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Negative Absolute Temperature for Motional Degrees of Freedom
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Do your atoms really have negative absolute temperature or do they just behave like that?
Our atoms really have negative absolute temperature!
The way temperature is defined tells us the following: If a system thermalizes, i.e. tries to reach thermal equilibrium, and if we can describe the distribution of the system with some Boltzmann distribution, and if this distribution remains stable over some time, we know that the system has reached thermal equilibrium. We can then assign the corresponding temperature to the system. The system then really has this temperature. In our case, as the Boltzmann distribution of our atoms is inverted, this temperature is negative.
Do lasers also have a negative absolute temperature?
No! A temperature can only be assigned to a state in thermal equilibrium. This means states that, when left alone (when the system is thermally isolated) will remain stable and do not change over time. The particles in a laser medium do have an inverted energy population -more particles are in excited states than in low energy states- and their distribution looks indeed similar to a state at negative temperature. This inverted energy population, however, only exists as long as the laser is continuously pumped, i.e. particles are actively pumped into the exited states. When you switch-off the pump, all atoms will decay back into the lower state and their energy goes into the laser beam. So, while pumped, the laser medium is in asteady state, but not in a thermal state. It is not in thermal equilibrium and therefore cannot have a temperature.
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Negative Absolute Temperature for Motional Degrees of Freedom
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/339/6115/52 è«æ Science
http://www.quantum-munich.de/research/negative-absolute-temperature/ FAQ
http://www.nature.com/news/quantum-gas-goes-below-absolute-zero-1.12146 Nature news
マックス・プランク研究所ら、絶対零度より低温の気体を実証。熱効率100%超の内燃機関が実現可能に? « SJNニュース 再生可能エネルギー最新情報
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http://wired.jp/2013/01/07/below-absolute-zero/
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http://d.hatena.ne.jp/isaoru/20130107/1357571007
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http://wired.jp/2013/01/08/scientists-create-negative-temperature-system/
ãè² ã®çµ¶å¯¾æ¸©åº¦ãããã¤ç³»ã¨ã¯ä½ãªã®ã - Wired
http://d.hatena.ne.jp/masa_cbl/20130106/1357477446 絶対温度ï¼åº¦ä»¥ä¸ã®æ¸©åº¦ã£ã¦ï¼
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