United States Senate election in Wisconsin, 2016
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November 8, 2016 |
August 9, 2016 |
Ron Johnson |
Ron Johnson |
Cook Political Report: Toss-up[1] Sabato's Crystal Ball: Lean D[2] Rothenberg & Gonzales: Toss-up/Tilt D[3] |
Voters in Wisconsin elected one member to the U.S. Senate in the election on November 8, 2016.
The race for Wisconsin's U.S. Senate seat was one of nine competitive battleground races in 2016 that helped Republicans maintain control of the Senate. Incumbent Ron Johnson (R) defeated former Senator Russ Feingold (D) and Phil Anderson (L) in the general election on November 8, 2016.[4][5][6]
In a rematch of the 2010 election, Johnson defeated Feingold for a second time to retain his Senate seat. Johnson trailed in the polls for most of the election.[7][8] In the final weeks of the election, Johnson received funding from national Republicans. Johnson said, "I wish I would have had the cavalry show up in June, July, August when Feingold was using his little moneymaking machine to out resource me. I guess, better late than never."[8][7]
Feingold reacted to his loss by saying to supporters, “I didn’t expect this outcome, to be honest with you.” Commenting on his loss and Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton’s, Feingold said, “I would urge you to be as restrained as you can be as the next steps occur...this could be one the most challenging times in the history of our country.”[9]
Johnson, who defeated Feingold by three percentage points, said in his victory speech, "I believe America has given us a chance, an opportunity to put this nation on the right path. It's exactly what I intend to do."[8]
Candidate Filing Deadline | Primary Election | General Election |
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Primary: A primary election is an election in which registered voters select a candidate that they believe should be a political party's candidate for elected office to run in the general election. They are also used to choose convention delegates and party leaders. Primaries are state-level and local-level elections that take place prior to a general election. Wisconsin utilizes an open primary system; registered voters do not have to be members of a party to vote in that party's primary.[10][11]
For information about which offices are nominated via primary election, see this article.
Incumbent: The election filled the Class 3 Senate seat held by Ron Johnson (R). He was first elected in 2010.
Election results
General election
Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Ron Johnson Incumbent | 50.2% | 1,479,471 | |
Democratic | Russ Feingold | 46.8% | 1,380,335 | |
Libertarian | Phil Anderson | 3% | 87,531 | |
N/A | Write-in | 0% | 8 | |
Total Votes | 2,947,345 | |||
Source: Wisconsin Elections Commission |
Candidates
General election candidates: Russ Feingold Phil Anderson |
Primary candidates:[12] |
Democratic Scott Harbach[6] |
Republican |
Third Party/Other |
Withdrew: John Schiess (R)[6] |
Race background
Reverse coattails
Johnson provided a reverse coattails effect for President Donald Trump. Johnson won 50.2 percent of the vote, while Trump won 47.9 percent of the vote.
UW-Milwaukee professor Mordecai Lee commented on the reverse coattails, saying, "So what that means is, what drew people to the polls was to re-elect Ron Johnson and 'oh, by the way, I guess I`ll vote in the presidential election.'"[15]
A full breakdown of the Republican presidential and Senate races appears below.
*Ballotpedia identified the highlighted races as battleground races and races to watch. The vote percentages are from CNN and will be updated after the final results are released.
2016 Republican Presidential and Senate election results | |||
---|---|---|---|
State | Presidential candidate vote % | Senate candidate vote % | Vote % Difference |
Alabama | Donald Trump | Incumbent Richard Shelby | |
Totals | 62.9% | 64.2% | Shelby +1.3% |
Alaska | Donald Trump | Incumbent Lisa Murkowski | |
Totals | 53.3% | 43.8% | Trump +9.5% |
Arizona | Donald Trump | Incumbent John McCain | |
Totals | 49.5% | 53.4% | McCain +3.9% |
Arkansas | Donald Trump | Incumbent John Boozman | |
Totals | 60.4% | 59.8% | Trump +0.6% |
Florida | Donald Trump | Incumbent Marco Rubio | |
Totals | 49.1% | 52.1% | Rubio +3.0% |
Georgia | Donald Trump | Incumbent Johnny Isakson | |
Totals | 51.4% | 55.1% | Isakson +3.7% |
Idaho | Donald Trump | Incumbent Mike Crapo | |
Totals | 59.0% | 66.0% | Crapo +7.0% |
Indiana | Donald Trump | Todd Young | |
Totals | 57.2% | 52.2% | Trump + 5.0% |
Iowa | Donald Trump | Incumbent Chuck Grassley | |
Totals | 51.7% | 60.1% | Grassley +8.4% |
Kansas | Donald Trump | Incumbent Jerry Moran | |
Totals | 57.2% | 62.4% | Moran +5.2% |
Kentucky | Donald Trump | Incumbent Rand Paul | |
Totals | 62.5% | +57.3% | Trump +5.2% |
Louisiana | Donald Trump | Multiple Republican candidates | |
Totals | 58.1% | (Race not called) | - |
Missouri | Donald Trump | Incumbent Roy Blunt | |
Totals | 57.1% | 49.4% | Trump +7.7% |
North Carolina | Donald Trump | Incumbent Richard Burr | |
Totals | 50.5% | 51.1% | Burr +0.6% |
North Dakota | Donald Trump | Incumbent John Hoeven | |
Totals | 64.1% | 78.6% | Hoeven +14.5% |
Ohio | Donald Trump | Incumbent Rob Portman | |
Totals | 52.1% | 58.3% | Portman +6.2% |
Oklahoma | Donald Trump | Incumbent James Lankford | |
Totals | 65.3% | 67.7% | Lankford +2.4% |
Pennsylvania | Donald Trump | Incumbent Pat Toomey | |
Totals | 48.8% | 48.9% | Toomey +0.1% |
South Carolina | Donald Trump | Incumbent Tim Scott | |
Totals | 55.6% | 61.2% | Scott +5.6% |
South Dakota | Donald Trump | Incumbent John Thune | |
Totals | 61.5% | 71.8% | Thune +10.3% |
Utah | Donald Trump | Incumbent Mike Lee | |
Totals | 45.5% | 67.4% | Lee +21.9% |
Wisconsin | Donald Trump | Incumbent Ron Johnson | |
Totals | 47.9% | 50.2% | Johnson +2.3% |
California | Donald Trump | No Republican on the ballot | |
Totals | 33.3% | No Republican on the ballot | - |
Colorado | Donald Trump | Darryl Glenn | |
Totals | 44.8% | 45.8% | Glenn +1.0% |
Connecticut | Donald Trump | Dan Carter | |
Totals | 41.6% | 35.3% | Trump +6.3% |
Hawaii | Donald Trump | John Carroll | |
Totals | 30.1% | 22.2% | Trump +7.9% |
Illinois | Donald Trump | Incumbent Mark Kirk | |
Totals | 39.4% | 40.2% | Kirk +0.8% |
Maryland | Donald Trump | Kathy Szeliga | |
Totals | 35.3% | 36.4% | Szeliga +1.1% |
Nevada | Donald Trump | Joe Heck | |
Totals | 45.5% | 44.7% | Trump +0.8% |
New Hampshire | Donald Trump | Incumbent Kelly Ayotte | |
Totals | 47.2% | 47.9% | Ayotte +0.7% |
New York | Donald Trump | Wendy Long | |
Totals | 37.5% | 27.5% | Trump +10.0% |
Oregon | Donald Trump | Mark Callahan | |
Totals | 41.3% | 33.9% | Trump +7.4% |
Vermont | Donald Trump | Scott Milne | |
Totals | 32.6% | 33.0% | Milne +0.4% |
Washington | Donald Trump | Chris Vance | |
Totals | 37.7% | 39.2% | Vance +1.5% |
Totals | Trump's average win: 55.4% | Republican senators' average win: 58.6% | Republican senators +3.2% |
Debates
Second debate
In the second debate on October 18, 2016, Johnson and Feingold discussed the Affordable Care Act, the future of the Supreme Court, the minimum wage, campaign finance reform, national security, the presidential candidates, and immigration.[16]
- On the Affordable Care Act: Johnson, who wated to repeal and replace the ACA, called the healthcare law a "completely unworkable system … in its death spiral right now." Feingold said that he preferred fixing the ACA by controlling rising costs.[16]
- On raising the minimum wage: According to Wisconsin Public Radio, “Johnson said he would support raising the minimum wage by tying it with inflation, but opposes a large increase, saying it would result in job losses.” Feingold said that he supported raising the minimum wage.[16]
- On the future of the Supreme Court: Feingold said that Johnson’s decision to oppose holding a confirmation vote on Merrick Garland "disqualifies" him from being re-elected to the Senate. Johnson said that it was “fair” to wait to hold a vote until after the election. He said, "The American people decide. I can't think of a fairer process than that." He added, "I will only vote to confirm judges, not liberal activists."[16]
First debate
Johnson and Feingold met in their first debate on October 14, 2016. They argued about the Democratic and Republican presidential nominees, gun control, the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), healthcare, police violence, paid family leave, social security, energy, and college affordability.[17][18]
Johnson reaffirmed his support for Donald Trump but added, "I've supported areas of agreement but I've not been shy about disagreeing with our candidate and I'm not going to defend the indefensible." He then accused Feingold of being “about the last American that believes that Hillary Clinton is trustworthy.” He said Clinton had a "decades-long record of corruption" and that she exhibited "grossly negligent and unbelievably reckless behavior," in handling national security information as secretary of state. He added, "She's completely disqualified for being president."[17][18]
Feingold replied, "It's my view that supporting Donald Trump is completely irresponsible and that no one should really do it after they've seen the fact that he's simply isn't qualified to being president. This is no person to be a role model for the people of our country. ... This is one of these times when you have to be an American first, not a politician running for office."[17][18]
In a discussion about ISIS and gun control, Feingold said he supported “common sense background checks,” while Johnson argued that terror attacks like the one at Pulse nightclub in Orlando, Florida, would not have been prevented by instituting gun control laws. He blamed ISIS for inspiring “lone-wolf activity.” He said, “Gun control is not the answer, defeating ISIS is.” Feingold agreed that ISIS nedded to be defeated through bipartisan solutions.[17]
When asked about the Affordable Care Act (ACA), also known as Obamacare, Johnson called it "an unmitigated disaster." According to the Journal Sentinel, Johnson said "he would eliminate the individual mandate and allow people to purchase health insurance across state lines. Johnson said he would keep the provision that allows those 26 and under to remain on their parents' health plan."[18]
Feingold said that the ACA helped millions get health insurance. He said, "It's not perfect. Believe me, I agree the deductible (and premiums) have to come down."[18]
Primary election
Johnson did not face a primary challenger, while Feingold defeated Scott Harbach to win the Democratic nomination on August 9, 2016.[19]
Issues
Supreme court vacancy
- See also: Supreme Court vacancy, 2016: An overview
Following Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia's death in February 2016, Johnson said that he believed the next president should be the one to appoint a replacement. Johnson said, "I strongly agree that the American people should decide the future direction of the Supreme Court by their votes for president and the majority party in the U.S. Senate."[20]
Johnson later explained in an interview that he would be willing to vote on President Barack Obama's nominees. He said, "I've never said that I wouldn't vote, or that we shouldn't vote... I have no idea how the process plays out, I'm not in control of it. I'm not the majority leader, I'm not chairman of the Judiciary. By the time I would actually take the vote, if it comes to that, I'll take a vote."[20]
Campaign themes
Ron Johnson
The following issues were listed on Johnson's campaign website. For a full list of campaign themes, click here.
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—Ron Johnson's campaign website, https://www.ronjohnsonforsenate.com/issues/ |
Russ Feingold
The following issues were listed on Feingold's campaign website. For a full list of campaign themes, click here.
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—Russ Feingold's campaign website, http://russfeingold.com/issues/ |
Presidential preference
- See also: Presidential election in Wisconsin, 2016
Ron Johnson
On May 4, 2016, the day after Trump became the presumptive GOP nominee, Brian Reisinger, a spokesman for Johnson's re-election campaign, said, "As Ron has repeatedly said for months, he intends to support the Republican nominee, but he's focused on the concerns of Wisconsinites — not national political winds. That's why he’s making 20 stops all over the state this week and addressing the economic and national security concerns he's hearing in local communities." Reisinger did not mention Donald Trump in his statement.[22]
Russ Feingold
- See also: Endorsements for Hillary Clinton
On June 24, 2016, Johnson endorsed Hillary Clinton for president. He said, “She won a hard-fought campaign, she made history, and it’s clear that she’s ready to take on Donald Trump this fall and win."[23]
Feingold declined to say if he voted for Clinton or Bernie Sanders in the April 5 Wisconsin presidential primary. Feingold said, “I didn’t even tell my wife.”[23]
Praise for Sanders
On June 24, 2016, Feingold said that Sanders “has done incredible work to build a movement behind essential issues for middle-class and working families.”[23]
Endorsements
Ron Johnson
- U.S. Chamber of Commerce - "Ron Johnson is a proven and tested leader who understands that the American Free Enterprise system is the only way to drive sustained economic growth. We’re honored to be in Wisconsin and stand with the state and local business community to highlight his record. Senator Feingold, on the other hand, is a career politician who has spent almost 30 years championing a ‘government knows best’ approach that stifles the American economy."[24]
- National Federation of Independent Business - NFIB CEO and President Juanita Duggan said, “We’re grateful that Senator Johnson is working in Washington to keep small businesses in Wisconsin healthy and growing. We’re especially proud to say that the Senator’s business is an NFIB member, someone who created jobs and prosperity. We need him to continue sharing his wisdom and unique perspective in the U.S. Senate.”[25]
- Wisconsin Farm Bureau - Wisconsin Farm Bureau Governmental Director Paul Zimmerman said, “Senator Johnson has been a strong supporter of Wisconsin agriculture in our nation’s capitol. He understands the importance of agriculture to Wisconsin’s economy. Farmers appreciate his efforts to open new markets, curb over-reaching federal regulations, and remove the wolf from the endangered species list.”[26]
- Wisconsin Pork Association[27]
- Wisconsin Cattlemen’s Association[27]
Russ Feingold
- President Barack Obama - In a fundraising email, Obama wrote, "Russ isn't afraid to stand up for what he knows is right, even when it isn't popular. He was the sole senator to vote against the USA PATRIOT Act, and one of very few who stood in opposition to the war in Iraq. Russ also took an early and loud stance in support of marriage equality for gay Americans, and he wasn't afraid to work with me, side by side, to get the Affordable Care Act passed—helping insure millions of Americans."[28]
- International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers[29]
- League of Conservation Voters Action Fund - LCV Action Fund Senior Vice President of Government Affairs Tiernan Sittenfeld said, “We need a leader like Russ Feingold back in the Senate. As a senator, he worked tirelessly to protect our treasured natural resources, combat climate change by expanding clean energy and safeguard the water we drink. Russ will fight for what's best for Wisconsin families, for our planet, and for our health for generations to come."[30]
- Sierra Club - Chapter Director of the Sierra Club at the John Muir Chapter Bill Davis said, "Russ Feingold is the Sierra Club's choice for Senate because we know he will work to protect our environment for Wisconsin families. I have known and worked with Russ for thirty years and have seen firsthand his commitment to the environment. Russ Feingold's commitment to conservation and fighting climate change stands in stark contrast to Ron Johnson's appalling voting record for big polluters. The Sierra Club is proud to endorse Russ Feingold and we will work hard for his election to the Senate."
Polls
Wisconsin Senate- Ron Johnson vs. Russ Feingold | |||||||||||||||||||
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Poll | Russ Feingold | Ron Johnson | Margin of Error | Sample Size | |||||||||||||||
Monmouth University October 15-18, 2016 | 52% | 44% | +/-4.9 | 403 | |||||||||||||||
WPR/St. Norbert October 13-16, 2016 | 52% | 40% | +/-3.8 | 664 | |||||||||||||||
Marquette University October 6-9, 2016 | 48% | 46% | +/-3.9 | 878 | |||||||||||||||
CBS News/YouGov October 5-7, 2016 | 45% | 42% | +/-4.3 | 993 | |||||||||||||||
Gravis Marketing October 4, 2016 | 53% | 41% | +/-3.0 | 1,102 | |||||||||||||||
Emerson College September 19-20, 2016 | 52% | 42% | +/-3.6 | 700 | |||||||||||||||
Marquette University September 15-18, 2016 | 47% | 41% | +/-4.8 | 677 | |||||||||||||||
Monmouth University August 27-30, 2016 | 54% | 41% | +/-4.9 | 404 | |||||||||||||||
Marquette University August 25-28, 2016 | 48% | 45% | +/-5.0 | 650 | |||||||||||||||
Note: A "0%" finding means the candidate was not a part of the poll. The polls above may not reflect all polls that have been conducted in this race. Those displayed are a random sampling chosen by Ballotpedia staff. If you would like to nominate another poll for inclusion in the table, send an email to [email protected] |
Media
Ron Johnson
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Opposition
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Russ Feingold
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Opposition
The Club for Growth released two ad buys totaling $700,000 in September 2015. The ads attacked Feingold for his liberal voting record while a member of the U.S. Senate.[31]
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Campaign contributions
Source: This graphic was generated using data from the FEC.
Source: This graphic was generated using data from the FEC.
Ron Johnson
Source: This graphic was generated using data from the FEC.
Russ Feingold
Source: This graphic was generated using data from the FEC.
The finance data shown here comes from the disclosures required of candidates and parties. Depending on the election or state, this may not represent all the funds spent on their behalf. Satellite spending groups may or may not have expended funds related to the candidate or politician on whose page you are reading this disclaimer, and campaign finance data from elections may be incomplete. For elections to federal offices, complete data can be found at the FEC website. Click here for more on federal campaign finance law and here for more on state campaign finance law.
Presidential impact
Presidential elections have a significant impact on congressional elections, the most obvious of which is increased voter interest and participation. In the last two decades, presidential elections have led to roughly 15 to 20 percent higher turnout rates than in the corresponding midterm elections.[32] The following chart shows the disparity between voter turnout in presidential elections and midterms.
In the past decade, presidential elections have benefited the Democratic Party, while midterms have helped Republicans. The Democratic Party gained an average of 5 Senate seats in the last two presidential elections, and the Republican Party picked up an average of 7.5 seats in the last two midterms.[33] The fact that 2016 was a presidential election cycle was a cause of increased Republican vulnerability in the Senate.
Election history
2012
Tammy Baldwin won election to the U.S. Senate in 2012.
Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
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Democratic | Tammy Baldwin | 51.5% | 1,547,104 | |
Republican | Tommy Thompson | 45.9% | 1,380,126 | |
Libertarian | Joseph Kexel | 2.1% | 62,240 | |
Independent | Nimrod Allen III | 0.5% | 16,455 | |
N/A | Write-ins | 0% | 113 | |
Total Votes | 3,006,038 | |||
Source: U.S. House Clerk "2012 Election Statistics" |
2010
On November 2, 2010, Ron Johnson won election to the U.S. Senate. He defeated incumbent Russ Feingold (D), Rob Taylor (Constitution Party of Wisconsin), Ernest J. Pagels, Jr. (Write-in Republican) and Michael D. LaForest (Write-in Independent) in the general election.[34]
Important dates and deadlines
- See also: Wisconsin elections, 2016
The calendar below lists important dates for political candidates in Wisconsin in 2016.
Dates and requirements for candidates in 2016 | |||
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Deadline | Event type | Event description | |
January 5, 2016 | Ballot access | Last day for candidates to file nomination papers, declarations of candidacy and campaign registration statements for the spring election | |
January 15, 2016 | Campaign finance | January continuing report due | |
February 8, 2016 | Campaign finance | Spring pre-primary report due | |
March 28, 2016 | Campaign finance | Spring pre-election report due | |
June 1, 2016 | Ballot access | Last day for candidates to file nomination papers, declarations of candidacy and campaign registration statements for the general election | |
July 15, 2016 | Campaign finance | July continuing report due | |
August 1, 2016 | Campaign finance | Fall partisan primary report due | |
August 9, 2016 | Election date | State partisan primary election | |
September 27, 2016 | Campaign finance | Fourth Tuesday in September report due | |
October 31, 2016 | Campaign finance | Fall general election report due | |
November 8, 2016 | Election date | General election | |
Sources: Wisconsin Government Accountability Board, "Calendar of Election and Campaign Events," accessed January 11, 2016 Wisconsin Government Accountability Board, "New Campaign Finance Laws Effective January 1, 2016," December 21, 2015 |
See also
- United States House of Representatives elections in Wisconsin, 2016
- United States Senate elections, 2016
- Ron Johnson
Footnotes
- ↑ Cook Political Report, "2016 Senate Race Ratings," accessed November 6, 2016
- ↑ Sabato's Crystal Ball, "2016 Senate," accessed November 6, 2016
- ↑ Rothenberg & Gonzales Political Report, "Senate Ratings," accessed November 6, 2016
- ↑ Ron Johnson for Senate, "News," accessed August 25, 2015
- ↑ NPR, "Taking Aim At Money In Politics, Feingold Announces Comeback Bid," May 14, 2015
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Wisconsin Government Accountability Board, "Candidate Tracking by Office," accessed June 2, 2016
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 CNN, "Ron Johnson earns surprise GOP win in Wisconsin Senate race," accessed November 10, 2016
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Milwaukee Wisconsin Journal Sentinel, "Strategic change pays off for Johnson," accessed November 10, 2016
- ↑ Wisconsin Radio Network, "Senator Ron Johnson wins re-election in Wisconsin (AUDIO)," accessed November 10, 2016
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "State Primary Election Types," accessed October 4, 2024
- ↑ Wisconsin State Legislature, "Wis. State § 5.62 Partisan primary ballots," accessed October 4, 2024
- ↑ Candidates are listed by party and alphabetically within each party.
- ↑ Huffington Post, "Russ Feingold Is Leaving The State Department. Is A Senate Run Next?" February 19, 2015
- ↑ Anderson for U.S. Senate, "Home," accessed December 28, 2015
- ↑ Fox6Now.com, “People are looking for real change:” Ron Johnson, re-elected, ‘looks forward’ to working with Trump, accessed November 10, 2016
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Wisconsin Public Radio, "Johnson, Feingold Wrangle In Final US Senate Debate," accessed November 3, 2016
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 The Daily Cardinal, "Johnson, Feingold spar over presidential endorsements, student debt," accessed October 18, 2016
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 Journal Sentinel, "Johnson, Feingold clash in first debate," accessed October 18, 2016
- ↑ Politico, "Wisconsin Senate Primaries Results," August 9, 2016
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 The Huffington Post, "Vulnerable GOP Senator Now Says He's Willing To Vote On Obama Supreme Court Nominee," February 16, 2016
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
- ↑ Politico, "Vulnerable GOP senators duck and cover from Trump," accessed May 5, 2016
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Wisconsin State Journal, "Russ Feingold endorses Hillary Clinton, says 'she's ready to take on Donald Trump,'" accessed October 18, 2016
- ↑ Roll Call, "Will the Chamber Spend on Ron Johnson This Fall?" March 23, 2016
- ↑ National Federation of Independent Business, "NFIB Endorses U.S. Senator Ron Johnson for Reelection," accessed October 18, 2016
- ↑ Ron Johnson for Wisconsin, "Ron receives endorsements from Wisconsin’s agricultural leaders," accessed October 18, 2016
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 La Crosse Tribune, "Ag organizations line up behind Johnson," accessed October 18, 2016
- ↑ Daily Kos, "Russ Feingold scores big endorsement," accessed October 18, 2016
- ↑ Fox6Now.com, "Russ Feingold endorsed by IBEW; Ron Johnson calls him a 'career politician with little to show for it,'" accessed October 18, 2016
- ↑ LCV.org, "LCV Action Fund, Sierra Club Endorse Feingold for U.S. Senate," accessed October 18, 2016
- ↑ Politico, "Club for Growth attacks Russ Feingold," September 22, 2015
- ↑ United States Election Project, "Voter Turnout," accessed September 6, 2015
- ↑ United States Senate, "Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present," accessed September 6, 2015
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 2010," accessed March 28, 2013
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For information about public policy issues in the 2016 elections, see: Public policy in the 2016 elections!