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Cognitivism about Fiction (CF): works of fiction can be sources of knowledge for those who engage fully and appropriately with them.
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Neo-Cognitivism about Fiction (NCF): works of fiction can be sources of understanding forãthose who engage fully and appropriately with them.
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ãããããã£ã¯ã·ã§ã³ãèªèç価å¤ãæ示ããã®ã¯ã主張ã®ãããªçºè©±å è¡çº[illocutionary act]ã«éãããªããã¤ã¾ãå°å³ã¯ä½ããã®çºè©±å è¡çºãè¡ãããã§ã¯ãªãããç®çå°ã¸ã®éãç¥ããã¨ãã§ããã¨ããæå³ã§èªèç価å¤ãæã¤ããã®ç¹ã«ã¤ãã¦çè ã¯ä»¥ä¸ã®ããã«èªããã¨ã¨ç¤ºããã¨ã®åºå¥ãç¨ãã¦è¿°ã¹ãã
以ä¸ã®äºå®ã«å¿ è¦ãªãã®ãæä¾ããããã«ãç§ãã¡ã¯åæå²å¦ã®åºç¤ãæãèä½ï¼Geach 1976[5]ï¼ã®éè¦ç¹ã§ããåºå¥ãæãåºãã ãããã¤ã¾ãããã¯è¨ããã¨ã¨ç¤ºããã¨ã®åºå¥ã§ãããåè ã®ã¿ãçºè©±å è¡çºã§ããï¼»â¦ï¼½ãå¯¾ç §çã«ãå°å³ã®ä¾ãæããã«ããããã«ã示ããã¨ã¯è¡çºè ã人工ç©ããçºè©±å è¡çºã§ããå¿ è¦ã®ãªãä»æ¹ã§ãäºå®ãæããã«ãããã¨ã«ãã£ã¦éæãããã ãããï¼»â¦ï¼½ç§ãã¡ã®é¢å¿ã«è¿ãã¨ããã§ã¯ãåå¦è ã¯åå¦ç©è³ªC1ã¨C2ãæ··ãåããããã¨ã«ãã£ã¦ãã©ããã£ã¦ç¹å®ã®åå¿Rãçããã®ããå®æ¼ãããããããªããããããã¨ãã«åå¦è ã¯C1ã¨C2ãä¸ç·ã«Rãçããããã¨ä¸»å¼µãããä»ã®ä»æ¹ã§çºè©±å è¡çºãéè¡ãããããå¿ è¦ã¯ç¡ãããã£ã¦åæ§ã«ãã£ã¯ã·ã§ã³ä½åã®ä½è ãã人ã®æã¤ãã«ã·ãºã ããã®äººãã©ã®ããã«ãã¦å°é£ã«å°ããããä½åã®ï¼å± ãã¨ãã¦ï¼èªãæãç»å ´äººç©ã®çºè©±ãä½ã§ãããã®ï¼»ä¸»å¼µãªã©ã®ï¼½ä¸»æ¨ã§çºè©±å è¡çºãéè¡ãããã¨ç¡ãã«ã示ããããããªãã
To accommodate this fact, we may recall the distinction, a lynchpin in the foundational works of analytic philosophy (Geach, 1976), between saying and showing: only the former is an illocutionary act [â¦]. By contrast, and as the map case establishes, showing may be achieved by virtue of an agent or artefact making a fact manifest in a way that need not be illocutionary. [â¦] Closer to our concerns, a chemist might demonstrate how a certain reaction R works by mixing chemicals C1 and C2. In so doing, she need not assert or otherwise illocute that C1 and C2 jointly produce R. So, too, an author of a fictional work might show how a personâs narcissism leads him into difficulty without the narrator of the work (if there is one) or any charactersâ utterances illocuting anything to this effect.
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証è¨[testimony]
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ä¾è§£çå®æ¼[illustrative demonstration]
ããã種ã®ãã£ã¯ã·ã§ã³ä½åã¯ãXã§ããã¨ããã®ã¯ãã®ãããªãã®ã§ããï¼This is what X is likeï¼ãã¨ããããã«è¦ç´ã§ãããããã®ãããªè¦ç´ ãå«ãã ãããã¨çè ã¯è¨ããããã§Xã«å ¥ãã®ã¯ãªããªã¤ãä¸æ¯ã§åã©ãã亡ãããã¨ã§ãã£ãããDVã®è¢«å®³ã«éããã¨ã§ãã£ãããèªåã®éçãåãå ¥ãããã¨ã§ãã£ããããããã®ãããªä½åããå¾ãããã®ã¯ä»¥ä¸ã®ãããªçµé¨ãããã®ãã©ã®ãããªãã¨ã§ããã®ãã«é¢ãããç解ãã§ããããã®ç解ããã¨ãæµ ããã®ã§ãã£ã¦ããä½ä¸ã®ç»å ´äººç©ãæ§ã ãªç¶æ³ã«ããã¦ã©ã®ããã«æ¯èãããããããã¯ç¾å®ä¸çã«ããã¦ç§ãã¡ããã®äººãã¡ã¨ã©ãæ¥ããããçããããéãã«ããã¦èªèçéæã§ããã
ããããä¸æ¹ã§Gibsonã®ããã«ããã£ã¯ã·ã§ãã«ãã£ã©ã¯ã¿ã¼ã«ã¨ã£ã¦ãä½ããçµé¨ããã¨ã¯ã©ã®ãããªãã®ãªã®ããã¨ãããã¨ã¯å³å¯ã«ã¯åå¨ããªããããçµæã¨ãã¦ãã£ã¯ã·ã§ã³ä½åã«ããä¾è§£çå®æ¼ã¯èªèç価å¤ãæããªãã¨ããè«è ãå± ãããã®ä¸ã§çè ã¯ãã¼ã¯ã»ãããã³ã®ãçå¤ä¸ã«ç¬ã«èµ·ãã£ãå¥å¦ãªäºä»¶ããä¾ã«Gibsonã«åè«ããããã®å°èª¬ã¯ã¯ãªã¹ããã¡ã¼ã¨ããèªéçã®ç·ã®åã®è¦ç¹ããèªããã¦ãããã¨ãè¸ã¾ãã¦çè ã¯ä»¥ä¸ã®ããã«è¿°ã¹ãã
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In some passages, readers may find Christopherâs behaviour puzzling. For instance, when upset he will calm himself with a repetitive activity like scraping a coin against a radiator for hours. The author provides insight into how this activity soothes the protagonist. In so doing, he helps us to appreciate how apparently impractical behaviours can be soothingânot just for Christopher but for any child with a similar psychological profile. The coin-scraping and similar vignettes work together to help the author illuminate autistic children generally, and Christopherâs being fictional does not threaten this project. (p. 280)
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In transportation, consumers of fiction become absorbed in their activity to the point of neglecting some of what is occurring in their actual environment, and many of their automatic information-processing mechanisms treat events in the fiction as if they are real [â¦]. In perspective taking, subjects undergo âthe imaginative process of spontaneously assuming the identity of a character and simulating that characterâs thoughts and emotionsâ [â¦]. (pp. 282-3)
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(i) do authors of fiction speak with authority about the topics of their stories [?]
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(ii) even if they do, are their audiences able to tell which fictional representations are intended to be factually correct and which are not? (p. 285)
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That experience, she notes, typically carries with it an ability to distinguish between foreground and background aspects of a fiction; it is the former that will include plot, any subplots, and character development, while the latter tends to function as the worldly setting in which the story unfolds and is the more likely source of testimony. Whether there are such adept readers is an empirical question subject to experiment. (p. 285)
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[1] ããã§çè ãè¿°ã¹ã¦ããã®ã¯ã大ã¾ãã«è¨ãã°èæ§çççï¼ä½ããã®ä½åã«ããã¦æãç«ã£ã¦ãããï¼ãã¸ã£ã³ã«ã決å®ããã¨ãããã¨ã§ãããã¾ãåãæã¯ã¸ã£ã³ã«ãæ ¹æ ã«ä½ä¸ã®èæ§çççãé¡æ¨ãã¦ãè¯ãã¨ãããã¨ã§ãããã¸ã£ã³ã«ã¨èæ§çççã®é¢ä¿ã¯Catharine Abell (2020) Fiction: A Philosophical Analysis. Oxford UP.ãLiao, Shen-yi (2016). Imaginative Resistance, Narrative Engagement, Genre. Res Philosophica 93 (2):461-482.ã«è©³ããã
[2] ä¾ãã°She knows how to console someone who has lost a life partner.
[3] ä¾ãã°ç§ãã¡ã¯ãã³ã¬ã©ãå±éºã§ããããã¨ãç¥ã£ã¦ãããããããªããããããç解ãã¦ããã¨è¨ããã®ã¯ãã³ã¬ã©ãå±éºã§ããåå ï¼ã¤ã¾ããããæ·±å»ãªè±æ°´çç¶ãèµ·ãããã¨ï¼ãç¥ã£ã¦ããã¨ãã«éãã
[4] ãã®ãç¥ããã¨ã¨ç解ãããã¨ãã®é ã«é¢ãã¦ã¯ãä»ã«ãå¾³èªèè«ã®barn façadeã®è°è«ãèæ¯ã«ãããã£ã¯ã·ã§ã³ããå¾ãããç¥èã®ä¸»ä½ç¸å¯¾æ§ï¼ã¤ã¾ã主ä½ã«ä½ããã®èªèè«çå¾³[epistemic virtue]ãããå ´åã«ã®ã¿ãã£ã¯ã·ã§ã³ããç¥èãå¾ãããï¼ã«ã¤ãã¦ãè¨åãããããçç¥ãããBarn façadeã®è°è«ã«ã¤ãã¦ã¯https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/knowledge-analysis/#FakeBarnCaseãåç §ãå¾³èªèè«ã«ã¤ãã¦ã¯æ¤å亮ã«ããæ¥æ¬èªã®ãµã¼ã´ã§ã¤ï¼https://updatingphilosophyofai.net/resources/virtue_epistemology/ï¼ãªã©ãããã
[5] Geach, P. (1976). âSaying and showing in Frege and Wittgensteinâ, in Hintikka, J. (ed.), Essays on Wittgenstein in Honor of G.H. von Wright. Acta Philosophica Fennica, 28, pp. 54â70.
[6] âWhen we think the dead both treacherous and absurd, we have gone far towards reconciling ourselves to their departureâ (p.279)
[7] ãã®èª¬æã¨ãã¦æ¬æã§ã¯ä»¥ä¸ã®ãããªæãããï¼ âsuch as occurs when one speaker, remarking that another person is standing in her way, thereby asks that person to moveâ (p.279)æ¥æ¬èªã§ããããããããä¾ãèãããªããçªãéãã¦ãããããã«ããã®é¨å±æãã§ãããã¨è¨ããã¨ãªã©ãæããããã ããã
[8] âvividly imagining anotherâs affective or experiential stateâ (p. 281)
[9] ä¾ãã°èªèè«ã«ãããã²ãã£ã¨ã®ç¥èæ¦å¿µã®åæããã¬ãªã¬ãªãç©ä½ã®è½ä¸é度ã¯å¤§ããã«ãã£ã¦å®ã¾ããªããã¨ã示ãããã¨ãçè ã¯å¿µé ã«ç½®ãã¦ããã
[10] ä¾ãã°E.M.ãã©ã¼ã¹ã¿ã¼ã®ãã¤ã³ãã¸ã®éãã«ããã¦ã¯ããã人éã®åæ©ã¨è¡åã«é¢ããç§ãã¡ã®æ³å®ãæ£ç¢ºãªãã°ãæ¤æ°è ã¯è¢«æ¤æ°è ã¨çã®åæ ãçµã¶ãã¨ã¯ã§ããªããã¨ãã£ãå½é¡ãçã«ããã¨çè ã¯è¿°ã¹ãã
[11] ããã§çè ã¯ãã®ãããªè»¢ç§»ã®ããã»ã¹ããå®ã®ã¨ãããã£ã¯ã·ã§ã³ä½åã«éããããã³ãã£ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã®ï¼ç©èªï¼ä½åã«ããã¦ãåç¨åº¦ã«çãããã¨ãçµé¨ç§å¦ã«ããç 究ã§æããã«ãªã£ã¦ãããã¨ã«è§¦ããã
[12] âa person can be both a perpetrator of heinous acts and merit someoneâs loveâ (p. 283)
[13] Butler, A., Dennis, M. and Marsh, E. (2012). âInferring facts from fiction: reading correct and incorrect information affects memory for related informationâ. Memory, 20, pp. 487â498.åã³Rapp, D. N. (2016). âThe consequences of reading inaccurate informationâ. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25, pp. 281â285.
[14] â[S]ome consumers of fiction are more adept than others at distinguishing those descriptions or doings intended to be accurate representations from otherâ (p. 285)
[15] Donovan, A. and Rapp, D. (2020). Â âLook it up: online search reduces the problematic effect of exposure to inaccuraciesâ. Memory and Cognition, 48, pp. 1128â1145.
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Dworkin, Gerald, "Paternalism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/paternalism/>.
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[4] https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/paternalism/
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