Colonialismus

Colonialismus^[1] est exstructio conservatioque coloniarum in terra ab hominibus externis,^[2] ratio qua maiestas coloniae a capite vel metropole vindicatur, dum coloniae structura socialis, administratio, oeconomia, capitale, mercatus et cultura a colonis, hominibus ex metropole, mutantur. Colonialismus ergo est copia coniunctionum imparum: inter metropolem et coloniam, et adeo inter colonos et indigenas.

Notio colonialismi usitate ad aevum historicum a saeculo quinto decimo ad saeculum vicensimum spectat, cum Europaei colonias in aliis continentibus deducerent. Causae huius colonialismi eo tempore erant facere lucrum, usurpationem vel usuram; augere potestatem metropolis; effugere vexationem in metropole; convertere indigenas ad colonorum modum vivendi, religionem, culturam, res politicas, technologiam.

Nonnulli coloni se, Christianitate civilizationeque adlatis, indigenas adiuvare crediderunt; veritas autem saepe fuit dominatio, deportatio, vel mors.^[3] Colonia imperii plerumque parte, colonialismus cum imperialismo et mercantilismo arte conectus est.

Definitiones colonialismi

Collins English Dictionary colonialismum definit ut "consilia coloniarum adquirendarum et conservandarum, praesertim ad utilitatem capiendam."^[4]

Merriam-Webster Dictionary quattuor definitiones praebet, quarum duae sunt "aliquid coloniae proprium" (Anglice something characteristic of a colony) et "dicio potestatis unius super regionem vel nationem obnoxiam" (control by one power over a dependent area or people).^[5]

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy "verbum colonialismi adhibet ut describatur ratio deductionis coloniae et dicionis politicae super reliquum mundum, Americis, Australia, et partibus Africae Asiaeque non exclusis."^[6] Illa encyclopedia, distinctionem colonialismi imperialismique disceptans, inquit: "Propter difficultatem horum verborum constanter distinguendorum, hic commentarius colonialismo utebitur ut notio lata, quae ad rationem Europaeae dicionis politicae a saeculo sexto decimo ad saeculum vicensimum spectat, quae in motibus liberationis civitatum decennio 196 finivit."^[7]

*Robertus Clive et familia cum serva Indica,* imago a Iosua Reynolds picta, anno 1765.

Rogerius Tignor, in praefatione libri Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview, ab Jürgen Osterhammel scripti, inquit: "Osterhammel putat naturam colonialismi esse quod coloniae sunt, quae secundum definitionem dissimiliter gubernantur ab aliis territoriis, sicut protectoratus et haud sollemni more sphaerae ponderis."^[8] Osterhammel hoc in libro rogat "quomodo colonialismum et coloniam distingui posse,"^[9] et definitionem trium sententiarum producit:

Colonialism is a relationship between an indigenous (or forcibly imported) majority and a minority of foreign invaders. The fundamental decisions affecting the lives of the colonized people are made and implemented by the colonial rulers in pursuit of interests that are often defined in a distant metropolis. Rejecting cultural compromises with the colonized population, the colonisers are convinced of their own superiority and their ordained mandate to rule.^[10]

Nexus interni

Stalin (a tergo, alter a dextra) et alii observant dum Molotov Pactum Molotov-Ribbentrop signat, die 24 Augusti 1939.

Notae

↑ Fons nominis Latini desideratur (addito fonte, hanc formulam remove)
↑ "Colonialism," Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Colonialism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) apud plato.stanford.edu.
↑ Smallpox: Eradicating the Scourge, BBC History, BBC - History - Smallpox: Eradicating the Scourge apud www.bbc.co.uk.
↑ "The policy of acquiring and maintaining colonies, especially for exploitation." "Colonialism". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins.. 2010
↑ "Colonialism". Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster.. 2010
↑ "uses the term 'colonialism' to describe the process of European settlement and political control over the rest of the world, including Americas, Australia, and parts of Africa and Asia." Margaret Kohn (2006). "Colonialism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University.
↑ "Given the difficulty of consistently distinguishing between the two terms, this entry will use colonialism as a broad concept that refers to the project of European political domination from the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries that ended with the national liberation movements of the 1960s." Margaret Kohn (2006). "Colonialism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University.
↑ "For Osterhammel, the essence of colonialism is the existence of colonies, which are by definition governed differently from other territories such as protectorates or informal spheres of influence." Tignor, Roger (2005). preface to Colonialism: a theoretical overview. Markus Weiner Publishers. p. x. ISBN 1558763406, 9781558763401 .
↑ "How can 'colonialism' be defined independently from 'colony'?" Osterhammel, Jürgen (2005). Colonialism: a theoretical overview. trans. Shelley Frisch. Markus Weiner Publishers. p. 15. ISBN 1558763406, 9781558763401 .
↑ Osterhammel, Jürgen (2005). Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview. trans. Shelley Frisch. Markus Weiner Publishers. p. 16. ISBN 1558763406, 9781558763401 .

Bibliographia

Ankerl, Guy. 2000. Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. ISBN 2881550045.
Arendt, Hannah. 1951. The Origins of Totalitarianism.
Césaire, Aimé. 1968. Über den Kolonialismus. Berolini: Wagenbach.
Conrad, Joseph. 1899. Heart of Darkness.
Daus, Ronald. 1983. Die Erfindung des Kolonialismus. Wuppertal: Hammer. ISBN 3872942026.
Fanon, Frantz. 2001. The Wretched of the Earth. Praefatio a Ioanne Paulo Sartre scripta. Conversus a Constance Farrington. Londini: Penguin Books.
Gobineau, Arthur de. 1853-1855. An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races.
Gutiérrez, Gustavo. 1971. A Theology of Liberation: History, Politics, Salvation.
Kipling, Rudyard. 1899. "The White Man's Burden."
Las Casas, Bartolomé de. 1552. A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies. (Scriptus anno 1542.)
LeCour Grandmaison, Olivier. 2005. Coloniser, Exterminer: Sur la guerre et l'Etat colonial. Fayard. ISBN 2213623163.
Lindqvist, Sven. (1992) 1997. Exterminate All The Brutes. New Press. ISBN 978156584359-2.
Osterhammel, Jürgen. 1995. Kolonialismus: Geschichte, Formen, Folgen. Monaci: Beck. ISBN 3406390021.
Osterhammel, Jürgen. 1997. Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview. Princeton, N.J.: M. Wiener.
Petringa, Maria. 2006. Brazza: A Life for Africa. ISBN 9781425911980.
Said, Edward]. (1978) 2003. Orientalism. ISBN 9780394740676.
Sunga, Lyal S. 1997. The Emerging System of International Criminal Law: Developments in Codification and Implementation. Brill Publishers.
Whaites, Alan. 2007. States in Development. Londini: DFID.

Nexus externi

[fons-nominis-desideratus-1] Fons nominis Latini desideratur (addito fonte, hanc formulam remove)

[2] "Colonialism," Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Colonialism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) apud plato.stanford.edu.

[3] Smallpox: Eradicating the Scourge, BBC History, BBC - History - Smallpox: Eradicating the Scourge apud www.bbc.co.uk.

[4] "The policy of acquiring and maintaining colonies, especially for exploitation." "Colonialism". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins.. 2010

[5] "Colonialism". Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster.. 2010

[6] "uses the term 'colonialism' to describe the process of European settlement and political control over the rest of the world, including Americas, Australia, and parts of Africa and Asia." Margaret Kohn (2006). "Colonialism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University.

[7] "Given the difficulty of consistently distinguishing between the two terms, this entry will use colonialism as a broad concept that refers to the project of European political domination from the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries that ended with the national liberation movements of the 1960s." Margaret Kohn (2006). "Colonialism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University.

[8] "For Osterhammel, the essence of colonialism is the existence of colonies, which are by definition governed differently from other territories such as protectorates or informal spheres of influence." Tignor, Roger (2005). preface to Colonialism: a theoretical overview. Markus Weiner Publishers. p. x. ISBN 1558763406, 9781558763401 .

[9] "How can 'colonialism' be defined independently from 'colony'?" Osterhammel, Jürgen (2005). Colonialism: a theoretical overview. trans. Shelley Frisch. Markus Weiner Publishers. p. 15. ISBN 1558763406, 9781558763401 .

[10] Osterhammel, Jürgen (2005). Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview. trans. Shelley Frisch. Markus Weiner Publishers. p. 16. ISBN 1558763406, 9781558763401 .

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