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toton id:toton

linuxã¨programmingã«é–¢ã™ã‚‹totonã®ãƒ–ãƒƒã‚¯ãƒžãƒ¼ã‚¯ (16)

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gdb hacks - ã‚¿ãƒ¼ã‚²ãƒƒãƒˆãƒ—ãƒã‚»ã‚¹å†…ã®é–¢æ•°ã‚’å‘¼ã³å‡ºã™ - ã»ã’ã‚ã‚‚
gdb ã¯ ptrace(2) ã‚·ã‚¹ãƒ†ãƒ ã‚³ãƒ¼ãƒ«ã®ä¾¿åˆ©ãªãƒ•ãƒãƒ³ãƒˆã‚¨ãƒ³ãƒ‰ã‚¤ãƒ³ã‚¿ãƒ•ã‚§ãƒ¼ã‚¹ã¨ã—ã¦ä½¿ãˆã¾ã™ã€‚ç‰¹ã«ã‚¿ãƒ¼ã‚²ãƒƒãƒˆãƒ—ãƒã‚»ã‚¹å†…ã®é–¢æ•°ã‚’å¼ã®ä¸ã§å‘¼ã¶ã“ã¨ãŒã§ãã‚‹æ©Ÿèƒ½ã¯å¼·åŠ›ã§ã€ptrace ã® attach æ©Ÿèƒ½ã¨çµ„ã¿åˆã‚ã›ã¦ä½¿ãˆã°ã€å‹•ä½œä¸ã®ãƒ—ãƒã‚»ã‚¹ã«å¯¾ã—ã¦ã¡ã‚‡ã£ã‹ã„ã‚’å‡ºã™ã“ã¨ãŒç°¡å˜ã«ã§ãã¾ã™ã€‚ å˜ç´”ãªæ´»ç”¨ä¾‹ã‚’ã„ãã¤ã‹ç´¹ä»‹ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚ä»¥ä¸‹ã¯ i386 ã® Debian GNU/Linux (sid) ã®ã‚·ã‚¹ãƒ†ãƒ ã§å®Ÿé¨“ã—ã¾ã—ãŸã€‚gdb ã¯ 6.4 ã‚ˆã‚Šå‰ã®ãƒãƒ¼ã‚¸ãƒ§ãƒ³ã§ã¯ã†ã¾ãå‹•ã‹ãªã„ä¾‹ãŒã‚ã‚Šã¾ã™ã€‚ % ps x | grep firefox 3616 ? Rl 19:40 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox-bin -a firefox % gdb -q -p 3616 (gdb) p chdir("/") [Switching to Thread -1221168480 (LWP 361
toton 2010/10/22
gdb print "gdb ã¯ ptrace(2) ã‚·ã‚¹ãƒ†ãƒ ã‚³ãƒ¼ãƒ«ã®ä¾¿åˆ©ãªãƒ•ãƒãƒ³ãƒˆã‚¨ãƒ³ãƒ‰ã‚¤ãƒ³ã‚¿ãƒ•ã‚§ãƒ¼ã‚¹ã¨ã—ã¦ä½¿ãˆã¾ã™ã€‚"

programming

c

linux
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ãƒ•ã‚¡ã‚¤ãƒ«ãƒ‡ã‚£ã‚¹ã‚¯ãƒªãƒ—ã‚¿ã«ã¤ã„ã¦ä¸€è¦§
CodeZineç·¨é›†éƒ¨ã§ã¯ã€ç¾å ´ã§æ´»èºã™ã‚‹ãƒ‡ãƒ™ãƒãƒƒãƒ‘ãƒ¼ã‚’ã‚¹ã‚¿ãƒ¼ã«ã™ã‚‹ãŸã‚ã®ã‚«ãƒ³ãƒ•ã‚¡ãƒ¬ãƒ³ã‚¹ã€ŒDevelopers Summitã€ã‚„ã€ã‚¨ãƒ³ã‚¸ãƒ‹ã‚¢ã®ç”Ÿãã–ã¾ã‚’ãƒ–ãƒ¼ã‚¹ãƒˆã™ã‚‹ãŸã‚ã®ã‚¤ãƒ™ãƒ³ãƒˆã€ŒDevelopers Boostã€ãªã©ã€ã•ã¾ã–ã¾ãªã‚«ãƒ³ãƒ•ã‚¡ãƒ¬ãƒ³ã‚¹ã‚’ä¼ç”»ãƒ»é‹å–¶ã—ã¦ã„ã¾ã™ã€‚
toton 2010/10/16
eventfd(2)timerfd(2)signalfd(2)

linux

programming
ãƒªãƒ³ã‚¯
[pdf]ãƒ—ãƒã‚°ãƒ©ãƒŸãƒ³ã‚°ã‚¤ãƒ³ã‚¿ãƒ•ã‚§ãƒ¼ã‚¹,SunMicrosystems(342P)(ãƒ¡ãƒ¢ãƒªãƒ¼,CPU,ãƒ—ãƒã‚»ã‚¹ã‚¹ã‚±ã‚¸ãƒ¥ãƒ¼ãƒ©,å…¥å‡ºåŠ›ã‚¤ãƒ³ã‚¿ãƒ•ã‚§ãƒ¼ã‚¹,ãƒ—ãƒã‚»ã‚¹é–“é€šä¿¡,ã‚½ã‚±ãƒƒãƒˆã‚¤ãƒ³ã‚¿ãƒ•ã‚§ãƒ¼ã‚¹,Solaris ABI...)
toton 2010/09/21
Cè¨€èªžã‚·ã‚¹ãƒ†ãƒ ã‚³ãƒ¼ãƒ«ãªã©ã®ãƒžãƒ‹ãƒ¥ã‚¢ãƒ«ã€‚ãƒ¡ãƒ¢ãƒªãƒ¼ã¨CPU ã®ç®¡ç†ã€ãƒ—ãƒã‚»ã‚¹ã‚¹ã‚±ã‚¸ãƒ¥ãƒ¼ãƒ©ã€å…¥å‡ºåŠ›ã‚¤ãƒ³ã‚¿ãƒ•ã‚§ãƒ¼ã‚¹ã€ãƒ—ãƒã‚»ã‚¹é–“é€šä¿¡ã€ã‚½ã‚±ãƒƒãƒˆã€ãªã©

*****

programming

linux

c
ãƒªãƒ³ã‚¯
The Linux Kernel
David A Rusling [email protected] January 25, 1999 JF Projectv0.8-3 December 2000 *ãƒ•ãƒ¬ãƒ¼ãƒ è¡¨ç¤º* æœ¬æ›¸ã¯ã€Linux ã‚«ãƒ¼ãƒãƒ«ã®ä»•çµ„ã¿ã‚’çŸ¥ã‚ŠãŸã„ Linux æ„›å¥½å®¶ã®ãŸã‚ã®ã‚‚ã®ã§ã™ã€‚ã“ã‚Œã¯ å†…éƒ¨æ§‹é€ ã®ãƒžãƒ‹ãƒ¥ã‚¢ãƒ«ã§ã¯ã‚ã‚Šã¾ã›ã‚“ã€‚ã‚€ã—ã‚ Linux ã§ä½¿ç”¨ã•ã‚Œã¦ã„ã‚‹åŽŸç†ã‚„ ãƒ¡ã‚«ãƒ‹ã‚ºãƒ ã‚’è§£èª¬ã—ãŸã‚‚ã®ã§ã‚ã‚Šã€Linux ã®å‹•ä½œåŽŸç†ã¨ã¯ã©ã†ã„ã†ã‚‚ã®ã§ã€ãªãœãã‚Œ ãŒæŽ¡ç”¨ã•ã‚Œã¦ã„ã‚‹ã®ã‹ã‚’èª¬æ˜Žã™ã‚‹ã‚‚ã®ã§ã™ã€‚ Linux ã¨ã„ã†å¯¾è±¡ã¯å¸¸ã«å¤‰åŒ–ã—ã¦ã„ã¾ã™ã€‚æœ¬æ›¸ãŒãƒ™ãƒ¼ã‚¹ã«ã—ã¦ã„ã‚‹ã®ã¯ç¾åœ¨ã®å®‰å®š ç‰ˆã§ã‚ã‚‹ 2.0.33 ã®ã‚«ãƒ¼ãƒãƒ«ã‚½ãƒ¼ã‚¹ã§ã™ãŒã€ã“ã‚Œã¯å€‹äººã‚„æ³•äººã®å¤§éƒ¨åˆ†ã§ä½¿ç”¨ã•ã‚Œã¦ ã„ã‚‹ã®ãŒã“ã®ãƒãƒ¼ã‚¸ãƒ§ãƒ³ã ã‹ã‚‰ã§ã™ã€‚ ã¾ãŸã€æœ¬æ›¸ã¯è‡ªç”±ã«é…å¸ƒã—ã¦ã‚‚ã‚‰ã£ã¦ã‹ã¾ã‚ãªã„ã®ã§ã€ä¸€å®šã®æ¡ä»¶ã®ã‚‚ã¨ã«ã§ã¯ã‚ã‚Š ã¾ã™ãŒã€è¤‡è£½ã‚„å†é…
toton 2010/06/09
linux

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programming
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Cygwin Information and Installation
...is it? Cygwin is: a large collection of GNU and Open Source tools which provide functionality similar to a Linux distribution on Windows. a DLL (cygwin1.dll) which provides substantial POSIX API functionality. ...isn't it? Cygwin is not: a way to run native Linux apps on Windows. You must rebuild your application from source if you want it to run on Windows. a way to magically make native Windo
toton 2010/03/01
cygwin

windows

linux

programming
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objcopy ã§å®Ÿè¡Œãƒ•ã‚¡ã‚¤ãƒ«ã«ãƒ‡ãƒ¼ã‚¿ã‚’åŸ‹ã‚è¾¼ã‚€
æ™®é€šã®ã‚„ã¤ã‚‰ã®ä¸‹ã‚’è¡Œã‘: objcopy ã§å®Ÿè¡Œãƒ•ã‚¡ã‚¤ãƒ«ã«ãƒ‡ãƒ¼ã‚¿ã‚’åŸ‹ã‚è¾¼ã‚€ ãƒ—ãƒã‚°ãƒ©ãƒ ã®å®Ÿè¡Œã«ä¸å¯æ¬ ãªãƒ‡ãƒ¼ã‚¿ã‚’ãƒ•ã‚¡ã‚¤ãƒ«ã‹ã‚‰èªã¿è¾¼ã‚“ã§åˆ©ç”¨ã™ã‚‹ã“ã¨ãŒã‚ã‚Šã¾ã™ã€‚ã“ã®æ–¹æ³•ã‚’ç”¨ã„ã‚‹ã¨ã€ãƒ‡ãƒ¼ã‚¿ã®æ›´æ–°ãŒæ‰‹è»½ã«ã§ãã‚‹ã¨ã„ã†åˆ©ç‚¹ãŒã‚ã‚‹ä¸€æ–¹ã§ã€å˜ä½“ã®å®Ÿè¡Œãƒ•ã‚¡ã‚¤ãƒ«ã§å®Ÿè¡Œã§ããªã„ã€ãƒ‡ãƒ¼ã‚¿ãƒ•ã‚¡ã‚¤ãƒ«ãŒç´›å¤±ã—ã¦ã—ã¾ã†ã€ã¨ã„ã£ãŸå•é¡Œã‚‚ã‚ã‚Šã¾ã™ã€‚ æ™®é€šã®ã‚„ã¤ã‚‰ã®ä¸‹ã‚’è¡Œã‘ã®ç¬¬5å›žã¨ã—ã¦ã€ä»Šå›žã¯ objcopy ã‚’ç”¨ã„ã¦å®Ÿè¡Œãƒ•ã‚¡ã‚¤ãƒ«ã«ãƒ‡ãƒ¼ã‚¿ã‚’åŸ‹ã‚è¾¼ã‚€æ–¹æ³•ã‚’å–ã‚Šä¸Šã’ãŸã„ã¨æ€ã„ã¾ã™ã€‚ ãƒ‡ãƒ¼ã‚¿ã®åŸ‹ã‚è¾¼ã¿ å°ã•ãªãƒ‡ãƒ¼ã‚¿ã‚’ã‚½ãƒ¼ã‚¹ã‚³ãƒ¼ãƒ‰ã«åŸ‹ã‚è¾¼ã‚€ã®ã¯ç°¡å˜ã§ã™ã€‚ã‚½ãƒ¼ã‚¹ã‚³ãƒ¼ãƒ‰ä¸ã«åŸ‹ã‚è¾¼ã¾ã‚Œã¦ã„ã‚‹ "hello, world" ãªã©ã®ãƒ¡ãƒƒã‚»ãƒ¼ã‚¸ã¯ã‚½ãƒ¼ã‚¹ã‚³ãƒ¼ãƒ‰ã«åŸ‹ã‚è¾¼ã¾ã‚ŒãŸãƒ‡ãƒ¼ã‚¿ã¨ã„ãˆã¾ã™ã€‚ ä¸€æ–¹ã€ç”»åƒã‚„è¾žæ›¸ãªã©ã®å·¨å¤§ãªãƒ‡ãƒ¼ã‚¿ã‚’ã‚½ãƒ¼ã‚¹ã‚³ãƒ¼ãƒ‰ã«åŸ‹ã‚è¾¼ã‚€ã®ã¯ãã†ç°¡å˜ã§ã¯ã‚ã‚Šã¾ã›ã‚“ã€‚ã¾ãšã€ãƒ‡ãƒ¼ã‚¿ã‚’æ–‡å—åˆ—ãªã©ã«å¤‰æ›ã™ã‚‹å¿…è¦ãŒã‚ã‚‹ä¸Šã«ã€å¤‰æ›å¾Œã®å·¨å¤§ãªã‚½ãƒ¼
toton 2009/09/11
programming

binary
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ãƒ—ãƒã‚°ãƒ©ãƒ ã¯ã©ã†å‹•ãã®ã‹? ã€œ ELFã®é»’é”è¡“ã‚’ã‹ã„ã¾ã¿ã‚‹
ã‚‚ã†ç· åˆ‡æ—¥ãªã®ã«ãƒã‚¿ãŒãªã„ã€‚ã¨ã„ã†ã‚ã‘ã§ç°¡å˜ãªãƒ—ãƒã‚°ãƒ©ãƒ "hello, world" ãŒã©ã®ã‚ˆã†ã«èµ·å‹•ã•ã‚Œã€ã©ã®ã‚ˆã†ã«å‡¦ç†ã•ã‚Œã¦å‹•ãã®ã‹ã‚’ç„¡æ„å‘³ã«è©³ã—ãè§£èª¬ã—ã¦ã¿ã‚ˆã†ã€‚ #include <stdio.h> int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { printf("hello, world\n"); exit(0); } ã“ã® hello.c ã‚’ã‚³ãƒ³ãƒ‘ã‚¤ãƒ«ã™ã‚‹ã¨æ¬¡ã®ã‚ˆã†ãªhelloã¨ã„ã†ãƒã‚¤ãƒŠãƒªãŒã§ãã‚‹ % cc -g -o hello hello.c ã“ã® hello ã¨ã„ã†ãƒã‚¤ãƒŠãƒªã¯ % file hello hello: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.2.0, dynamically linked (uses shared libs),
toton 2009/09/07
LD_DEBUG

binary

programming

linux
ãƒªãƒ³ã‚¯
æŠ€è¡“ãƒ¡ãƒ¢å¸³
è§’è°·ã•ã‚“ã«BDD(ãƒ“ãƒ˜ã‚¤ãƒ“ã‚¢é§†å‹•é–‹ç™º)ã«ã¤ã„ã¦è©±ã—ã¦ã„ãŸã ãã¨ã„ã†akasaka.rb#2ãŒè¡Œã‚ã‚Œã¾ã—ãŸã€‚ ã»ã¨ã‚“ã©ã®æ–¹ã¨åˆå¯¾é¢ã ã£ãŸã®ã§ã™ãŒã€æ°—ã•ãã«è©±ã—ã¦ã„ãŸã ã‘ã¾ã—ã¦éžå¸¸ã«æ¥½ã—ã‹ã£ãŸã§ã™ã€‚ ä»Šå¾Œã¨ã‚‚ã”æŒ‡å°Žã®ã»ã©ã‚ˆã‚ã—ããŠé¡˜ã„ã„ãŸã—ã¾ã™ã€‚ é€”ä¸ã§ãƒ¯ãƒ¼ã‚ãƒ³ã‚°ãƒ—ã‚¢ã®æ–¹ãŒå‚åŠ ã•ã‚Œã‚‹ã¨ã„ã†ãƒãƒ—ãƒ‹ãƒ³ã‚°ã‚‚ç™ºç”Ÿã—ã¾ã—ãŸã€‚ ã¾ãŸã€å‚åŠ è€…å…¨å“¡ã«å¤§å ´ã•ã‚“ã‚ˆã‚Š "JRuby Tã‚·ãƒ£ãƒ„" ãŒãƒ—ãƒ¬ã‚¼ãƒ³ãƒˆã•ã‚Œã¾ã—ãŸã€‚ å‚åŠ è€… ãƒ»è§’è°·ã•ã‚“(http://kakutani.com/) ãƒ»id:Psychsã•ã‚“ ãƒ»ãƒ¬ã‚ªã•ã‚“(http://twitter.com/lchin) ãƒ»id:secondlifeã•ã‚“ ãƒ»é‡Žå£çœŸå¾ã•ã‚“(http://cureblack.com/) ãƒ»å¤§å ´ã•ã‚“(http://ko.meadowy.net/~koichiro/diary/) ãƒ»å¤§å ´ï¼ˆå«ï¼‰ã•ã‚“(http://ko.meadowy.net
toton 2009/09/05
blog

linux

programming
ãƒªãƒ³ã‚¯
Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide
This tutorial assumes no previous knowledge of scripting or programming, yet progresses rapidly toward an intermediate/advanced level of instruction . . . all the while sneaking in little nuggets of UNIXÂ® wisdom and lore. It serves as a textbook, a manual for self-study, and as a reference and source of knowledge on shell scripting techniques. The exercises and heavily-commented examples invite ac
toton 2009/08/11
bash

linux

programming

shell

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å®Ÿè¡Œä¸ã®ã‚¢ãƒ—ãƒªã‚±ãƒ¼ã‚·ãƒ§ãƒ³ã‚’å¤–ã‹ã‚‰è¦³å¯Ÿã™ã‚‹ã‚³ãƒžãƒ³ãƒ‰ã€‚ - ã“ã›ãã®æŠ€è¡“æ—¥è¨˜
strace ã‚·ã‚¹ãƒ†ãƒ ã‚³ãƒ¼ãƒ«ã‚’ãƒˆãƒ¬ãƒ¼ã‚¹ã€‚ã‚«ãƒ¼ãƒãƒ«ã¨ä½•ã‚’è©±ã—ã¦ã„ã‚‹ã‹ã€‚ strace -p PID ã§ãƒ—ãƒã‚»ã‚¹ã«ã‚¢ã‚¿ãƒƒãƒã€‚å®Ÿè¡Œä¸ã®ãƒ—ãƒã‚»ã‚¹ã‚’ãƒˆãƒ¬ãƒ¼ã‚¹ã€‚ straceã‚’ä½¿ã£ãŸãƒ‡ãƒãƒƒã‚° - SourceForge.JP Magazine : ã‚ªãƒ¼ãƒ—ãƒ³ã‚½ãƒ¼ã‚¹ã®è©±é¡Œæº€è¼‰ Linuxã‚«ãƒ¼ãƒãƒ«ã®ä½œã‚Šå‡ºã™ä¸–ç•Œ âˆ’ ï¼ ITè‡ªåˆ†æˆ¦ç•¥ç ”ç©¶æ‰€ - ãµã¤ã†ã®Linuxãƒ—ãƒã‚°ãƒ©ãƒŸãƒ³ã‚° é’æœ¨å³°éƒŽ ã‚·ã‚¹ãƒ†ãƒ ã‚³ãƒ¼ãƒ«ã¨ãƒ©ã‚¤ãƒ–ãƒ©ãƒªé–¢æ•° âˆ’ ï¼ ITè‡ªåˆ†æˆ¦ç•¥ç ”ç©¶æ‰€ ã‚·ã‚¹ãƒ†ãƒ ã‚³ãƒ¼ãƒ«ãƒ»ãƒ©ã‚¤ãƒ–ãƒ©ãƒªãƒ«ãƒ¼ãƒãƒ³ - UNIX ã®éƒ¨å±‹ ltrace å…±æœ‰ãƒ©ã‚¤ãƒ–ãƒ©ãƒªã®å‘¼ã³å‡ºã—ã‚’ãƒˆãƒ¬ãƒ¼ã‚¹ã€‚*.soã¨ä½•ã‚’è©±ã—ã¦ã„ã‚‹ã‹ã€‚ ltrace -p PID ã§ãƒ—ãƒã‚»ã‚¹ã«ã‚¢ã‚¿ãƒƒãƒã€‚å®Ÿè¡Œä¸ã®ãƒ—ãƒã‚»ã‚¹ã‚’ãƒˆãƒ¬ãƒ¼ã‚¹ã€‚ ltrace ã§å…±æœ‰ãƒ©ã‚¤ãƒ–ãƒ©ãƒªã®é–¢æ•°å‘¼ã³å‡ºã—ã‚’ãƒˆãƒ¬ãƒ¼ã‚¹ã™ã‚‹ - bkãƒ–ãƒã‚° 404 - ã‚¨ãƒ©ãƒ¼: 404 - Linux JF Æ’â€°Æ’CÆ’uÆ’â€°Æ’Å â€šÃŒÅ
toton 2009/07/09
strace,ltrace,DTrace,systemtap,lsof,gdb,ldd,htop...

debug

*****

linux

programming
ãƒªãƒ³ã‚¯
Super Technique è¬›åº§ï½žm4 ãƒãƒ¥ãƒ¼ãƒˆãƒªã‚¢ãƒ«
m4 ã¯UNIXã®æ¨™æº–ã‚³ãƒžãƒ³ãƒ‰ã®ï¼‘ã¤ã§ã‚ã‚Šã€å¤ã„æ´å²ã‚’æŒã¤ãƒžã‚¯ãƒãƒ—ãƒã‚»ãƒƒã‚µã§ã‚ã‚‹ã€‚ã—ã‹ã—ã€ã‚„ã‚„ä½¿ã„æ–¹ãŒé›£ã—ãã€ã—ã‹ã‚‚å¤å…¸åº¦ãŒé«˜ãå°‚é–€çš„ãªãŸã‚ã«ã€ã©ã†ã—ã¦ã‚‚ç´¹ä»‹ã®ãƒ—ãƒ©ã‚¤ã‚ªãƒªãƒ†ã‚£ãŒä¸‹ãŒã‚‹å‚¾å‘ãŒã‚ã£ã¦ã€æ—¥æœ¬èªžã§ãƒžãƒˆãƒ¢ã«æ›¸ã‹ã‚ŒãŸè§£èª¬ã«ãŠç›®ã«ã‹ã‹ã£ãŸã“ã¨ãŒãªã„ã€‚ãã“ã§ã€m4 ã«å¤šå°‘ã®çµŒé¨“å€¤ãŒã‚ã‚‹ç†è€…ãŒã‚ãˆã¦ m4 ã®ãƒãƒ¥ãƒ¼ãƒˆãƒªã‚¢ãƒ«ã‚’æ›¸ã„ã¦è¦‹ã›ã‚‹ã€‚åŸºæœ¬çš„ãªæƒ…å ±ã¯ m4 ã® info ã‹ã‚‰ä»•å…¥ã‚Œã¦ãŠã‚Šã€ãã‚Œã«ã„ã‚ã„ã‚ãªå®Ÿä¾‹ã‚’åŠ ãˆã¦æ›¸ã„ã¦ã„ã‚‹ã€‚ ãƒžã‚¯ãƒãƒ—ãƒã‚»ãƒƒã‚µ m4 ã¨ã¯ï¼Ÿ m4 ã®ä½¿ã„æ–¹ m4 ã®ãƒ‡ã‚£ãƒ¬ã‚¯ãƒ†ã‚£ãƒ– ãƒžã‚¯ãƒå®šç¾©ã«é–¢ã™ã‚‹ãƒ‡ã‚£ãƒ¬ã‚¯ãƒ†ã‚£ãƒ– ãƒžã‚¯ãƒç½®æ›ã®åŽŸå‰‡ ãƒžã‚¯ãƒå¼•æ•° undefine ã¨ include æ¡ä»¶åˆ†å² ãƒ«ãƒ¼ãƒ— ãƒ¡ã‚¿æ–‡å—ã®å…¥ã‚Œæ›ãˆ çµ„ã¿è¾¼ã¿æ–‡å—åˆ—å‡¦ç†é–¢æ•° ãã®ä»– ãƒžã‚¯ãƒãƒ—ãƒã‚»ãƒƒã‚µ m4 ã¨ã¯ï¼Ÿ m4 ã¯ãƒžã‚¯ãƒãƒ—ãƒã‚»ãƒƒã‚µã§ã‚ã‚‹ã€‚ã¤ã¾ã‚Šã€ï¼£ãƒ—ãƒªãƒ—ãƒã‚»ãƒƒã‚µ cpp ï¼ˆä»Šæ™‚ã ã¨ gcc -E
toton 2009/01/08
linux

programming
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