld, A.B. 2001. Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum. Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta) [Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum. Опыт системы сосудистых растений]. LXXX + 110 pp. Moscow: Geos. ISBN 5-89118-283-1. Фундаментальная электронная библиотека «Флора и фауна» DJVU Google Books Reference page. 

Dominium Eukaryota

• Subdominium Chlorota Doweld, 2001

• Subregnum 1. Cercomonadobiotina Doweld, 2001
• = Chlororachiobiotina Corliss, 1994 ("Chlororachniophyta")
  • Phylum 1. Cercomonadozoa Karpov, 1990 ("Cercomonada")
    • Class 1. Apusomonadatea Doweld, 2001
    • Class 2. Thaumatomonadatea Mikrjukov, 2000 ("Thaumatomonadea")
    • Class 3. Cercomonadatea Mikrjukov, 2000 ("Cercomonadea")
    • Class 4. Dimorphiellatea Doweld, 2001
    • Class 5. Clathrulinatea Kussakin & Drozdov, 1998 ("Clathruliniodes")
  • Phylum 2. Chlororachniozoa Hibberd & R.E. Norris, 1984 ("Chlororachniophyta")

• Subregnum 2. Percolobiotina Doweld, 2001
  • Phylum 1. Nucleariozoa Mikrjukov, 2000 ("Nucleariomorpha")
    • Class 1. Nucleariatea Doweld, 2001
  • Phylum 2. Tetramitozoa L.S. Dillon, 1963 ("Tetramitophyta")
    • Class 2. Tetramitatea Doweld, 2001
    • = Vahlkampfiatea Kussakin & Drozdov, 1998 ("Vahlkampfiiodes")
  • Phylum 3. Percolozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1991

• Subregnum 3. Euglenobiotina L.S. Dillon 1963 ex Doweld, 2001
  • Phylum 1. Stephanopogonophyta seu Stephanopogonozoa Sleigh, Dodge & Patterson, 1984 ("Stephanopogonidae")
  • Phylum 2. Diplosonematophyta seu Diplosonematozoa Doweld, 2001
    • Class 2. Diplosonematophyceae seu Diplosonematea Doweld, 2001
  • Phylum 3. Bodonophyta seu Bodonozoa Doweld, 2001
    • Class 3. Bodonophyceae seu Bodonatea P.C.Silva, 1980
  • Phylum 4. Spironematellophyta seu Spironematellozoa Doweld, 2001
    • Class 4. Spironematellophyceae seu Spironematellatea Doweld, 2001
  • Phylum 5. Euglenophyta seu Euglenozoa Pascher, 1931
    • Class 5. Euglenophyceae seu Euglenatea Schoenichen, 1925

Leedale & Vickerman, in Lee et al. (2002)

Leedale, G.F. & Vickerman, K., 2002 ["2000"]. Phylum Euglenozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1981. In: Lee, J.J., Leedale, G.F. & Bradbury, P. An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Society of Protozoologists/Allen Press: Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A, 2nd ed., vol. 2, p. 1135-1185, [6]. See Brands, S.J. (1989-2015), [7].

In “protozoa”, “flagellated protists”

• Phylum Euglenozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1981
  • "euglenids" (Class Euglenoidea Bütschli, 1884, order Euglenida Bütschli, 1884) [by Leedale]
    • Suborder Eutreptiina Leedale, 1967
      • Genus Distigma Ehrenberg, 1831
      • Genus Distigmopsis Hollande, 1942
      • Genus Eutreptia Perty, 1852
      • Genus Eutreptiella da Cunha, 1913
    • Suborder Euglenina Bütschli, 1884
      • Genus Euglena C.G. Ehrenberg, 1830
      • Genus Euglenocapsa Steinecke, 1931
      • Genus Khawkinea Jahn & McKibben, 1937
      • Genus Astasia Dujardin, 1830
      • Genus Cyclidiopsis Korschikov, 1917
      • Genus Trachelomonas Ehrenberg, 1833
      • Genus Strombomonas Deflandre, 1930
      • Genus Ascoglena Stein, 1878
      • Genus Klebsina Silva, 1961 [= Genus Klebsiella Pascher, 1931]
      • Genus Colacium Ehrenberg, [1834]
      • Genus Phacus Dujardin, 1841
      • Genus Hyalophacus Pringsheim, 1936
      • Genus Lepocinclis Perty, 1849
      • Genus Cryptoglena C.G. Ehrenberg, 1831[1832]
    • Suborder Rhabdomonadina Leedale, 1967
      • Genus Rhabdomonas Fresenius, 1858
      • Genus Rhabdospira Pringsheim, 1963
      • Genus Menoidium Perty, 1852
      • Genus Gyropaigne Skuja, 1939
      • Genus Parmidium Christen, 1963
    • Suborder Sphenomonadina Leedale, 1967
      • Genus Sphenomonas Stein, 1878
      • Genus Atraktomonas Christen, 1962
      • Genus Calkinsia Lackey, 1960
      • Genus Anisonema Dujardin, 1841
      • Genus Metanema (Klebs, 1892) Senn, in Engler & Prantl, 1900
      • Genus Calycimonas Christen, 1959
      • Genus Petalomonas Stein, 1859
      • Genus Dylakosoma Skuja, 1964
      • Genus Scytomonas Stein, 1878
      • Genus Dolium Larsen & Patterson, 1990
      • Genus Notosolenus Stokes, 1884
      • Genus Tropidoscyphus Stein, 1878
    • Suborder Heteronematina Leedale, 1967
      • Genus Heteronema Dujardin, 1841
      • Genus Peranema F. Dujardin, 1841
      • Genus Urceolus Mereschkowski, 1877
      • Genus Entosiphon Stein, 1878
      • Genus Ploeotia Dujardin, 1841
    • Suborder Euglenamorphina Leedale, 1967
      • Genus Euglenamorpha Wenrich, 1924
      • Genus Hegneria Brumpt & Lavier, 1924
    • Incertae sedis
      • ?Genus Conradnema [Conradinema]
      • ?Genus Dinema Perty, 1852
      • ?Genus Dinemula Michajlow, 1965
      • ?Genus Naupliicola Michajlow, 1965
      • ?Genus Ovicola Michajlow, 1965
      • ?Genus Embryocola
      • ?Genus Mesastasia Palienko & Monchenko, 1979
      • ?Genus Mononema Michajlow, 1967
      • ?Genus Paradinemula Monchenko, 1967
      • ?Genus Paradistigma Wita, 1974
      • ?Genus Paradistigmoides Michajlow & Wita, 1976
      • ?Genus Parastasia
      • ?Genus Parastasiella
  • "diplonemids" (Class Diplonemea Cavalier-Smith, 1993) [by Vickerman]
    • Genus Isonema Schuster et al., 1968
    • Genus Diplonema Griessmann, 1913
    • Genus Rhynchopus Skuja, 1948
  • "kinetoplastids" (Order Kinetoplastea Honigberg, 1963) [by Vickerman]
    • Suborder Bodonina Hollande, 1952
      • Family Bodonidae
        • Genus Bodo Ehrenberg, 1832[1830]
        • Genus Rhynchomonas Klebs, 1893
        • Genus Rhynchobodo Lackey, 1940, emend. Vørs, 1992
        • Genus Ichthyobodo Pinto, 1928 (= Costia Leclercq, 1890; spelled Ichtyobodo by French workers)
        • Genus Procryptobia Vickerman, 1978
        • Genus Dimastigella Sandon, 1928
        • Genus Cephalothamnium Stein, 1878 (= Cephalothamnion Lemmerman, 1913)
        • Genus Cryptobia Leidy, 1846
        • Genus Trypanoplasma Laveran & Mesnil, 1901
    • Suborder Trypanosomatina Kent, 1880
      • Family Trypanosomatidae Doflein, 1901
        • Genus Leptomonas Kent, 1880
        • Genus Herpetomonas Kent, 1880
        • Genus Crithidia Léger, 1902
        • Genus Wallaceina Podlipaev, Frolov & Kolesnikov, 1990, nom. nov. for Proteomonas Podlipaev, Frolov & Kolesnikov, 1990
        • Genus Blastocrithidia Laird, 1959
        • Genus Rhynchoidomonas Patton, 1910
        • Genus Phytomonas Donovan, 1909
        • Genus Leishmania Ross, 1903
        • Genus Sauroleishmania Ranque, 1973
        • Genus Endotrypanum Mesnil & Brimont, 1908
        • Genus Trypanosoma Gruby, 1843

T. Cavalier-Smith (2002).

From The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa.

In kingdom Protozoa, subkingdom Gymnomyxa, infrakingdom Excavata, superphylum Discicristata
Phylum Euglenozoa

• Euglenoids
• Diplonemids
• Kinetoplastids
• Postgaardi

Alastair G. B. Simpson (2003)

From Cytoskeletal organization, phylogenetic affinities and systematics in the contentious taxon Excavata (Eukaryota)

In Excavata
Clade Euglenozoa

Adl et al. (2005)

From The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists, [8].

Eukaryota

• Excavata
  • Euglenozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1981, emend. Simpson, 1997
    • Euglenida Bütschli, 1884, emend. Simpson 1997
      • Heteronematina Leedale, 1967 (P)
      • Euglenea Bütschli, 1884, emend. Busse and Preisfeld, 2002
      • Aphagea Cavalier-Smith, 1993, emend. Busse and Preisfeld, 2002
    • Diplonemea Cavalier-Smith, 1993, emend. Simpson, 1997
    • Kinetoplastea Honigberg, 1963
    • Incertae sedis Euglenozoa: Calkinsia, Postgaardi

Adl et al. (2012)

• Adl, S.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Lane, C.E., Lukeš, J., Bass, D., Bowser, S.S., Brown, M.W., Burki, F., Dunthorn, M., Hampl, V., Heiss, A., Hoppenrath, M., Lara, E., Le Gall, L., Lynn, D.H., McManus, H., Mitchell, E.A.D., Mozley-Stanridge, S.E., Parfrey, L.W., Pawlowski, J., Rueckert, S., Shadwick, L., Schoch, C.L., Smirnow, A. & Spiegel, F.W. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59(5): 429–514. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x . [Erratum: 60(3): 321. DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12033 .] Reference page. 

Eukaryota

• Excavata Cavalier-Smith 2002, emend. Simpson 2003
  • Discoba Simpson in Hampl et al. 2009 (R)
    • Discicristata Cavalier-Smith 1998
      • Euglenozoa Cavalier-Smith 1981, emend. Simpson 1997
        • Euglenida Bütschli 1884, emend. Simpson 1997
          • Heteronematina Leedale 1967 (P)
            • Anisonema, Dinema, Entosiphon, Heteronema, Lentomonas, Metanema, Notosolenus, Peranema, Petalomonas, Ploeotia
            • [Alternative classification of Heteronematina:
              • Ploeotiida (Ploeotia, Entosiphon, Lentomonas, ?Keelungia)
              • Petalomonadida (Petalomonas, Notosolenus, Calycimonas, ?Sphenomonas)]
          • Euglenophyceae Schoenichen 1925, emend. Marin & Melkonian 2003 (= Euglenea Bütschli 1884, emend. Busse & Preisfeld 2002)
            • Rapaza Yamaguchi et al. 2012 (M)
            • Eutreptiales Leedale 1967, emend. Marin & Melkonian 2003
              • Eutreptia, Eutreptiella
            • Euglenea Bütschli 1884, emend. Busse & Preisfeld 2002 [emend. Adl et al. 2012?] (= Euglenales Leedale 1967, emend. Marin & Melkonian 2003)
              • Phacaceae Kim et al. 2010
                • Discoplastis, Lepocinclis, Phacus
              • Euglenaceae Dujardin 1841, emend. Kim et al. 2010
                • Ascoglena, Colacium, Cryptoglena, Cyclidiopsis, Euglena, Euglenaria, Euglenopsis, Monomorphina, Strombomonas, Trachelomonas
          • Aphagea Cavalier-Smith 1993, emend. Busse & Preisfeld 2002
            • Astasia sensu stricto, Distigma, Distigmopsis, Menoidium, Rhabdomonas
        • Diplonemea Cavalier-Smith 1993, emend. Simpson 1997
          • Diplonema, Rhynchopus
        • Symbiontida Yubuki et al. 2009
          • Bihospites, Calkinsia, Postgaardi
        • Kinetoplastea Honigberg 1963
          • Prokinetoplastina Vickerman in Moreira et al. 2004 (R)
            • Ichthyobodo, Perkinsela
          • Metakinetoplastina Vickerman in Moreira et al. 2004 (R)
            • Neobodonida Vickerman in Moreira et al. 2004 (R)
              • Node: Cruzella, Dimastigella, Neobodo, Rhynchobodo, Rhynchomonas. Other included genera: Actuariola.
            • Parabodonida Vickerman in Moreira et al. 2004 (R)
              • Node: Cryptobia, Parabodo, Procryptobia, Trypanoplasma
            • Eubodonida Vickerman in Moreira et al. 2004 (R)
              • Bodo
            • Trypanosomatida Kent 1880, emend. Vickerman in Moreira et al. 2004
              • Node: Blastocrithidia, Crithidia, Herpetomonas, Leishmania, Leptomonas, Phytomonas, Rhynchoidomonas, Trypanosoma, Wallaceina. Other included genera: Angomonas, Sergeia, Strigomonas.
          • Incertae sedis Kinetoplastea: Bordnamonas, Cephalothamnium, Hemistasia
    • Tsukubamonas Yabuki et al. 2011

[Notes: M, monotypic group with only one described species; P, paraphyletic group; R, ribogroup assembled from phylogenetic studies.]

Ruggiero et al. (2015)

Ruggiero, M.A., Gordon, D.P., Orrell, T.M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R.C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M. D. & Kirk, P. M. (2015). A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0119248, [9].

• Superkingdom Prokaryota
  • Kingdom Archaea [= Archaebacteria]
  • Kingdom Bacteria [= Eubacteria]
• Superkingdom Eukaryota
  • Kingdom Protozoa
    • Subkingdom Eozoa
      • Infrakingdom Euglenozoa
        • Phylum Euglenozoa
          • Subphylum N.N.
            • Class Diplonemea
              • Order Diplonemida
            • Class Kinetoplastea
              • Order Bodonida
              • Order Prokinetoplastida
              • Order Trypanosomatida
          • Subphylum Euglenoida
            • Class N.N.
              • Order Petalomonadida
              • Order Ploeotiida
            • Class Euglenophyceae
              • Order Euglenida
              • Order Eutreptiida
            • Class Peranemea
              • Order Heteronemida
              • Order Peranemida
              • Order Rhabdomonadida
          • Subphylum Symbiontida
            • Class Postgaardea
              • Order Postgaardida
      • Infrakingdom Excavata
    • Subkingdom Sarcomastigota
      • Phylum Amoebozoa
      • Phylum Choanozoa [with Microsporidia, Animalia, and Fungi constitutes "Supergroup Opisthokonta"]
      • Phylum Microsporidia [with Choanozoa, Animalia, and Fungi constitutes "Supergroup Opisthokonta"]
      • Phylum Sulcozoa
  • Kingdom Chromista
    • Subkingdom Hacrobia
    • Subkingdom Harosa [= "Supergroup SAR"]
      • Infrakingdom Halvaria
        • Superphylum Alveolata
        • Superphylum Heterokonta [= "Supergroup Stramenopiles"]
      • Infrakingdom Rhizaria
  • Kingdom Fungi
  • Kingdom Plantae [= Archaeplastida]
  • Kingdom Animalia

Cavalier-Smith (2016)

Cavalier-Smith, T. (2016). Higher classification and phylogeny of Euglenozoa. Eur. J. Protistol. 56: 147–170, [10].

Phylum Euglenozoa

• Subphylum Euglenoida
• Subphylum Postgaardia
• Subphylum Glycomonada
  • Class Diplonemea
  • Class Kinetoplastea

For more multimedia, look at Euglenozoa on Wikimedia Commons.