羅剎

See also: 羅刹 and 罗刹

Chinese

		phonetic
trad. (羅剎)		羅	剎
simp. (罗刹)		罗	刹

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Sanskrit राक्षस (rākṣasa).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): luóchà

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄔㄚˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): lo⁴ caat³

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: luóchà
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄔㄚˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: luóchà
    • Wade–Giles: lo²-chʻa⁴
    • Yale: lwó-chà
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: luochah
    • Palladius: лоча (loča)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lu̯ɔ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰä⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: lo⁴ caat³
    • Yale: lòh chaat
    • Cantonese Pinyin: lo⁴ tsaat⁸
    • Guangdong Romanization: lo⁴ cad³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɔː²¹ t͡sʰaːt̚³/

---

• Middle Chinese: la tsrhaet

Rime
Character	羅	剎
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)	初 (19)
Final (韻)	歌 (94)	黠 (71)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	II
Fanqie	魯何切	初鎋切
Baxter	la	tsrhaet
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lɑ/	/t͡ʃʰˠat̚/
Pan Wuyun	/lɑ/	/ʈ͡ʂʰᵚat̚/
Shao Rongfen	/lɑ/	/t͡ʃʰɐt̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/la/	/ʈ͡ʂʰaɨt̚/
Li Rong	/lɑ/	/t͡ʃʰat̚/
Wang Li	/lɑ/	/t͡ʃʰat̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/lɑ/	/ʈ͡ʂʰăt̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	luó	cha
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lo4	caat3

Noun

羅剎

1. (Hindu mythology, Hinduism, Buddhism) rakshasa

Synonyms

• 羅叉／罗叉
• 羅叉娑／罗叉娑
• 羅剎娑／罗刹娑

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (羅剎):

• → Japanese: 羅(ら)刹(せつ) (rasetsu)
• → Korean: 나찰(羅刹) (nachal)
• → Vietnamese: La Sát (羅剎)

Etymology 2

Phono-semantic matching of Manchu ᠯᠣᠴᠠ (loca, “Russian”, noun), from Solon lōča (“Russian”, noun). Also intentionally used due to another meaning of this word, "rakshasa" (a sort of demon or monster), to demonize Russians during wars between the Qing Dynasty and the Russian Empire.

Compare modern Solon ᠯᠣᠤᠲ (loot, “Russian”, noun), ᠯᠣᠤᠴᠠ (looqa, “Russian”, noun); Daur luaaq (“Russian”, noun); Nanai лоча (loča); Evenki лӯча (lūça), Even ню̄чи (ņūci), Yakut нуучча (nuucca); Ainu ヌチャ (nuca), etc.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): Luóchà

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄔㄚˋ

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: Luóchà
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄔㄚˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: Luóchà
    • Wade–Giles: Lo²-chʻa⁴
    • Yale: Lwó-chà
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Luochah
    • Palladius: Лоча (Loča)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lu̯ɔ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰä⁵¹/

Proper noun

羅剎

1. (obsolete, derogatory, ethnic slur) Russia, Russians

   • 據郎坦等奏，攻取羅剎甚易，發兵三千足矣。 [MSC, trad.]
     据郎坦等奏，攻取罗刹甚易，发兵三千足矣。 [MSC, simp.]

     From: 1689, 《平定羅剎方略》 (Strategic Narrative of the Pacification of Russia)

     Jù Lángtǎn děng zòu, gōngqǔ Luóchà shèn yì, fā bīng sān qiān zú yǐ. [Pinyin]

     According to the report of Langtan and others, it is very easy to attack and seize Russia, sending 3,000 soldiers is enough.

   • 先是，黑龍江將軍薩布素奏，驍騎校碩格色等，往探羅剎情形。 [MSC, trad.]
     先是，黑龙江将军萨布素奏，骁骑校硕格色等，往探罗刹情形。 [MSC, simp.]

     From: 1731, 《聖祖仁皇帝實錄》

     Xiānshì, Hēilóngjiāng jiāngjūn Sàbùsù zòu, Xiāoqíjiào Shuògésè děng, wǎng tàn Luóchà qíngxíng. [Pinyin]

     Formerly, the Heilongjiang general Sabsu presented the report: those Funde Bošokū (驍騎校), such as Šogese, went to investigate the situation of Russians.

   • 而我聖祖猶宣諭諸將，謂中國兵馬精強，器械堅利，羅剎勢不能敵，歸誠時勿殺一人，俾還故土。 [MSC, trad.]
     而我圣祖犹宣谕诸将，谓中国兵马精强，器械坚利，罗刹势不能敌，归诚时勿杀一人，俾还故土。 [MSC, simp.]

     From: 1886, 陳康祺 (Chen Kangqi), 《郎潛紀聞》

     Ér wǒ Shèngzǔ yóu xuānyù zhū jiàng, wèi Zhōngguó bīngmǎ jīngqiáng, qìxiè jiānlì, Luóchà shì bùnéng dí, guīchéng shí wù shā yīrén, bǐ huán gùtǔ. [Pinyin]

     However, my Shengzu [Emperor Kangxi] still issued an order to the generals, saying that the Chinese soldiers and horses are strong, the weapons are strong, and the Russians are invincible. When they return to their hometown, they should not kill anyone in order to return to their homeland.

   • 羅剎犯我境，恃雅克薩城為巢穴，歷年已久，殺掠不已。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
     罗刹犯我境，恃雅克萨城为巢穴，历年已久，杀掠不已。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]

     From: 1929, Zhao Erxun (lead editor), Draft History of Qing

     Luóchà fàn wǒ jìng, shì Yǎkèsà chéng wèi cháoxué, lìnián yǐjiǔ, shālüè bùyǐ. [Pinyin]

     The Russians have invaded our territory and have used the city of Yagsi as their nest. They have been killing and plundering for many years.

Further reading

• Ding, Fubao (丁福保) (1922), “羅剎” in 佛學大辭典 [A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms].

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
羅	剎

Noun

羅剎

1. chữ Hán form of La Sát (“rakshasa”).