[7-7] - [7-13]
ãã£ã¨æ
å½å訳ãçµãã¾ãããããã§ç¬¬7ç« ã¯æ¼¸ãcompleteã§ããããã7ç« ä»²éã®çãã¾ãããä»ãã¨ããªããç¡è¶è¦è¶æéãããã£ã¦ãã¾ããã¿ã¾ãããé»å½±ããä»çãã¾ãçµå±è¶³ãå¼ã£å¼µããã¨ã«ãªã£ã¦ãã¾ãç³ã訳ãªãã§ãã
[7-7]
Every culture includes a somewhat different web of patterns and meanings: ways of earning a living, systems of trade and government, social roles, religions, traditions in clothing and foods and arts, expectations for behavior, attitudes toward other cultures, and beliefs and values about all of these activities. Within a large society, there may be many groups, with distinctly different subcultures associated with region, ethnic origin, or social class. If a single culture is dominant in a large region, its values may be considered correct and may be promoted?not only by families and religious groups but also by schools and governments. Some subcultures may arise among special social categories (such as business executives and criminals), some of which may cross national boundaries (such as musicians and scientists).
å ¨ã¦ã®æåã¯ãçæ´»ã®ç³§ãå¾ãæ¹æ³ãåå¼ã¨æ¿åºã®ã·ã¹ãã ã社ä¼çã«ã¼ã«ãå®æãè¡£æã»é£ã»è¸è¡ã®ä¼çµ±ãä»äººã®æ¯ãèãã«å¯¾ããæå¾ ãä»æåã¸ã®æ 度ãããã¦ããããã¹ã¦ã«å¯¾ãã信念ã価å¤è¦³ãã¨ãã£ãç¹ã«ããã¦ããããã®æ§å¼ã¨éè¦æ§ã®é¢ä¿ãããäºãã«å¹¾åç°ãªã£ã¦ããã大ããªç¤¾ä¼ã«ããã¦ã¯ãå®æãæ°æçåºèªã社ä¼éç´ã«é¢é£ãããæ確ã«ç°ãªã£ãä¸ä½æåãæã¤å¤ãã®éå£ãåå¨ãããã¨ããããããåä¸ã®æåãããå°åã«ããã¦æ¯é çã§ããå ´åããã®æåã®ä¾¡å¤è¦³ã¯æ£ãããã®ã¨è¦ãªããã家åºãå®æçãªéå£ã«ããã¦ã ãã§ãªããå¦æ ¡ãæ¿åºã«ãã£ã¦ãæ¨å¥¨ããããã¨ã ãããä¸é¨ã®ä¸ä½æåã¯ç¹æ®ãªç¤¾ä¼çåéï¼ä¼æ¥å¹¹é¨ãç¯ç½ªè ãªã©ï¼ã«ãã£ã¦çãããã¨ããããã¾ãä¸é¨ã®ä¸ä½æåã¯å½å¢ãè¶ãã¦æ§æããããããããï¼ãã¥ã¼ã¸ã·ã£ã³ãç§å¦è ãªã©ï¼ã
[7-8]
Fair or unfair, desirable or undesirable, social distinctions are a salient part of almost every culture. The form of the distinctions varies with place and time, sometimes including rigid castes, sometimes tribal or clan hierarchies, sometimes a more flexible social class. Class distinctions are made chiefly on the basis of wealth, education, and occupation, but they are also likely to be associated with other subcultural differences, such as dress, dialect, and attitudes toward school and work. These economic, political, and cultural distinctions are recognized by almost all members of a society?and resented by some of them.
å ¬å¹³ã§ãããã¨ä¸å ¬å¹³ã§ãããã¨ãã¾ãæã¾ããããã¨æã¾ãããªãããã¨ã社ä¼çãªå·®å¥ã¯ãã»ã¨ãã©ãã¹ã¦ã®æåã®éè¦ãªä¸é¨ã§ãããå·®å¥ã®å½¢æ ã¯å°åãæ代ã«ãã£ã¦ç°ãªããæã«ã¯ç¡¬ç´çãªç¤¾ä¼éç´ãæã«ã¯æ°æçã»é¨æçãªéç´å¶åº¦ãã¾ãæã«ã¯ããæè»ãªç¤¾ä¼éç´ãå«ã¾ãããéç´ã®å·®å¥ã¯ä¸»ã«è²¡ç£ãæè²ãè·æ¥ã«åºã¥ãã¦å½¢æãããããæè£ ãæ¹è¨ãæè²ãå´åã«å¯¾ããæ 度ãªã©ããã®ä»ã®ä¸ä½æåçå·®ç°ã«é¢é£ãã¦å½¢æããããã¨ãããããããã®çµæ¸çãæ¿æ²»çãæåçãªå·®å¥ã¯ã社ä¼ã®æ§æå¡ã»ã¼ãã¹ã¦ã«åºãèªãããã¦ãããã¾ããã®ä¸é¨ã«ã¯å«æªããã¦ãããã
[7-9]
The class into which people are born affects what language, diet, tastes, and interests they will have as children, and therefore influences how they will perceive the social world. Moreover, class affects what pressures and opportunities people will experience and therefore affects what paths their lives are likely to take?including schooling, occupation, marriage, and standard of living. Still, many people live lives very different from the norm for their class.
人ã ãçã¾ãã¤ããéç´ã¯ãå½¼ããåä¾æ代ã«èº«ã«ã¤ããè¨èªãé£ç¿æ £ã趣å³å好ãèå³é¢å¿ã«å½±é¿ãåã¼ãããã®çµæãå®ç¤¾ä¼ãã©ã®ããã«èªèãããã¨ã«ãªããã«ã¤ãã¦ãå½±é¿ãä¸ãããæ´ã«ãéç´ã¯äººã ãçµé¨ããã§ãããè¦é£ã¨æ©ä¼ã¸ãå½±é¿ããçµæã¨ãã¦å½¼ãããé²å¦ãå°±è·ãçµå©ãããã³ç活水æºãå«ããã©ã®ãããªäººçãæ©ãã®ãããå·¦å³ãããç¾å¨ã§ããªããå¤ãã®äººã ã¯å½¼ãã®éç´ã®æ°´æºã«ããé常ã«ç°ãªã£ãçæ´»ãããã£ã¦ããã
[7-10]
The ease with which someone can change social class varies greatly with time and place. Throughout most of human history, people have been almost certain to live and die in the class into which they were born. The times of greatest upward mobility have occurred when a society has been undertaking new enterprises (for example, in territory or technology) and thus has needed more people in higher-class occupations. In some parts of the world today, increasing numbers of people are escaping from poverty through economic or educational opportunity, while in other parts, increasing numbers are being impoverished.
ãã人ãã©ã®ããã容æã«ç¤¾ä¼çãªéç´ãå¤ãããã¨ãã§ãããã¯ãå°åãæ代ã«ãã大ããç°ãªãã人é¡ã®æ´å²ã®ã»ã¨ãã©ã«ããã¦ã¯ã人ã ã¯ã»ã¼ç¢ºå®ã«ãå½¼ããçã¾ããéç´ã§çããããã¦æ»ãã§ãã£ããæãå¤ãã®äººã ãããä¸æµã®éç´ã«ç§»åããã®ã¯ã社ä¼ãæ°ããªé åï¼ä¾ãã°ãé åãæè¡ãªã©ï¼ã«åãçµã¿ããã®ãããããå¤ãã®ä¸å±¤éç´ã®è·æ¥ãå¿ è¦ã¨ãªã£ãæ代ã§ãã£ããä»æ¥ã§ããä¸çã®ä¸é¨ã§ã¯ãããå¤ãã®äººã ãçµæ¸ãæè²ã®æ©ä¼ã«ãã貧å°ããè±ãç¶ãã¦ãããããã®ä¸æ¹ãå¥ã®ä¸é¨ã§ã¯ããå¤ãã®äººã ã貧å°ã«ã¨ã©ã¾ã£ãã¾ã¾ã ã
[7-11]
What is considered to be acceptable human behavior varies from culture to culture and from time period to time period. Every social group has generally accepted ranges of behavior for its members, with perhaps some specific standards for subgroups, such as adults and children, females and males, artists and athletes. Unusual behaviors may be considered either merely amusing, or distasteful, or punishably criminal. Some normal behavior in one culture may be considered unacceptable in another. For example, aggressively competitive behavior is considered rude in highly cooperative cultures. Conversely, in some subcultures of a highly competitive society, such as that of the United States, a lack of interest in competition may be regarded as being out of step. Although the world has a wide diversity of cultural traditions, there are some kinds of behavior (such as incest, violence against kin, theft, and rape) that are considered unacceptable in almost all of them.
ã©ã®ãããªäººã ã®æ¯ãèããåãå ¥ãããããã®ã¨èãããããã¯ãæåãæ代ã«ããç°ãªã£ã¦ããããã¹ã¦ã®ç¤¾ä¼çãªéå£ã«ã¯ããã®æ§æå¡ã«ã¨ã£ã¦ä¸è¬çã«åãå ¥ããããæ¯ãèãã®ç¯å²ããããããã¯æããã大人ã¨åä¾ã女æ§ã¨ç·æ§ãè¸è¡å®¶ã¨ã¹ãã¼ãé¸æã®ãããªç¹å®ã®ä¸ä½éå£ã«ã¨ã£ã¦ã®è¦ç¯ãå«ãã§ãããä¸è¬çã§ãªãæ¯ãèãã¯ãåã«æå¿«ã§ããã¨è¦ãªããããã¨ãããããä¸å¿«ããããã¯ç½°ãã¹ãç¯ç½ªã§ããã¨è¦ãªããããã¨ããããããæåã§ã®æ®éã®æ¯ãèãããä»ã®æåã§ã¯åãå ¥ããããªãã¨è¦ãªããããã¨ããããä¾ãã°ãç©æ¥µçãªç«¶äºçæ 度ã¯ãé常ã«å調çãªæåã§ã¯ç¡ç¤¼ã§ããã¨è¦ãªããããå対ã«ãç±³å½ã®ãããªä¸é¨ã®é常ã«ç«¶äºçãªç¤¾ä¼ã«ããã¦ã¯ã競äºã«å¯¾ããé¢å¿ã®æ¬ å¦ã¯èª¿åãä¹±ããã®ã¨è¦ãªããããããããªãããä¸çã«ãããæåçä¼çµ±ã®å¤æ§æ§ã¯å¹ åºããã®ã§ã¯ãããããã種ã®æ¯ãèãï¼ä¾ãã°è¿è¦ªç¸å§¦ã親æã¸ã®æ´åè¡çºãçªçã強姦ãªã©ï¼ã¯ãã»ã¨ãã©ãã¹ã¦ã®æåã«ããã¦åãå ¥ããããªããã®ã§ããã¨è¦ãªããã¦ããã
[7-12]
The social consequences considered appropriate for unacceptable behavior also vary widely between, and even within, different societies. Punishment of criminals ranges from fines or humiliation to imprisonment or exile, from beatings or mutilation to execution. The form of appropriate punishment is affected by theories of its purpose to prevent or deter the individual from repeating the crime, or to deter others from committing the crime, or simply to cause suffering for its own sake in retribution. The success of punishment in deterring crime is difficult to study, in part because of ethical limitations on experiments assigning different punishments to similar criminals, and in part because of the difficulty of holding other factors constant.
åãå ¥ããããªãæ¯ãèãã®ç¤¾ä¼ç帰çµã¨ãã¦å¦¥å½ã ã¨èãããã¦ãããã¨ãã¾ãã社ä¼ã«ãã£ã¦ãã¾ã社ä¼ã®å é¨ã«ããã¦ããã大ããç°ãªã£ã¦ãããç¯ç½ªã«å¯¾ããå¦ç½°ã¯ãç½°éãå±è¾±ãä¸ãããã¨ããæçã追æ¾ã¾ã§ãéæã¡ã身ä½ã®ä¸é¨ã®åæããæ»åã¾ã§ãå¹ åºãç¯å²ã«åãã§ããã妥å½ãªå¦ç½°ã®å½¢å¼ã¯ãç¯ç½ªè ãç¯ç½ªãç¹°ãè¿ããã¨ãé²ããä»ã®äººã ãç¯ç½ªã«æãæãããã¨ãé²ãããããã¯åç´ã«ç½ªã®å ±ãã¨ãã¦è¦é£ãä¸ããã¨ããç®çã®æ§ã ãªçè«ã«å½±é¿ãåãã¦ãããå¦ç½°ãç¯ç½ªã®ææ¢ã«æåãã¦ãããã©ããã¯ãä¸é¨ã«ã¯åæ§ã®ç¯ç½ªã«ç°ãªãå¦ç½°ãä¸ããå®é¨ã«å«ççãªå¶ç´ããããã¨ãã¾ãä¸é¨ã«ã¯ãã®ä»ã®è¦å ãä¸å®ã«ä¿ã¤ãã¨ãå°é£ã§ãããã¨ãããç 究ãé£ããã
[7-13]
Technology has long played a major role in human behavior. The high value placed on new technological invention in many parts of the world has led to increasingly rapid and inexpensive communication and travel, which in turn has led to the rapid spread of fashions and ideas in clothing, food, music, and forms of recreation. Books, magazines, radio, and television describe ways to dress, raise children, make money, find happiness, get married, cook, and make love.
They also implicitly promote values, aspirations, and priorities by the way they portray the behavior of people such as children, parents, teachers, politicians, and athletes, and the attitudes they display toward violence, sex, minorities, the roles of men and women, and lawfulness.
æè¡ã¯é·æã«ãããã人éã®æ¯ãèãã«ããã¦å¤§ããªå½¹å²ãæããã¦ãã¦ãããä¸çã®å¤ãã®å°åã§æ°ããæè¡çãªçºæã«é«ã価å¤ãèªãããã¦ãããã¨ããããè¿ éã§ããå®ä¾¡ãªéä¿¡ã¨ç§»åãå®ç¾ãããã®çµæãæè£ ãé£ã¹ç©ãé³æ¥½ããã®ä»ã®å¨¯æ¥½ã®æµè¡ãã¢ã¤ãã¢ã®æ¥éãªæ®åãããããã¦ãããæ¸ç±ãéèªãã©ã¸ãªãããã¦ãã¬ãããæã®çæ¹ãåä¾ã®è²ã¦æ¹ããéå²ãã®æ¹æ³ã幸ç¦ã®è¦ã¤ãæ¹ãçµå©ãæçãããã¦æã®å¶ã¿ã«ã¤ãã¦èª¬æãã¦ããããããã¯ã¾ããåä¾ã両親ãæ師ãæ¿æ²»å®¶ãã¹ãã¼ãé¸æãªã©ã®äººã ã®æ¯ãèãããã¾ãå½¼ãã®æ´åãæ§è¡çºãå°æ°æ°æãç·æ§ã¨å¥³æ§ã®å½¹å²ãåæ³æ§ã«å¯¾ããæ 度ãæããã¨ã§ã価å¤ãé¡æãéè¦äºé ãæé»ã®ãã¡ã«æ®åãã¦ãããã
Science For All Americans翻訳ããã¸ã§ã¯ãã第7ç«
http://sfaainjapanese.seesaa.net/article/88137211.html