Election administration in Michigan
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Election administration encompasses a state's voting policies, procedures, and enforcement. These include voter identification requirements, early and absentee/mail-in voting provisions, voter list maintenance methods, and more. Each state's voting policies dictate who can vote and under what conditions.
Below, you will find details on the following election administration topics in Michigan:
Poll times
- See also: State poll opening and closing times
In Michigan, polls are open from 7 a.m. to 8 p.m. local time. Most of the state is observes Eastern Time, while several counties observe Central Time. An individual who is in line at the time polls close must be allowed to vote.[2]
Voter registration
- Check your voter registration status here.
To vote in Michigan, a voter must be a United States citizen and a resident of their city or township for at least 30 days. Voters must be at least 18 years old by Election Day, and not be currently serving a sentence in jail or prison.[3]
Voters may register to vote online, by mail, or in person at clerk's offices in their county, city, or township, or at a state department branch office 15 days or earlier before an election .[3]
Within 14 days of an election and on Election Day, voters can register in person at their local clerk's office by presenting proof of residency documentation.[3] According to the Michigan Secretary of State's website:[3]
| “ | Proof of residency is official documentation (paper or digital) that lists a voter’s current name and address. When registering to vote within 14 days of an election, voters must present one form of proof of residency in person at a local clerk’s office. Proof of residency examples include:
|
” |
Automatic registration
Michigan automatically registers eligible individuals to vote when they apply for or update a driver’s license or personal identification card.[5]
Online registration
- See also: Online voter registration
Michigan has implemented an online voter registration system. Residents can register to vote by visiting this website.[5]
Same-day registration
Michigan allows same-day voter registration.[5]
Residency requirements
Michigan law requires 30 days of residency in the state before a person may vote.[3]
Verification of citizenship
Michigan does not require proof of citizenship for voter registration. An individual applying to register to vote must attest that they are a U.S. citizen under penalty of perjury.
All 49 states with voter registration systems require applicants to declare that they are U.S. citizens in order to register to vote in state and federal elections, under penalty of perjury or other punishment.[6] As of November 2024, five states — Alabama, Arizona, Georgia, Kansas, and New Hampshire — had passed laws requiring verification of citizenship at the time of voter registration. However, only two of those states' laws were in effect, in Arizona and New Hampshire. In three states — California, Maryland, and Vermont — at least one local jurisdiction allowed noncitizens to vote in some local elections as of November 2024. Noncitizens registering to vote in those elections must complete a voter registration application provided by the local jurisdiction and are not eligible to register as state or federal voters.
Verifying your registration
This page, administered by the Michigan Department of State, allows residents to check their voter registration status online.
Early and absentee/mail-in voting policy
Early voting
- See also: Early voting
Michigan permits early voting. Michigan refers to early voting as early in-person voting. Early voting dates vary across the state, but must include a minimum of nine consecutive days, ending on the Sunday before an election. For more information, click here.
Early voting permits citizens to cast ballots in person at a polling place prior to an election. In states that permit no-excuse early voting, a voter does not have to provide an excuse for being unable to vote on Election Day. States that allow voters to cast no-excuse absentee/mail-in ballots in person are counted as no-excuse early voting states.
As of February 2024, 47 states and the District of Columbia permitted no-excuse early voting.
Absentee/mail-in voting
- See also: Absentee/mail-in voting
Any Michigan voter can cast an absentee ballot. To vote absentee, a request must be received online or by mail no later than 5 p.m. on the Friday before the election. In person requests can be made until 4 p.m. on the day before Election Day. Completed absentee ballots must then be returned by 8 p.m. on Election Day.[7]
Returning absentee/mail-in ballots
Michigan voters can return their absentee/mail-in ballot to their local clerk’s office in person or by mail. Only a voter’s immediate family member or a member of the voter’s household can deliver an absentee/mail-in ballot on a voter’s behalf. Absentee/mail-in ballots that reach a local clerk’s office after the polls have closed on Election Day will not be counted.[8][9]
As of November 2024, 20 states allowed anyone chosen by the voter to return a ballot on the voter's behalf, with certain exceptions, while 16 states allowed anyone with certain relationships to the voter to return the voter's ballot. Four states allowed only the voter to return the voter's ballot, with certain exceptions, and two states required voters to return their ballots by mail. Eight states and D.C. did not specify who may return ballots.
Signature requirements and cure provisions
Senate Bill 370 was signed into law on July 19, 2023, establishing Michigan's cure provision. In Michigan, absentee/mail-in ballots include a return envelope printed with a statement that must be signed by the voter. If a voter was unable to mark their own ballot and received assistance in doing so, the person assisting the voter must also have signed the envelope. Election officials compare the voter’s signature on the envelope with the voter’s signature on file. If an absentee/mail-in ballot is missing a required signature or if it is determined that the voter’s signature on the ballot does not match the signature on record, the clerk is required to notify the voter and provide them until 5 p.m. on the third day following the election to cure or remedy the issue.[10][7][8][11]
As of November 2024, 33 states had laws that included cure provisions, while 17 states did not. One state, Pennsylvania, allowed counties to establish a cure process.
Was your absentee/mail-in ballot counted?
Michigan voters can use the Michigan Voter Information Center website provided by the Michigan Secretary of State to check the status of their absentee/mail-in ballot.
Voter identification requirements
- See also: Voter ID in Michigan
- See also: Voter identification laws by state
Michigan requires voters to present photo identification while voting.[12] Voters without identification can cast a regular ballot by signing an affidavit.[12]
The following list of accepted ID was current as of October 2024. Click here for the Michigan Secretary of State page on accepted ID to ensure you have the most current information.
- Michigan driver’s license
- Michigan personal identification card
- Current driver’s license or personal ID card issued by another state
- Current operator's or chauffeur's license
- Current federal, state, or local government-issued photo ID
- Current U.S. passport
- Current military identification card with photo
- Current student identification with photo from an educational institution
- Current tribal identification card with photo.
Voters can obtain a state identification card at a secretary of state branch office for $10. Voters over the age of 65, voters who are blind, and voters whose driving privileges have been terminated due to a physical or mental disability can obtain an identification card for free. Additionally, voters who can present a reason for having the fee waived may also obtain an ID for free. Visit the Michigan secretary of state’s page or call (888) SOS-MICH (767-6424) for more information.[12]
As of April 2024, 35 states required voters to present identification in order to vote at the polls on Election Day. Of these states, 24 required voters to present identification containing a photograph, and 11 accepted other forms of identification. The remaining 16 states did not require voters to present identification in order to vote at the polls on Election Day.
Valid forms of identification differ by state. In certain states that require voters to provide identification, there may be exceptions that allow some voters to cast a ballot without providing an ID. To see more about these exceptions, see details by state. Commonly accepted forms of ID include driver's licenses, state-issued identification cards, and military identification cards.
Provisional ballot rules
Voters in Michigan are given provisional ballots, or ballots requiring additional steps or information before they can be counted, under the following circumstances.[13]
(1) If the voter’s name does not appear on the list at the polling place, the voter has the right to cast a provisional ballot.[14]
(2) If the voter is at the wrong polling location, the voter has the right to cast a provisional ballot.
(3) If the voter is voting for the first time and is unable to provide a valid form of identification, the voter has the right to cast a provisional ballot.
Was your provisional ballot counted?
"If election officials can verify that a voter is registered to vote in the appropriate jurisdiction, the provisional ballot will count," according to the Michigan Department of State Bureau of Elections.[13]
A provisional ballot is rejected if the voter is not registered to vote or failed to provide proper identification and proof of residency.[15]
Voters have until six calendar days after the election to provide appropriate identification documentation to the city or township clerk. There are two different types of required documentation.[13]
Documents that satisfy federal voter identification requirements imposed on first-time mail registrants who have never previously voted in Michigan are:[13]
- A copy of any current and valid picture identification
- A copy of a paycheck, government check, utility bill, bank statement or a government document which lists your name and address
Documents that satisfy Michigan voter identification requirements imposed on all voters must be presented in person at the city or township clerk's office. Those documents are:[13]
- A Michigan Driver License
- A Michigan Personal Identification Card
- Driver's license or personal identification card issued by another state
- Federal or state-government issued picture identification
- U.S. passport
- Military identification card with a picture
- Student identification with a picture from a high school of an accredited institution of higher education
- Tribal identification with a picture
Local election officials
Do you need information about elections in your area? Are you looking for your local election official? Click here to visit the U.S. Vote Foundation and use their election official lookup tool. |
Primary election type
- See also: Primary elections in Michigan
A primary election is an election in which registered voters select a candidate that they believe should be a political party's candidate for elected office to run in the general election. They are also used to choose convention delegates and party leaders. Primaries are state-level and local-level elections that take place prior to a general election. Michigan utilizes an open primary system, in which registered voters do not have to be members of a party to vote in that party's primary.[5]<[16]
Time off work for voting
Ballotpedia did not find a law specifying whether voters must be given time off from work to vote in this state. Nolo.com notes that states without such state laws may have administrative regulations or local ordinances pertaining to time off for voting and suggests calling your local board of elections or state labor department for more information.[17]
If you know of a relevant policy in this state, please email us.
As of September 2024, 28 states required employers to grant employees time off to vote. Within these 28 states, policies varied as to whether that time off must be paid and how much notice must be given.
Voting rules for people convicted of a felony
In Michigan, people convicted of a felony that are in prison are not eligible to vote. Upon completion of their prison time, voting rights are automatically restored.[18]
Voting rights for people convicted of a felony vary from state to state. In the majority of states, people convicted of a felony cannot vote while they are incarcerated but may regain the right to vote upon release from prison or at some point thereafter.[5]
Voter list maintenance
All states have rules under which they maintain voter rolls—or, check and remove certain names from their lists of registered voters. Most states are subject to the parameters set by The National Voter Registration Act (NVRA).[19] The NVRA requires states to make efforts to remove deceased individuals and individuals who have become ineligible due to a change of address. It prohibits removing registrants from voter lists within 90 days of a federal election due to change of address unless a registrant has requested to be removed, or from removing people from voter lists solely because they have not voted. The NVRA says that states may remove names from their registration lists under certain other circumstances and that their methods for removing names must be uniform and nondiscriminatory.[20]
When names can be removed from the voter list
According to the Michigan Department of State's website:[21][22]
| “ | Voter registrations are cancelled primarily for one of four reasons:
|
” |
Click here for the Michigan Department of State's page on voter list maintenance procedures.
Inactive voter list rules
If a voter is determined to have moved based on National Change of Address data or other statewide data, election officials are to send them an address confirmation notice. If no response is received, they are designated as inactive. If the voter remains in inactive status through two general elections - by failing to vote or update their address information - election officials are to remove their name from the list of registered voters. A voter may also be designated as inactive if they do not vote for six consecutive years. Inactive voters are eligible to vote under Michigan law. Inactive voters can be restored to active status by voting or updating their registration information.[23]
The Electronic Registration Information Center (ERIC)
According to its website, ERIC is a nonprofit corporation that is governed by a board of member-states. These member states submit voter registration and motor vehicle registration information to ERIC. ERIC uses this information, as well as Social Security death records and other sources, to provide member states with reports showing voters who have moved within their state, moved out of their state, died, have duplicate registrations in their state, or are potentially eligible to vote but are not yet registered. ERIC's website describes its funding as follows: "Members fund ERIC. New members pay a one-time membership fee of $25,000, which is reserved for technology upgrades and other unanticipated expenses. Members also pay annual dues. Annual dues cover operating costs and are based, in part, on the citizen voting age population in each state."[24]
By 2022, 33 states and the District of Columbia had joined ERIC. As of May 2024, 24 states and the District of Columbia were members in the ERIC program.[25]
As of August 2023, Michigan was participating in the ERIC program.
Post-election auditing
Michigan state law requires post-election audits. Counties and state-level election staff conduct an extensive procedural audit. The audit "is required to include an audit of the results in at least one race in each precinct randomly selected for audit and at least one statewide race or ballot question for statewide elections. The audit reviews procedures performed before, during and after the conduct of an election," according to the National Conference of State Legislatures. Discrepancies found during the auditing process are used to develop training for future elections. The audit must be completed after the canvass. The audit does not change any certified election results.[26]
Post-election audits check that election results tallied by a state's voting system match results from paper records, such as paper ballots filled out by voters or the paper records produced by electronic voting machines. Post-election audits are classified into two categories: audits of election results—which include traditional post-election audits as well as risk-limiting audits—and procedural audits.[27][28]
Typically, traditional post-election audits are done by recounting a portion of ballots, either electronically or by hand, and comparing the results to those produced by the state's voting system. In contrast, risk-limiting audits use statistical methods to compare a random sample of votes cast to election results instead of reviewing every ballot. The scope of procedural audits varies by state, but they typically include a systematic review of voting equipment, performance of the voting system, vote totals, duties of election officials and workers, ballot chain of custody, and more.
As of October 2024, 49 states and the District of Columbia had some form of post-election audit by law. Of these, 35 states and the District of Columbia required traditional post-election audits, while six states required risk-limiting post-election audits by law. Eight states used some other form of post-election audit, including procedural post-election audits.[29][30]
Noteworthy events
Proposal 2 adds new election rules to state constitution (2022)
Proposal 2 added several voting and election policies to the Michigan Constitution. As of 2022, Article II, Section 4(a) of the Michigan Constitution provided voters with specific election-related rights. Proposal 3, which voters approved in 2018, added these rights. Proposal 2 added language regarding additional voting-related rights and provided citizens standing to bring legal actions to enforce these in circuit court.[31] A detailed list of the initiative's provisions is found here.
Some of the policies Proposal 2 added to the Michigan Constitution were new, such as early voting. Others existed as state statute and were codified as constitutional law, such as the state's requirement that voters show identification or sign an affidavit when voting in person.
The ballot summary was as follows:[32]
| “ |
This proposed constitutional amendment would:
|
” |
As provisions of the Michigan Constitution, legislators can not repeal or amend these policies without first passing a constitutional amendment, which would require voter approval.
Court invalidated 2020 mail-in ballot signature verification rule (2021)
On March 9, 2021, Michigan Court of Claims Judge Christopher Murray invalidated an absentee/mail-in ballot rule instituted by Secretary of State Jocelyn Benson (D) in the run-up to the November 3, 2020, general election. Murray held that Benson's rule, which directed local clerks to presume validity when verifying signatures on absentee/mail-in ballot applications and return envelopes, had been issued in violation of the Administrative Procedures Act (APA).[33][34]
Benson's guidance, issued on October 6, 2020, directed local clerks to treat signatures as valid if there were "any redeeming qualities in the application or return envelope signature as compared to the signature on file." "Redeeming qualities" were described as including, but not being limited to, "similar distinctive flourishes" and "more matching features than non-matching features." Allegan County Clerk Robert Genetski and the Republican Party of Michigan filed suit against Benson, alleging that her guidance violated the state's election laws and the Administrative Procedures Act. The plaintiffs asked that the court strike down the guidance as unlawful and enjoin its enforcement in future elections.[33][34]
Murray sided with the plaintiffs, finding that Benson's guidance was in fact a rule "that should have been promulgated in accordance with the APA. And absent compliance with the APA, the 'rule' is invalid." Under the Administrative Procedures Act, a state agency is required to follow formal rulemaking procedures (e.g., when establishing policies that "do not merely interpret or explain the statute of rules from which the agency derives its authority," but rather "establish the substantive standards implementing the program."[33][34]
As of March 18, 2021, It was unclear whether the state would appeal Murray's decision.[33][34]
Election policy ballot measures
Ballotpedia has tracked the following ballot measures relating to election and campaign policy in Michigan.
- Michigan Repeal Straight-Ticket Voting Referendum (1964)
- Michigan Proposal 02-1, Elimination of Straight Party Ticket Option Referendum (2002)
- Michigan Proposal No. 1, Non-Partisan Judicial Elections Initiative (1934)
- Michigan Proposal No. 1, Non-Partisan Judicial Elections Initiative (April 1939)
- Michigan Proposal 2, Voting Policies in Constitution Amendment (2022)
The table below lists bills related to election administration that have been introduced during (or carried over to) the current legislative session in Michigan. The following information is included for each bill:
- State
- Bill number
- Official name or caption
- Most recent action date
- Legislative status
- Topics dealt with by the bill
Bills are organized alphabetically, first by state and then by bill number. The table displays up to 100 results by default. To view additional results, use the arrows in the upper-right corner of the table. For more information about a particular bill, click the bill number. This will open a separate page with additional information.
Ballotpedia's Election Administration Legislation Tracker
State election laws are changing. Keeping track of the latest developments in all 50 states can seem like an impossible job.
Here's the solution: Ballotpedia's Election Administration Legislation Tracker.
Ballotpedia's Election Administration Tracker sets the industry standard for ease of use, flexibility, and raw power. But that's just the beginning of what it can do:
- Ballotpedia's election experts provide daily updates on bills and other relevant political developments
- We translate complex bill text into easy-to-understand summaries written in everyday language
- And because it's from Ballotpedia, our Tracker is guaranteed to be neutral, unbiased, and nonpartisan
The Ballot Bulletin
The Ballot Bulletin is a weekly email that delivers the latest updates on election policy. The Ballot Bulletin tracks developments in election policy around the country, including legislative activity, big-picture trends, and recent news. Each email contains in-depth data from our Election Administration Legislation Tracker. You'll also be able to track relevant legislation, with links to and summaries of the bills themselves.
Click here to view recent issues and subscribe.
Ballot access
In order to get on the ballot in Michigan, a candidate for state or federal office must meet a variety of state-specific filing requirements and deadlines. These regulations, known as ballot access laws, determine whether a candidate or party will appear on an election ballot. These laws are set at the state level. A candidate must prepare to meet ballot access requirements well in advance of primaries, caucuses, and the general election.
There are three basic methods by which an individual may become a candidate for office in a state.
- An individual can seek the nomination of a state-recognized political party.
- An individual can run as an independent. Independent candidates often must petition in order to have their names printed on the general election ballot.
- An individual can run as a write-in candidate.
This article outlines the steps that prospective candidates for state-level and congressional office must take in order to run for office in Michigan. For information about filing requirements for presidential candidates, click here. Information about filing requirements for local-level offices is not available in this article (contact state election agencies for information about local candidate filing processes).
Redistricting
- See also: Redistricting in Michigan
Redistricting is the process by which new congressional and state legislative district boundaries are drawn. Each of Michigan's 13 United States Representatives and 148 state legislators are elected from political divisions called districts. United States Senators are not elected by districts, but by the states at large. District lines are redrawn every 10 years following completion of the United States census. The federal government stipulates that districts must have nearly equal populations and must not discriminate on the basis of race or ethnicity.[35][36][37][38]
Michigan was apportioned 13 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives after the 2020 census, one fewer than it received after the 2010 census. Click here for more information about redistricting in Michigan after the 2020 census.
State process
- See also: State-by-state redistricting procedures
In Michigan, a non-politician commission is responsible for drawing both congressional and state legislative district plans. The commission comprises 13 members, including four Democrats, four Republicans, and five unaffiliated voters or members of minor parties. In order for a map to be enacted, at least seven members must vote for it, including at least two Democrats, two Republicans, and two members not affiliated with either major party.[39]
The Michigan Independent Citizens Redistricting Commission prepared this document specifically explaining the redistricting process after the 2020 census.
Election administration agencies
Election agencies
- See also: State election agencies
Individuals seeking additional information about voting provisions in Michigan can contact the following local, state, and federal agencies.
Michigan County Clerks
Michigan Department of State, Bureau of Elections
- Richard H. Austin Building, First Floor
- 430 W. Allegan St.
- Lansing, Michigan 48918
- Phone: 800-292-5973
- Email: [email protected]
- Website: https://www.michigan.gov/sos
U.S. Election Assistance Commission
- 633 3rd Street NW, Suite 200
- Washington, DC 20001
- Phone: 301-563-3919
- Toll free: 1-866-747-1471
- Email: [email protected]
- Website: https://www.eac.gov
Ballotpedia's election coverage
- United States Senate Democratic Party primaries, 2024
- United States House Democratic Party primaries, 2024
- Democratic Party gubernatorial primaries, 2024
- Democratic Party Secretary of State primaries, 2024
- Democratic Party Attorney General primaries, 2024
- State legislative Democratic primaries, 2024
- United States Senate Republican Party primaries, 2024
- United States House Republican Party primaries, 2024
- Republican Party gubernatorial primaries, 2024
- Republican Party Secretary of State primaries, 2024
- Republican Party Attorney General primaries, 2024
- State legislative Republican primaries, 2024
See also
- 2024 election dates and deadlines
- Voting in Michigan
- Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Michigan
- Redistricting in Michigan
Elections in Michigan
- Michigan elections, 2024
- Michigan elections, 2023
- Michigan elections, 2022
- Michigan elections, 2021
- Michigan elections, 2020
- Michigan elections, 2019
- Michigan elections, 2018
- Michigan elections, 2017
- Michigan elections, 2016
- Michigan elections, 2015
- Michigan elections, 2014
External links
Footnotes
- ↑ We use the term "absentee/mail-in voting" to describe systems in which requests or applications are required. We use the term "all-mail voting" to denote systems where the ballots themselves are sent automatically to all voters. We use the hyphenate term for absentee voting because some states use “mail voting” (or a similar alternative) to describe what has traditionally been called "absentee voting."
- ↑ Michigan Secretary of State, "Frequently Asked Questions: Elections and Voting," accessed April 16, 2023
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Michigan Secretary of State, "Registering to Vote," accessed October 7, 2024
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 NCSL, "State Profiles: Elections," accessed August 26, 2024 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "ncsl" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "ncsl" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Under federal law, the national mail voter registration application (a version of which is in use in all states with voter registration systems) requires applicants to indicate that they are U.S. citizens in order to complete an application to vote in state or federal elections, but does not require voters to provide documentary proof of citizenship. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, the application "may require only the minimum amount of information necessary to prevent duplicate voter registrations and permit State officials both to determine the eligibility of the applicant to vote and to administer the voting process."
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Michigan Secretary of State, "Vote at home (Absentee)," April 17, 2023
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Michigan Legislature, “Michigan Compiled Laws 168.764a,” accessed April 17, 2023
- ↑ Michigan Secretary of State, “Where do I send the absentee voter ballot once I’ve filled it out?” accessed April 17, 2023
- ↑ Bill Track 50, “MI SB0370,” accessed July 31, 2023
- ↑ NCSL, “Table 15: States With Signature Cure Processes,” accessed August 26, 2024
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Michigan.gov, "Notice to Voters: Voter Identification Requirement in Effect," accessed October 7, 2024
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Michigan Department of State Bureau of Elections, "What if I’m issued a provisional ballot?" accessed August 26, 2024
- ↑ "Before completing the provisional balloting process, a voter whose name does not appear on the registration list should consider instead re-registering at the clerk’s office on Election Day," according to the Michigan Department of State Bureau of Elections. The voter can go to the clerk’s office and provide proof of residency in order to cast a regular ballot.
- ↑ Michigan Legislature, "Michigan Election Law, 168.813 Provisional ballot; tabulation; report," accessed April 17, 2023
- ↑ Michigan.gov,"Questions and Answers: Michigan’s Presidential Primary," accessed October 7, 2024
- ↑ NOLO, "Taking Time Off to Vote," accessed July 22, 2024
- ↑ The Office of Secretary of State Jocelyn Benson, "Returning Citizens - You Can Vote!" accessed April 17, 2023
- ↑ As of May 2024, the Justice Department notes, "Six States (Idaho, Minnesota, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Wisconsin, and Wyoming) are exempt from the NVRA because, on and after August 1, 1994, they either had no voter-registration requirements or had election-day voter registration at polling places with respect to elections for federal office."
- ↑ The United States Department of Justice, "The National Voter Registration Act of 1993," accessed May 29, 2024
- ↑ [hhttps://www.michigan.gov/sos/~/link.aspx?_id=0CA77C36E2D44E0DBCAB875DE164507F&_z=z Michigan Department of State, "Voter registration cancellation procedures," accessed October 7, 2024]
- ↑ Michigan Compiled Laws, "168.509aa, 168.509dd, 168.509z, and 168.500h," accessed April 17, 2023
- ↑ Michigan Compiled Laws, "168.509aa and 168.509r," accessed April 17, 2023
- ↑ ERIC, "FAQ," accessed May 29, 2024
- ↑ ERIC, "Who We Are," accessed May 29, 2024
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "Post-Election Audits," August 26, 2024
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "Post-Election Audits," accessed July 23, 2024
- ↑ Election Assistance Commission, "Election Audits Across the United States," accessed August 22, 2024
- ↑ Ballotpedia research conducted in October 2024, researching and analyzing various state websites and codes.
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "Post-Election Audits," accessed October 4, 2024
- ↑ Michigan Board of State Canvassers, "Promote the Vote 2022," accessed February 1, 2022
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedlanguage - ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 Michigan Court of Claims, "Genetski v. Benson: Opinion and Order Granting Summary Disposition in Part to Plaintiffs and Granting Summary Disposition in Part to Defendants," March 9, 2021
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 M Live, "Court invalidates Michigan rule on how to verify absentee ballot application signatures," March 16, 2021
- ↑ All About Redistricting, "Why does it matter?" accessed April 8, 2015
- ↑ Indy Week, "Cracked, stacked and packed: Initial redistricting maps met with skepticism and dismay," June 29, 2011
- ↑ The Atlantic, "How the Voting Rights Act Hurts Democrats and Minorities," June 17, 2013
- ↑ Redrawing the Lines, "The Role of Section 2 - Majority Minority Districts," accessed April 6, 2015
- ↑ Michigan Radio, "Redistricting proposal passes in Michigan," November 6, 2018
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