আলকেমি

বিজ্ঞানের ইতিহাসে আলকেমি (আরবি: الكيمياء, আল-কিমিয়া; গ্রিক শব্দ khumeía থেকে আগত) দ্বারা একটি প্রাচীনকালে প্রকৃতির এক ধরনের অনুসন্ধান এবং জ্ঞানের দার্শনিক ও আধ্যাত্মিক একটি শাখাকে বোঝায় যাতে জ্ঞানের সকল শাখার সকল উপাদানের সম্মিলনের মাধ্যমে একটি মাত্র উচ্চতর মহান শক্তির অস্তিত্বের ধারণা করা হতো। অর্থাৎ রসায়ন, ধাতুবিদ্যা, পদার্থবিজ্ঞান, চিকিৎসাবিজ্ঞান, জ্যোতিষ শাস্ত্র, সেমিওটিক্‌স, মরমিবাদ, আধ্যাত্মবাদ এবং শিল্পকলা এই সকল শাখার সকল উপাদান যে একক উচ্চতর শক্তির অংশ হিসেবে বিদ্যমান রয়েছে তার বিজ্ঞানই হলো আলকেমি। মেসোপটেমিয়া, প্রাচীন মিশর, পারস্য, ভারত, চীন, প্রাচীন গ্রিস, রোম, মুসলিম সভ্যতা এবং সবশেষে ইউরোপে এই আলকেমির চর্চা হয়েছে।^[১] এ হিসেবে ঊনবিংশ শতাব্দী পর্যন্ত প্রায় ২৫০০ বছর ধরে আলকেমির চর্চা অব্যাহত ছিলো। এর জন্য গঠিত হয়েছিলো জটিল সব দার্শনিক ধারা ও ঘরানা।

আলকেমিস্টরা কিছু নির্দিষ্ট উপকরণকে শুদ্ধ, পরিপক্ক এবং নিখুঁত করার চেষ্টা করেছিলেন। ^[২]^[৩]^[৪] সাধারণ লক্ষ্য ছিলো ক্রাইসোপিয়া, "মূল ধাতু"কে (যেমন, সীসা) "উচ্চ ধাতু"তে (বিশেষ করে সোনা) রূপান্তর করা।^[৫]

আরও দেখুন

তথ্যসূত্র

↑ Pereira, Michela (২০১৮)। "Alchemy"। Craig, Edward। Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy। Routledge। আইএসবিএন 9780415250696। ডিওআই:10.4324/9780415249126-Q001-1। Alchemy is the quest for an agent of material perfection, produced through a creative activity (opus), in which humans and nature collaborate. It exists in many cultures (China, India, Islam; in the Western world since Hellenistic times) under different specifications: aiming at the production of gold and/or other perfect substances from baser ones, or of the elixir that prolongs life, or even of life itself. Because of its purpose, the alchemists' quest is always strictly linked to the religious doctrine of redemption current in each civilization where alchemy is practiced.
In the Western world alchemy presented itself at its advent as a sacred art. But when, after a long detour via Byzantium and Islamic culture, it came back again to Europe in the twelfth century, adepts designated themselves philosophers. Since then alchemy has confronted natural philosophy for several centuries.
↑ Pereira, Michela (২০১৮)। "Alchemy"। Craig, Edward। Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy। Routledge। আইএসবিএন 9780415250696। ডিওআই:10.4324/9780415249126-Q001-1। Alchemy is the quest for an agent of material perfection, produced through a creative activity (opus), in which humans and nature collaborate. It exists in many cultures (China, India, Islam; in the Western world since Hellenistic times) under different specifications: aiming at the production of gold and/or other perfect substances from baser ones, or of the elixir that prolongs life, or even of life itself. Because of its purpose, the alchemists' quest is always strictly linked to the religious doctrine of redemption current in each civilization where alchemy is practiced.
In the Western world alchemy presented itself at its advent as a sacred art. But when, after a long detour via Byzantium and Islamic culture, it came back again to Europe in the twelfth century, adepts designated themselves philosophers. Since then alchemy has confronted natural philosophy for several centuries.
↑ Malouin, Paul-Jacques (১৭৫১), "Alchimie [Alchemy]", Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire Raisonné des Sciences, des Arts, et des Métiers, I, Lauren Yoder কর্তৃক অনূদিত, Paris, hdl:2027/spo.did2222.0000.057 .
↑ Linden (1996), পৃ. 7 & 11.
↑ Pereira, Michela (২০১৮)। "Alchemy"। Craig, Edward। Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy। Routledge। আইএসবিএন 9780415250696। ডিওআই:10.4324/9780415249126-Q001-1। Alchemy is the quest for an agent of material perfection, produced through a creative activity (opus), in which humans and nature collaborate. It exists in many cultures (China, India, Islam; in the Western world since Hellenistic times) under different specifications: aiming at the production of gold and/or other perfect substances from baser ones, or of the elixir that prolongs life, or even of life itself. Because of its purpose, the alchemists' quest is always strictly linked to the religious doctrine of redemption current in each civilization where alchemy is practiced.
In the Western world alchemy presented itself at its advent as a sacred art. But when, after a long detour via Byzantium and Islamic culture, it came back again to Europe in the twelfth century, adepts designated themselves philosophers. Since then alchemy has confronted natural philosophy for several centuries.

বহিঃসংযোগ

The Alchemy website ওয়েব্যাক মেশিনে আর্কাইভকৃত ২৩ জানুয়ারি ২০১০ তারিখে - Alchemy from a metaphysical perspective.
The al-kemi.org website - Alchemy from a spiritual/philosophical perspective.
Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry
Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Alchemy
Antiquity, Vol. 77 (2003) ওয়েব্যাক মেশিনে আর্কাইভকৃত ২৬ সেপ্টেম্বর ২০০৯ তারিখে - "A 16th century lab in a 21st century lab".
The Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry, Muir, M. M. Pattison (1913)
"Transforming the Alchemists", New York Times, August 1, 2006. Historical revisionism and alchemy.

[Routledge-1] Pereira, Michela (২০১৮)। "Alchemy"। Craig, Edward। Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy। Routledge। আইএসবিএন 9780415250696। ডিওআই:10.4324/9780415249126-Q001-1। Alchemy is the quest for an agent of material perfection, produced through a creative activity (opus), in which humans and nature collaborate. It exists in many cultures (China, India, Islam; in the Western world since Hellenistic times) under different specifications: aiming at the production of gold and/or other perfect substances from baser ones, or of the elixir that prolongs life, or even of life itself. Because of its purpose, the alchemists' quest is always strictly linked to the religious doctrine of redemption current in each civilization where alchemy is practiced.
In the Western world alchemy presented itself at its advent as a sacred art. But when, after a long detour via Byzantium and Islamic culture, it came back again to Europe in the twelfth century, adepts designated themselves philosophers. Since then alchemy has confronted natural philosophy for several centuries.

[Routledge2-2] Pereira, Michela (২০১৮)। "Alchemy"। Craig, Edward। Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy। Routledge। আইএসবিএন 9780415250696। ডিওআই:10.4324/9780415249126-Q001-1। Alchemy is the quest for an agent of material perfection, produced through a creative activity (opus), in which humans and nature collaborate. It exists in many cultures (China, India, Islam; in the Western world since Hellenistic times) under different specifications: aiming at the production of gold and/or other perfect substances from baser ones, or of the elixir that prolongs life, or even of life itself. Because of its purpose, the alchemists' quest is always strictly linked to the religious doctrine of redemption current in each civilization where alchemy is practiced.
In the Western world alchemy presented itself at its advent as a sacred art. But when, after a long detour via Byzantium and Islamic culture, it came back again to Europe in the twelfth century, adepts designated themselves philosophers. Since then alchemy has confronted natural philosophy for several centuries.

[3] Malouin, Paul-Jacques (১৭৫১), "Alchimie [Alchemy]", Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire Raisonné des Sciences, des Arts, et des Métiers, I, Lauren Yoder কর্তৃক অনূদিত, Paris, hdl:2027/spo.did2222.0000.057 .

[lindy-4] Linden (1996), পৃ. 7 & 11.

[Routledge3-5] Pereira, Michela (২০১৮)। "Alchemy"। Craig, Edward। Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy। Routledge। আইএসবিএন 9780415250696। ডিওআই:10.4324/9780415249126-Q001-1। Alchemy is the quest for an agent of material perfection, produced through a creative activity (opus), in which humans and nature collaborate. It exists in many cultures (China, India, Islam; in the Western world since Hellenistic times) under different specifications: aiming at the production of gold and/or other perfect substances from baser ones, or of the elixir that prolongs life, or even of life itself. Because of its purpose, the alchemists' quest is always strictly linked to the religious doctrine of redemption current in each civilization where alchemy is practiced.
In the Western world alchemy presented itself at its advent as a sacred art. But when, after a long detour via Byzantium and Islamic culture, it came back again to Europe in the twelfth century, adepts designated themselves philosophers. Since then alchemy has confronted natural philosophy for several centuries.

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