Georgia state budget and finances

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Georgia budget and finances

General information

Budget calendar: Annual

Fiscal year: 2017

State credit rating: AAA (as of 2017)

Current governor: Brian Kemp

Financial figures

Total spending (state and federal funds): $47,496,000,000 (estimated 2016)

Per capita spending: $4,607 (estimated 2016)

Total state tax collections: $21,454,446,000 (2016)

Per capita tax collections: $2,081 (2016)

State debt: $13,247,675,000 (2014)

Per capita state debt: $1,299 (2014)

State budget and finance pages • Total state expenditures • State debt • Tax policy in Georgia

Note: In comparing dollar amounts across the states, it is important to note that the cost of living can differ from state to state and within a state. The amounts given on this page have not been adjusted to reflect these differences. For more information on "regional price disparities" and the Consumer Price Index, see the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. This article, which is updated on an annual basis, was last updated in June 2017. It contains information from several sources; consequently, the currency of the information can vary from source to source.

In Georgia, as in other states, lawmakers and public officials are elected in part to manage the state's finances. This includes generating revenues (money coming into the state from various sources) and approving expenditures (the money spent on governmental functions and servicing state debt). State budgets are complex and fluid, as they depend on anticipated revenues and planned expenditures, which may alter over the course of a fiscal year. If revenues do not keep pace with expenditures, states generally have to raise taxes, cut services, borrow money, or a combination of the three. State budget decisions are also influenced by policy decisions at the national level, such as the Affordable Care Act or energy and environmental regulations, and issues at the local level, such as crime and the quality of education.

HIGHLIGHTS

Between fiscal years 2015 and 2016, total government spending in Georgia increased by approximately $2.5 billion—from $45.0 billion in fiscal year 2015 to an estimated $47.5 billion in 2016. This represents a 5.5-percent increase.

In Georgia in fiscal year 2015, 53.2 percent of total tax revenues came from income taxes.

Education accounted for 43.3 percent of state expenditures in fiscal year 2015, while 21.9 percent went to Medicaid.

Definitions

The following terms are used to describe a state's finances:

• Revenues come mainly from tax collections, licensing fees, federal aid, and returns on investments.
• Expenditures generally include spending on government salaries, infrastructure, education, public pensions, public assistance, corrections, Medicaid, and transportation.
• State debt refers to the money borrowed to make up for a deficit when revenues do not cover spending.
• The state credit rating is the grade given by a credit rating agency based on the general financial health of the state's government and economy.
• State funds include general and other state-based funds. A general fund is "the predominant fund for financing a state's operations." Other state funds are "restricted by law for particular governmental functions or activities."
• Federal funds are "funds received directly from the federal government."
• Total spending is calculated by adding together the totals for state and federal funds used for expenditures.

Revenues

2016 revenues

See also: State government tax collections by source

The table below breaks down state government tax collections by source in 2016 (comparable figures from surrounding states are also provided to give additional context). Figures for all columns except "2016 population" and "Per capita collections" are rendered in thousands of dollars (for example, $2,448 translates to $2,448,000). Figures in the columns labeled "2016 population" and "Per capita collections" have not been abbreviated.

State tax collections by source ($ in thousands), 2016
State	Property taxes	Sales and gross receipts	Licenses	Income taxes	Other taxes	Total	2016 population	Per capita collections
Georgia	$961,780	$8,408,456	$663,946	$11,420,536	-$272	$21,454,446	10,310,371	$2,081
Alabama	$346,277	$5,106,102	$507,479	$3,869,584	$90,352	$9,919,794	4,863,300	$2,040
Florida	$20	$30,429,302	$2,241,468	$2,272,230	$2,697,400	$37,640,420	20,612,439	$1,826
South Carolina	$32,670	$4,620,807	$499,053	$4,309,831	$88,691	$9,551,052	4,961,119	$1,925
United States	$18,364,298	$442,909,995	$52,164,396	$392,286,910	$24,538,146	$930,263,745	322,762,018	$2,882.20
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "2016 annual survey of state government tax collections by category," accessed June 26, 2017

The table below lists 2016 tax collections by source as percentages of total collections. About 53.2 percent of Georgia's total state tax collections came from income taxes.

State tax collections by source (as percentages), 2016
State	Property taxes	Sales and gross receipts	Licenses	Income taxes	Other taxes
Georgia	4.5%	39.2%	3.1%	53.2%	0.0%
Alabama	3.5%	51.5%	5.1%	39.0%	0.9%
Florida	0.0%	80.8%	6.0%	6.0%	7.2%
South Carolina	0.3%	48.4%	5.2%	45.1%	0.9%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "2016 annual survey of state government tax collections by category," accessed April 4, 2016

Federal aid to the state budget

See also: Federal aid to state budgets

State governments receive aid from the federal government to fund a variety of joint programs, mainly in the form of grants for such things as Medicaid, education, and transportation. In 2014, federal aid to the states accounted for roughly 31 percent of all state general revenues. Federal aid varies from state to state. For example, Mississippi received approximately $7.2 billion in federal aid in 2014, accounting for about 41 percent of the state's general revenues, the highest percentage of all of the states. By contrast, North Dakota received about $1.5 billion in federal aid in 2014, or just 17 percent of the state's general revenues, the lowest percentage in the nation.

The table below notes what share of Georgia’s general revenues came from the federal government in 2014. That year, Georgia received approximately $14.3 billion in federal aid, 36.7 percent of the state's general revenues. Taking into consideration the state's 2014 population, this came out to about $1,420 in federal aid per capita. Figures from surrounding states are provided for additional context.

Federal aid to state budgets, 2014
State	Total federal aid ($ in thousands)	Federal aid as a % of general revenues	Ranking (by % of general revenues)	Est. 2014 population	Aid per capita
Georgia	$14,327,475	36.7%	8	10,087,231	$1,420
Alabama	$8,005,055	34.9%	14	4,843,214	$1,653
Florida	$25,468,800	33.2%	22	19,888,741	$1,281
South Carolina	$7,089,225	30.7%	31	4,828,430	$1,468
Sources: United States Census Bureau, "2014 State and Local Government Finances," accessed June 26, 2017 Note: Per-capita figures were generated by Ballotpedia by dividing total federal aid for the state by the estimated population of that state in 2014.

Spending

Estimated 2016 expenditures

See also: Total state expenditures

The table below breaks down estimated spending totals for fiscal year 2016 (comparable figures from surrounding states are included to provide additional context). Figures for all columns except "Population” and “Per capita spending" are rendered in millions of dollars (for example, $2,448 translates to $2,448,000,000). Figures in the columns labeled "Population” and “Per capita spending" have not been abbreviated.

The total estimated government spending in Georgia in fiscal year 2016 was $47.5 billion.

Total estimated state spending, FY 2016 ($ in millions)
State	State funds	Federal funds	Total spending	Population	Per capita spending
Georgia	$34,102	$13,394	$47,496	10,310,371	$4,607
Alabama	$16,339	$10,135	$26,474	4,863,300	$5,444
Florida	$53,476	$24,921	$78,397	20,612,439	$3,803
South Carolina	$15,364	$7,710	$23,074	4,961,119	$4,651
Per-capita figures are calculated by taking the state's total spending and dividing by the number of state residents according to United States Census Bureau estimates. Source: National Association of State Budget Officers, "State Expenditure Report (Fiscal 2014-2016)," accessed June 26, 2017

Spending by function

See also: State spending by function as a percent of total expenditures

State spending in Georgia can be further broken down by function (elementary and secondary education, public assistance, etc.). Fiscal year 2015 information is included in the table below (information from neighboring states is provided for additional context). Figures are rendered as percentages, indicating the share of the total budget spent per category.

In fiscal year 2015, education accounted for 43.3 percent of Georgia's total expenditures.

State spending by function as a percent of total expenditures, FY 2015
State	K-12 education	Higher education	Public assistance	Medicaid	Corrections	Trans- portation	Other
Georgia	24.6%	18.7%	0.1%	21.9%	3.7%	5.5%	25.5%
Alabama	20.8%	20.8%	0.1%	24.1%	2.4%	6.8%	25.1%
Florida	18.8%	7.2%	0.3%	31.7%	3.8%	11.9%	26.3%
South Carolina	18.7%	19.0%	0.5%	27.5%	2.7%	6.1%	25.5%
Source: National Association of State Budget Officers Note: "Other" expenditures include "Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), institutional and community care for the mentally ill and developmentally disabled, public health programs, employer contributions to pensions and health benefits, economic development, environmental projects, state police, parks and recreation, housing and general aid to local governments."

Spending trends

The table below details the spending trends in Georgia in previous years. Figures are rendered as percentages, indicating the share of the total budget spent per category.

Spending by function from 2010 to 2015 (as percentages)
Year	K-12 education	Higher education	Public assistance	Medicaid	Corrections	Transportation	Other
2015	24.6%	18.7%	0.1%	21.9%	3.7%	5.5%	25.5%
2014	24.3%	18.8%	0.1%	21.6%	3.6%	5.9%	25.7%
2013	24.1%	19%	0.1%	21.3%	3.7%	5.7%	26.2%
2012	24.0%	18.7%	0.1%	21.5%	3.7%	5.2%	26.8%
2011	25.2%	17.1%	1.2%	20.5%	3.0%	4.7%	28.2%
2010	24.6%	17.1%	1.4%	19.5%	3.0%	6.2%	28.3%
Source: National Association of State Budget Officers Note: "Other" expenditures include "Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), institutional and community care for the mentally ill and developmentally disabled, public health programs, employer contributions to pensions and health benefits, economic development, environmental projects, state police, parks and recreation, housing and general aid to local governments."

State debt

See also: Georgia state debt

State debt refers to any debt owned by a state government. Debt may include any financial obligations a state has that have not been paid, such as bonds issued by state governments, money borrowed by a state government that has not been repaid, or post-retirement benefits promised to state employees. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Georgia had a debt of $13,247,675,000 in fiscal year 2015. The state debt per capita was $1,299. This ranked Georgia 25th among the states in debt and 47th in per capita debt. The total state debt owned by the 50 states was $1.15 trillion with a per capita debt of $3,582.

Economic indicators

See also: Economic indicators by state

Georgia's GDP increased by 2.3 percent in 2014. Click the image to view a larger version.

Broadly defined, a healthy economy is typically one that has a "stable and strong rate of economic growth" (gross state product, in this case) and low unemployment, among many other factors. The economic health of a state can significantly affect its healthcare costs, insurance coverage, access to care, and citizens' physical and mental health. For instance, during economic downturns, employers may reduce insurance coverage for employees, while those who are laid off may lose coverage altogether. Individuals also tend to spend less on non-urgent care or postpone visits to the doctor when times are hard. These changes in turn may affect the decisions made by policymakers as they react to shifts in the industry. Additionally, a person's socioeconomic status has profound effects on their access to care and the quality of care received.

Although in September 2014 Georgia had the highest unemployment rate among its neighboring states, it also had the highest median annual household income between 2011 and 2013. In 2013, most Georgia residents earned incomes that were between 200 and 399 percent above the federal poverty level.

Note: Gross state product (GSP) on its own is not necessarily an indicator of economic health; GSP may also be influenced by state population size. Many factors must be looked at together to assess state economic health.

Various economic indicators by state
State	Distribution of population by FPL* (2013)				Median annual income (2011-2013)	Unemployment rate		Total GSP (2013)†
	Under 100%	100-199%	200-399%	400%+		Sept. 2013	Sept. 2014
Georgia	16%	21%	32%	31%	$47,753	8%	7.9%	$454,532
Alabama	17%	22%	33%	28%	$43,330	6.4%	6.6%	$193,566
Florida	15%	20%	32%	32%	$47,106	6.9%	6.1%	$800,492
South Carolina	16%	19%	35%	30%	$43,716	7.3%	6.6%	$183,561
United States	15%	19%	30%	36%	$52,047	7.2%	5.9%	$16,701,415
* Federal Poverty Level. "The U.S. Census Bureau's poverty threshold for a family with two adults and one child was $18,751 in 2013. This is the official measurement of poverty used by the Federal Government." † Median annual household income, 2011-2013. ‡ In millions of current dollars. "Gross State Product is a measurement of a state's output; it is the sum of value added from all industries in the state." Source: The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, "State Health Facts"

Budget process

State documents and agenciesBelow are links to official Georgia budget and financial documents. The first is the state's Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (CAFR). A CAFR is a detailed presentation of a government entity's financial condition. This includes fiscal activities and balances for a fiscal year. The second link is to the state's relevant budget agency or office. Georgia CAFR Georgia budget agency

The state operates on an annual budget cycle. The sequence of key events in the budget process is as follows:

1. In July of the year preceding the start of the new fiscal year, the governor sends budget instructions to state agencies.
2. In September, agencies submit their budget requests to the governor.
3. Budget hearings are held with the public in January through February.
4. In January, the governor submits his or her proposed budget to the state legislature.
5. The legislature adopts a budget in March or April, effective for the fiscal year beginning on July 1. A simple majority is required to pass a budget.

The governor is constitutionally required to submit a balanced budget to the legislature. In turn, the legislature must pass a balanced budget, and any budget signed into law by the governor must be balanced.

Georgia is one of 44 states in which the governor has line item veto authority.

Agencies, offices, and committees

The following standing committees in the Georgia General Assembly deal with budget and finance matters:

1. Appropriations Committee, Georgia House of Representatives
2. Appropriations Committee, Georgia State Senate
3. Budget and Fiscal Affairs Oversight Committee, Georgia House of Representatives
4. Finance Committee, Georgia State Senate
5. Ways and Means Committee, Georgia House of Representatives

The Georgia State Auditor conducts audits of state agencies for their compliance, performance and financial management. The auditor is appointed by the Georgia Legislature and has no term limits.

The Georgia Treasurer manages the receipt and disbursement of state and lottery funds, as well as the state's cash resources. The treasurer is appointed by the State Depository Board and has no term limits.

Public Interest Research Group 2016 report

The U.S. Public Interest Research Group, a consumer-focused nonprofit organization based in Washington, D.C., released its annual report on state transparency websites in April 2016. The report, entitled "Following the Money," measured how transparent and accountable state websites were with regard to state government spending. According to the report, Georgia received a grade of C and a numerical score of 74, indicating that Georgia was "Middling" in terms of transparency regarding state spending.

Budget and finance ballot measures

Voting on state and local government budgets, spending, and finance
Policy
Budget policy
Ballot measures
By state
By year
Not on ballot
Local City budgets County budgets Spending limits School budgets

See also: Spending and finance on the ballot and List of Georgia ballot measures

Ballotpedia has tracked 82 ballot measure(s) relating to state and local budget and financial matters in Georgia.

1. Georgia Reckless Driving Fines for Injury Trust Fund, Amendment B (2014)
2. Georgia Debt Limits, Amendment 3 (1924)
3. Georgia Teacher Salaries, Amendment 5 (1926)
4. Georgia Temporary County Loans, Amendment 2 (1928)
5. Georgia Washington County Loans, Amendment 5 (1930)
6. Georgia State Highway Funds, Amendment 8 (1932)
7. Georgia Spalding County Loans, Amendment 1 (1934)
8. Georgia Fannin County Loans, Amendment 9 (1938)
9. Georgia City of Macon Loans, Amendment 18 (1938)
10. Georgia Board of Education Temporary Loans, Amendment 2 (June 1939)
11. Georgia City of Macon Debt Payment, Amendment 12 (June 1939)
12. Georgia City of Quitman Loans, Amendment 16 (June 1939)
13. Georgia City of Augusta Loans, Amendment 25 (June 1939)
14. Georgia Mitchell County Board of Education Loans, Amendment 26 (June 1941)
15. Georgia Bibb County Loans, Amendment 33 (June 1941)
16. Georgia National Gypsum Company Payment, Amendment 65 (June 1941)
17. Georgia State Advertisement, Amendment 68 (June 1941)
18. Georgia School Debt, Amendment 5 (August 1945)
19. Georgia Fulton County Debt, Amendment 9 (August 1945)
20. Georgia Fulton County Debt Limits, Amendment 29 (1950)
21. Georgia Highway Funds, Amendment 2 (1952)
22. Georgia City of Macon Revenue Certificates, Amendment 17 (1952)
23. Georgia Student Scholarships, Amendment 2 (1958)
24. Georgia Scholarships for Employee Education, Amendment 3 (1958)
25. Georgia Teacher Scholarships, Amendment 6 (1958)
26. Georgia Physician Scholarships, Amendment 7 (1958)
27. Georgia Revenue Certificates for Public Transportation, Amendment 9 (1958)
28. Georgia Boll Weevil Eradication, Amendment 10 (1958)
29. Georgia Provisions for Contract Payment, Amendment 2 (1960)
30. Georgia State Funds for Municipalities, Amendment 4 (1960)
31. Georgia Funds for School Lunch, Amendment 11 (1960)
32. Georgia Physician Scholarships, Amendment 14 (1960)
33. Georgia County Grants, Amendment 2 (1962)
34. Georgia Appropriations and Budget, Amendment 3 (1962)
35. Georgia Expenditure of Public Funds, Amendment 6 (1962)
36. Georgia Municipal Property Valuation, Amendment 7 (1962)
37. Georgia Payment for State Oil Well, Amendment 11 (1962)
38. Georgia Educational Funding, Amendment 4 (1966)
39. Georgia Funds for Vocational Education, Amendment 13 (1966)
40. Georgia Funds for School Lunch, Amendment 4 (1968)
41. Georgia State Finances and Debt, Amendment 8 (1972)
42. Georgia Relocation Assistance, Amendment 9 (1972)
43. Georgia Educational Loan Program, Amendment 11 (1972)
44. Georgia Employee Educational Grants, Amendment 15 (1972)
45. Georgia Retirement Benefits Increases, Amendment 20 (1972)
46. Georgia Annual Appropriations, Amendment 22 (1972)
47. Georgia Municipal Debt Limits, Amendment 8 (1974)
48. Georgia Aluminum Ore Plant, Amendment 11 (1974)
49. Georgia Repayment of Bonded Indebtedness, Amendment 15 (1976)
50. Georgia Municipal Disaster Loans, Amendment 16 (1976)
51. Georgia Workmen's Compensation Fund, Amendment 17 (1976)
52. Georgia Federal Funds for Transportation, Amendment 24 (1976)
53. Georgia Debt for Independent School Systems, Amendment 5 (1978)
54. Georgia Compensation for Taken Property, Amendment 10 (1978)
55. Georgia Claims Advisory Board, Amendment 21 (1978)
56. Georgia Health Insurance for Retired Teachers, Amendment 22 (1978)
57. Georgia Financing of County Services, Amendment 29 (1978)
58. Georgia Debt for Educational Facilities, Amendment 2 (1980)
59. Georgia Tuition Reimbursement for Teachers, Amendment 3 (1980)
60. Georgia Municipal Merit Employee Program, Amendment 11 (1980)
61. Georgia Debt for Library Facilities, Amendment 8 (1984)
62. Georgia Debt for Water and Sewer Facilities, Amendment 1 (1986)
63. Georgia Health Insurance for Public School Employees, Amendment 2 (1986)
64. Georgia State Children's Trust Fund, Amendment 5 (1986)
65. Georgia Victim Compensation, Amendment 3 (1988)
66. Georgia Housing Trust Fund for the Homeless, Amendment 4 (1988)
67. Georgia Seed Capital Fund, Amendment 8 (1988)
68. Georgia Loans for Service Districts, Amendment 10 (1988)
69. Georgia Export Finance Fund, Amendment 11 (1988)
70. Georgia Indigent Care Trust Fund, Amendment 14 (1988)
71. Georgia Education Trust Fund, Amendment 2 (1990)
72. Georgia Emerging Crops Loan Fund, Amendment 9 (1990)
73. Georgia Indigent Care Trust Fund, Amendment 3 (1992)
74. Georgia Loans for Waste and Recycling Facilities, Amendment 4 (1992)
75. Georgia Transportation Trust Fund, Amendment 5 (1992)
76. Georgia Heritage Fund, Amendment 1 (1998)
77. Georgia Roadside Enhancement and Beautification Fund, Amendment 4 (1998)
78. Georgia Special License Plates, Amendment 3 (2006)
79. Georgia Revenue-Anticipation Obligations, Amendment 12 (1943)
80. Georgia County Temporary Loans, Amendment 23 (1943)
81. Georgia Glenwood Bonded Debt, Amendment 24 (1943)
82. Georgia Ray City Bonded Debt, Amendment 25 (1943)

Budget and finance legislation

The following is a list of recent budget and finance bills that have been introduced in or passed by the Georgia state legislature. To learn more about each of these bills, click the bill title. This information is provided by BillTrack50 and LegiScan.

Note: Due to the nature of the sorting process used to generate this list, some results may not be relevant to the topic. If no bills are displayed below, no legislation pertaining to this topic has been introduced in the legislature recently.

Recent news

The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms Georgia budget. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles.

Georgia state budget and finances - Google News

Contact information

Governor's Office of Planning and Budget
270 Washington Street, S.W., 8th Floor
Atlanta, GA 30334
Phone: 404-656-3820
Fax: 404-656-3828

See also

• Historical Georgia budget and finance information
• Tax policy in Georgia
• Georgia government sector lobbying
• Georgia public pensions
• Governor of Georgia
• Georgia State Senate
• Georgia House of Representatives
• Georgia State Legislature