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楚

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 椘
楚 U+695A, 楚
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-695A
← 楙
[U+6959] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 楛 →
[U+695B]

Translingual

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Stroke order
13 strokes

Han character

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楚 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+9, 13 strokes, cangjie input 木木弓卜人 (DDNYO), four-corner 44801, composition ⿱林疋)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 539, character 23
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 15141
  • Dae Jaweon: page 927, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1244, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+695A

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 楚
alternative forms 椘
䠂
𣕑
𣗂

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 楚
Shang Western Zhou
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions
Characters in the same phonetic series (疋) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
疋 *ŋraːʔ, *sŋra, *sŋraʔ
蝑 *sŋas, *sŋa
壻 *sŋeːs
婿 *sŋeːs
胥 *sŋa, *sŋaʔ
稰 *sŋa, *sŋaʔ
楈 *sŋa, *sŋaʔ
諝 *sŋa, *sŋaʔ
湑 *sŋa, *sŋaʔ
揟 *sŋa
醑 *sŋaʔ
糈 *sŋaʔ, *sŋraʔ
楚 *sŋ̊ʰraʔ, *sŋ̊ʰras
礎 *sŋ̊ʰraʔ
憷 *sŋ̊ʰraʔ
齼 *sŋ̊ʰraʔ
濋 *sŋ̊ʰraʔ
儊 *sŋ̊ʰras
綀 *sŋra
疎 *sŋra
疏 *sŋra, *sŋras
蔬 *sŋra
梳 *sŋra

Originally, a compound formed by 林 (forest), 囗 (an enclosure), and 止 (a footprint pointing up) – according to Shuowen Jiezi, "a group of trees". Perhaps the whole character points to a location on space with a group of trees or a small forest. As seen on some versions on bronzes, the two bottom component were fused and stylized as 足, thus getting the old variant 䠂.

Eventually, the whole character was further stylized as Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *sŋ̊ʰraʔ, *sŋ̊ʰras) : semantic 林 (“forest; grove; woods”) + phonetic 疋 (OC *ŋraːʔ, *sŋra, *sŋraʔ). However, the phonetic component preserves part of the original drawing.

Etymology

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Schuessler (2007) proposes an Austroasiatic origin; compare Proto-Austroasiatic *ɟrla(ː)ʔ (“thorn”).

Pronunciation

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  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 楚
Mandarin Beijing /ʈ͡ʂʰu²¹⁴/
Harbin /ʈ͡ʂʰu²¹³/
Tianjin /t͡sʰu¹³/
Jinan /ʈ͡ʂʰu⁴²/
Qingdao /ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵³/
Xi'an /t͡sʰou⁵³/
Xining /ʈ͡ʂʰv̩⁵³/
Yinchuan /t͡sʰu⁵³/
Lanzhou /p͡fʰu⁴⁴²/
Ürümqi /ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵¹/
Wuhan /t͡sʰəu⁴²/
Chengdu /t͡sʰu⁵³/
Guiyang /t͡sʰu⁴²/
Kunming /t͡sʰu⁵³/
Nanjing /t͡sʰu²¹²/
Hefei /t͡sʰʊ²⁴/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡sʰu⁵³/
Pingyao /t͡sʰz̩ʷ⁵³/
Hohhot /t͡sʰu⁵³/
Wu Shanghai /t͡sʰu³⁵/
Suzhou /t͡sʰəu⁵¹³/
Hangzhou /t͡sʰu⁵³/
Wenzhou /t͡sʰɤu³⁵/
Hui Shexian /t͡sʰu³⁵/
Tunxi /t͡sʰəu³¹/
Xiang Changsha /t͡sʰəu⁴¹/
Xiangtan /t͡sʰəɯ²¹/
Gan Nanchang /t͡sʰu²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /t͡sʰz̩³¹/
Taoyuan /t͡sʰu³¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /t͡sʰɔ³⁵/
Nanning /t͡sʰɔ³⁵/
Hong Kong /t͡sʰɔ³⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /t͡sʰɔ⁵³/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /t͡sʰu³²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /t͡sʰu²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /t͡sʰo⁵³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /su²¹³/
Rime
Character 楚 楚
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 初 (19) 初 (19)
Final (韻) 魚 (22) 魚 (22)
Tone (調) Rising (X) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) III III
Fanqie 創舉切 瘡據切
Baxter tsrhjoX tsrhjoH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡ʃʰɨʌX/ /t͡ʃʰɨʌH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʈ͡ʂʰiɔX/ /ʈ͡ʂʰiɔH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡ʃʰiɔX/ /t͡ʃʰiɔH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʈ͡ʂʰɨə̆X/ /ʈ͡ʂʰɨə̆H/
Li
Rong 		/t͡ʃʰiɔX/ /t͡ʃʰiɔH/
Wang
Li 		/t͡ʃʰĭoX/ /t͡ʃʰĭoH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ʈ͡ʂʰi̯woX/ /ʈ͡ʂʰi̯woH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		chǔ chù
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		co2 co3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 楚 楚 楚
Reading # 1/3 2/3 3/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		chǔ chǔ chǔ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tsrhjoX › ‹ tsrhjoX › ‹ tsrhjoX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[s.r̥]aʔ/ /*s.r̥aʔ/ /*s.r̥aʔ/
English arrange in order thorns name of a state

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 楚 楚
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 11781 11786
Phonetic
component 		疋 疋
Rime
group 		魚 魚
Rime
subdivision 		0 0
Corresponding
MC rime 		楚 楚
Old
Chinese 		/*sŋ̊ʰraʔ/ /*sŋ̊ʰras/

Definitions

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楚

  1. (obsolete) Vitex; Chinese chaste tree (Vitex negundo)
    Synonym: 牡荆 (mǔjīng)
  2. (obsolete) thick growth of weeds or trees
  3. (historical) punishment cane
  4. (historical) to beat with a punishment cane
  5. painful; suffering
    痛楚  ―  tòngchǔ  ―  in great pain
    苦楚  ―  kǔchǔ  ―  suffering; misery
  6. neat; clear; orderly; arranged
    清楚  ―  qīngchǔ  ―  clear
  7. bright; gorgeous
  8. (obsolete) vulgar; unrefined
  9. (～國) (historical) Chu (an ancient Chinese viscounty and kingdom along the Yangtze River during the Zhou dynasty)
  10. modern-day Hubei and Hunan (where the state of Chu was located)
  11. (specifically) Hubei
  12. a surname

Compounds

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Japanese

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Kanji

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楚

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

  1. whip
  2. cane

Readings

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Korean

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Hanja

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楚 • (cho) (hangeul 초, revised cho, McCune–Reischauer ch'o, Yale cho)

  1. name of feudal state
  2. clear

Vietnamese

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Han character

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楚: Hán Nôm readings: sở, sỡ

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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