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ââECONOMICS!!âï¼Greg Mankiw's Blog, January 29, 2010ï¼
Ten Key Principles in Economicsï¼çµæ¸å¦ã«ãããå大åçï¼
Everything has a cost. There is no free lunch. There is always a trade-off.
ï¼ãã¹ã¦ã®é¸æã«ã¯ãªã«ãããã®ã³ã¹ããä¼´ããããªã¼ã©ã³ãã¯ãªããæã ã¯å¸¸ã«ãã¬ã¼ããªãã«ç´é¢ãã¦ãããï¼Cost is what you give up to get something. In particular, opportunity cost is cost of the tradeoff.
ï¼ã³ã¹ãã¨ã¯ãä½ããå¾ãããã«ç ç²ã«ãããã®ã®ãã¨ã§ããããã¬ã¼ããªãã«ç´é¢ãã¦ããã¨ãããã¨ã¯ãè¨ãæããã°ããããªãé¸æã«ãæ©ä¼è²»ç¨ã¨ããã³ã¹ããä¼´ãã¨ãããã¨ã§ãããï¼One More. Rational people make decisions on the basis of the cost of one more unit (of consumption, of investment, of labor hour, etc.).
ï¼ãããä¸åä½ãã®åçï¼éçåçï¼ãåççãªããã¯ãæ¶è²»ãæè³ãå´åä¾çµ¦ãã®ä»è«¸ã ã®é¸æã«ããã£ã¦ã追å çã«ãã1åä½ã ãæ´»åéï¼æ¶è²»éãæè³éãå´åä¾çµ¦é etcï¼ãå¢å ããããã¨ã«ä¼´ãã³ã¹ãï¼éçè²»ç¨ï¼ãåºã«ãã¦ææ決å®ãä¸ããï¼iNcentives work. People respond to incentives.
ï¼ã¤ã³ã»ã³ãã£ããéè¦ãããã¯ã¤ã³ã»ã³ãã£ãã«åå¿ãããï¼Open for trade. Trade can make all parties better off.
ï¼åå¼æ©ä¼ãæ¡å¼µãããåå¼ã¯ãã¹ã¦ã®äººï¼åå¼ï¼äº¤æï¼ã«å¾äºãããã¹ã¦ã®äººï¼ã®ç¶æ ãæ¹åãããï¼Markets Rock ! Usually, markets are the best way to allocate scarce resources between producers and consumers.
ï¼æºãåãå¸å ´ã®è¦ãããæãå¸å ´ã¯ã大æµã®å ´åã«ããã¦ãçç£è ã¨æ¶è²»è ã¨ã®éã«ç¨å°ãªè³æºãé åããæåã®æ段ã§ãããï¼Intervention in free markets is sometimes needed. (But watch out for the law of unintended effects !)
ï¼æã«èªç±ãªå¸å ´ã¸ã®æ¿åºä»å ¥ãå¿ è¦ã¨ãªããã¨ãããããã ããæ¿åºä»å ¥ã®æå³ãããå¹æã«ã注æãããã¨ãï¼Concentrate on productivity. A countryâs standard of living depends on how productive its economy is.
ï¼æ³¨è¦ãã¹ãã¯çç£æ§ãä¸å½ã®ç活水æºã¯ãã®å½ã®çç£æ§ã®é«ãã«ä¾åãããï¼Sloshing in money leads to higher prices. Inflation is caused by excessive money supply.
ï¼ãéãã¸ã£ãã¸ã£ãã«ä¾çµ¦ãããã¨ç©ä¾¡ãä¸æãããã¨ã«ãªããè¨ãæããã°ãã¤ã³ãã¬ã¼ã·ã§ã³ã¯éå°ãªè²¨å¹£ä¾çµ¦ã«ãã£ã¦å¼ãèµ·ãããããï¼!! Caution: In the short run, falling prices may lead to unemployment, and rising employment may lead to inflation.
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