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ââWhen the state does not enforce property rightsâï¼Dani Rodrik's weblog, July 14, 2008ï¼
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Power And Prosperity: Outgrowing Communist And Capitalist Dictatorships
- ä½è : Mancur Olson
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âWallace Oates, Joe Oppenheimer, and Thomas C. Schellingï¼2000ï¼, âRemembering Mancur Olsonâï¼Southern Economic Journal, vol.66(3)ï¼
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âAvinash Dixitï¼1999ï¼, âMancur Olson-Social Scientistâï¼Economic Journal, vol.109(5), F443-F452ï¼
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Isaiah Berlin popularised the saying of the Greek poet Archilochus, âThe fox knows many things, but the hedgehog knows one big thing.' For Berlin, the hedgehog stands for the type of thinkers who ârelate everything to a single central vision, in terms of which they understand, think, and feelâ(Berlin, 1978). In this sense, Mancur Olson was the ultimate hedgehog of the social sciences. Most of his research can be seen as the exploration and application of one idea, but that idea was very big indeed. It was the problem of collective action, namely how individuals acting in their private interest can fail to secure the provision of goods or services that are collectively in the interests of all. In other words, Olson's focus was on nothing less than what is arguably the most important class of failures of Adam Smith's invisible hand. (F443)
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ââPolitical Explanations of Inefficient Economic Policies - An Overview of Some Theoretical and Empirical Literatureï¼pdfï¼âï¼With Thomas Romer. Presentation at the IIPF conference "Public Finance: Fifty Years of the Second Best - and Beyond", Paphos, Cyprus, August 2006ï¼
*1:Mancur Olson(1993), âDictatorship, Democracy, and Developmentâï¼The American Political Science Review, vol. 87(3), pp.567-576)ãªãã³ã«ãPower and Prosperityãï¼Oxford University Press, 2000ï¼åç §ãã
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âPeter Saundersï¼2007ï¼, âWhy Capitalism is Good for the Soulâï¼Policy, pdf版ï¼
Andrew Norton notes that disaffected intellectuals since Rousseau have been attacking capitalism for its failure to meet âtrue human needs.â The claim is unfounded, so what is it about capitalism that so upsets them?
ï¼ãã¼ãã³ï¼Andrew Nortonï¼ã¯ä»¥ä¸ã®ãããªææããã¦ããããã«ã½ã¼ä»¥æ¥ãè³æ¬ä¸»ç¾©ã«ä¸æºãæ±ãã¤ã³ããªã¯è³æ¬ä¸»ç¾©ä½å¶ã®ä¸ã§ã¯äººã ã®çã®ãã¼ãºãæºè¶³ããããã¨ã¯ã§ããªãã¨ãã¦è³æ¬ä¸»ç¾©ã«æ¹å¤ãå ãã¦ãããã¨ããã®ä¸»å¼µã¯å¹¾åææ§ã§ããã®ã§ï¼ã¤ã³ããªãè³æ¬ä¸»ç¾©ã«æ¹å¤çãªçç±ãã¡ããã¨èª¬æããã¦ãªãã®ã§ï¼ï¼ããå°ãçªã£è¾¼ãã è°è«ã欲ããã¨ããã ï¼ãã®é¨åã¯åæã«ã¡ãã£ã¨æãå ãã¦è¨³ãã¦ã¾ãï¼è¨³è ï¼ãä¸ä½å ¨ä½è³æ¬ä¸»ç¾©ã®ä½ãã¤ã³ããªã®ç¥çµãéæ«ã§ããã®ã ãããï¼ï¼Joseph Schumpeter offered part of the answer. He observed that capitalism has brought into being an educated class that has no responsibility for practical affairs, and that this class can only make a mark by criticising the system that feeds them. Intellectuals attack capitalism because that is how they sell books and build careers.
ï¼ã·ã¥ã³ãã¼ã¿ã¼ï¼Joseph Schumpeterï¼ã¯ãã®çåã«å¯¾ããçãã®ä¸é¨ãæä¾ãã¦ãããå½¼ã®è°è«ã¯ããã§ãããè³æ¬ä¸»ç¾©ã¯æ¥ã ã®ç³§ãå¾ãããã®çµæ¸æ´»åã«ç´æ¥æºãããã¨ãçãã¦ãããç¥èéç´ï¼educated classï¼ãçã¿åºããããã®ç¥èéç´ã¯èªåèªèº«ããã®ä¸ã§çãã¦ããã·ã¹ãã ãæ¹å¤ãããã¨ã«ãã£ã¦ã ãæåã«ãªããã¨ãã§ãããã¤ã¾ããã¤ã³ããªã¯æ¬ã売ãããã£ãªã¢ãå½¢æããããã«è³æ¬ä¸»ç¾©ãæ¹å¤ããã®ã§ãããï¼More recently, Robert Nozick has noted that intellectuals spend their childhoods excelling at school, where they occupy the top positions in the hierarchy, only to find later in life that their market value is much lower than they believe they are worth. Seeing âmere tradersâ enjoying higher pay than them is unbearable, and it generates irreconcilable disaffection with the market system.
ï¼ã¤ã³ããªãè³æ¬ä¸»ç¾©ãå«ãçç±ã«ã¤ãã¦æè¿ãã¼ã¸ãã¯ï¼Robert Nozickï¼ã¯ä»¥ä¸ã®ãããªè°è«ãå±éãã¦ãããã¤ã³ããªã¯å¹¼å°æ代å¦æ ¡ï¼å¦æ ¡ã¯å½¼ãã¤ã³ããªããã¨ã©ã«ãã¼ã®ãããã«ç«ã£ã¦ããå ´æã§ããï¼ã§å¤§ããªæåãæã«ããï¼ï¼åªããæ績ãä¿®ããï¼ãã®ã®ã人çã®å¾ã®ã»ãã§ã¯å¸å ´ããèªåèªèº«ãä¿¡ãã価å¤ããããã£ã¨å°ããªä¾¡å¤ï¼è©ä¾¡ï¼ããä¸ããããªããã¨ã«æ°ã¥ããã¨ã«ãªããåãªãå人ãèªåãããå¤ãã®å ±é ¬ãæã«ãã¦ããã®ãç®ã«ãã¦ã¤ã³ããªã¯ææ ¢ããªããããã®çµæã¤ã³ããªã¯å¸å ´çµæ¸ã·ã¹ãã ã«å¯¾ãã¦å¾¹åºçãªä¸æºãæ±ããã¨ã«ãªããã¨ãï¼But the best explanation for the intellectualsâ distaste for capitalism was offered by Friedrich Hayek in The Fatal Conceit. Hayek understood that capitalism offends intellectual pride, while socialism flatters it. Humans like to believe they can design better systems than those that tradition or evolution have bequeathed. We distrust evolved systems, like markets, which seem to work without intelligent direction according to laws and dynamics that no one fully understands.
ï¼ã¤ã³ããªãè³æ¬ä¸»ç¾©ãå«ãçç±ã¨ãã¦ç§ããã£ã¨ã説å¾çã§ããã¨æãã説æã¯ããã¤ã¨ã¯ï¼Friedrich Hayekï¼ããThe Fatal Conceitãã®ä¸ã§å±éãã¦ãè°è«ã§ãããè³æ¬ä¸»ç¾©ã¯ã¤ã³ããªã®ãã©ã¤ããå·ä»ããä¸æ¹ã§ã社ä¼ä¸»ç¾©ã¯ã¤ã³ããªã®ãã©ã¤ããæºè¶³ãããã¨ãããã¨ã«ãã¤ã¨ã¯ã¯æ°ã¥ãã¦ããã人ã¯ä¼çµ±ãé²åã®éç¨ãçµã¦å½¢ä½ããã¦ããã·ã¹ãã ãããåªããã·ã¹ãã ãæèçã«è¨è¨ãããã¨ãã§ããã¨ä¿¡ãããããã®ã ãæã ã¯å¸å ´ï¼marketï¼ã®ãããªé²åã®éç¨ãçµã¦å½¢æãããã·ã¹ãã ï¼èª°ãå®å ¨ã«ã¯ç解ãã¦ããªãæ³åãªããã¤ããã¯ã¹ã«åã£ã¦æèçãªæ¹åä»ããªãã«æ©è½ããããã«è¦ããã·ã¹ãã ï¼ã«çãã®ç®ããã£ã¦è¨ããï¼Nobody planned the global capitalist system, nobody runs it, and nobody really comprehends it. This particularly offends intellectuals, for capitalism renders them redundant. It gets on perfectly well without them. It does not need them to make it run, to coordinate it, or to redesign it. The intellectual critics of capitalism believe they know what is good for us, but millions of people interacting in the marketplace keep rebuffing them. This, ultimately, is why they believe capitalism is âbad for the soulâ.
ï¼ããã¾ã§èª°ãã°ãã¼ãã«ãªè³æ¬ä¸»ç¾©ã·ã¹ãã ãè¨è¨ï¼è¨ç»ï¼ãããã¨ã¯ãªãã£ãããã¾ã誰ãè³æ¬ä¸»ç¾©ã·ã¹ãã ãéå¶ãã¦ããªããããã¦èª°ãè³æ¬ä¸»ç¾©ã·ã¹ãã ãå®å ¨ã«ã¯ç解ãã¦ããªãããã®ãã¨ãã¤ã³ããªã®ç¥çµãéæ«ã§ãããã¨ã«ãªããã¨ããã®ã¯ãè³æ¬ä¸»ç¾©ã¯å½¼ãã¤ã³ããªãå½¹ç«ãããªåå¨ã¨ããããã§ãããè³æ¬ä¸»ç¾©ã¯ã¤ã³ããªãªãã§ããã¾ãæ©è½ãããè³æ¬ä¸»ç¾©ã¯å½¼ãã¤ã³ããªã«ãã£ã¦éå¶ãããããã³ã¼ãã£ãã¼ããããããã¾ãåè¨è¨ããããããå¿ è¦ã¯ãªããè³æ¬ä¸»ç¾©ã«æ¹å¤çãªã¤ã³ããªã¯æã 人é¡ã«ã¨ã£ã¦æã¾ãããã¨ãä½ã§ããããç¥ã£ã¦ããã¨èªèªãã¦ããããå¸å ´ã§æ¥ã ããåãããã¦ããä¸è¬ã®äººã ã¯ã¤ã³ããªã®ä»å ¥ãæ絶ãç¶ããï¼ã¤ã³ããªã®ä»å ¥ããªãã¨ãè³æ¬ä¸»ç¾©ã¯æ©è½ããããï¼ãçµå±ã®ã¨ããããã®ãã¨ãå½¼ãã¤ã³ããªããè³æ¬ä¸»ç¾©ã¯ç²¾ç¥ï¼äººéæ§ï¼ã«ã¨ã£ã¦æã¾ãããªãå¹æãæã¤ãã¨ä¸»å¼µãããã¨ã®çç±ï¼è¡¨é¢ä¸ã®çç±ä»ãã®èå¾ã«ããçã®çç±ï¼ã§ãããï¼
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âRobert Nozickï¼1998ï¼, âWhy Do Intellectuals Oppose Capitalism?âï¼Cato Policy Reportï¼