幻龙属

幻龙属; 化石时期：三叠纪中期至晚期，240–210 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	奇异幻龙的复原图
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	爬行纲 Reptilia
目：	†幻龙目 Nothosauroidea
科：	†幻龙科 Nothosauridae
属：	幻龙属 Nothosaurus; Münster, 1834
模式种
	奇异幻龙; Nothosaurus mirabilis; Münster, 1834
种
	见正文
异名
	属异名 Conchiosaurus Meyer, 1834 ; Chondriosaurus Meyer, 1838 ; Dracosaurus Agassiz, 1846 ; Elmosaurus Huene, 1957 ; Kolposaurus Skuphos, 1893 ; Menodon Meyer, 1838 ; Oligolycus Fristch, 1894 ; Opeosaurus Meyer, 1847 ; Paranothosaurus Peyer, 1939 ; 兴义龙 Shingyisaurus Young, 1965 ; 种异名 Elmosaurus lelmensis Huene, 1957 ; Nothosaurus blezingeri Fraas, 1896 ; Nothosaurus schimperi Meyer, 1834 ; Nothosaurus angustidens Meyer, 1844 ; Shingyisaurus unexpectus Young, 1965; Synonyms of N. giganteus: ; Nothosaurus andriani Meyer, 1839 ; Nothosaurus angustifronis Meyer, 1844 ; Nothosaurus aduncidens Meyer, 1853 ; Nothosaurus baruthicus Geissler, 1895 ; Nothosaurus chelydrops Fraas, 1896 ; Paranothosaurus amsleri Peyer, 1939; Synonyms of N. marchicus: ; Conchiosaurus clavatus Meyer, 1834 ; Nothosaurus crassus Schroeder, 1914 ; Nothosaurus friedericanus Jaekel, 1911 ; Nothosaurus oldenburgi Schröder, 1914 ; Nothosaurus procerus Schröder, 1914 ; Nothosaurus raabi Schröder, 1914 ; Nothosaurus schroderi Huene, 1944 ; Nothosaurus venustus Münster, 1834 ; Nothosaurus winterswijkensis Albers and Rieppel, 2003; Synonyms of N. mirabilis: ; Dracosaurus bronni Giebel, 1847 ; Ichthyosaurus lunevillensis Alberti, 1837 ; Nothosaurus bergeri Meyer, 1834 ; Nothosaurus muensteri Meyer, 1839 ;

幻龙属（学名：Nothosaurus）又名孽子龙，意为“假冒的蜥蜴”或“私生子蜥蜴”，是已灭绝鳍龙超目的一属，是幻龙目中最著名的属，也是幻龙目的名称来源。幻龙的化石发现于欧洲、中东、中国，地质年代为三叠纪中晚期，接近2亿4000万到2亿1000万年前。

叙述

幻龙是半海生动物，它们可能过着类似现代海豹的生活。幻龙的身长约4米（13呎），具有长脚趾，趾间有蹼，尾巴可能呈鳍状^[1]。幻龙可能借由摇摆尾巴、四肢、以及有蹼的脚掌，以在水中推动前进。幻龙的头部长、宽广、平坦，它们可能利用排列者针状牙齿的长颌部，捕抓鱼类与其他海中动物。幻龙可能缓慢跟踪猎物，例如浅水区域的小型鱼类，然后快速的展开攻击。只有少数猎物可以从幻龙的嘴巴挣脱。

幻龙的身体在许多方面类似较晚期的蛇颈龙类，但它们没达到蛇颈龙类般的高度适应水生环境。某些科学家认为部分幻龙类演化出蛇颈龙类，例如滑齿龙、浅隐龙。

种

幻龙属目前已有约12个已命名种。模式种是N. mirabilis，化石发现于德国的壳灰岩阶（Muschelkalk，欧洲地层单元，相当于安尼西阶到拉丁尼阶）地层，是在1834年由德国古动物学家Georg zu Münster所叙述、命名。同样在1834年，Georg zu Münster命名了Paranothosaurus，化石发现于德国奥斯纳布吕克县，目前被改归类于幻龙属的一个种，巨型幻龙（N. giganteus）^[2]。N. juvenilis的化石也发现于德国^[3]。N. edingerae的化石发现于壳灰岩阶上层与考依波阶（Keuper，欧洲地层单元，相当于拉丁尼阶到瑞替阶）^[4]。 N. jagisteus的化石发现于德国荷亨洛赫县的壳灰岩阶上层^[5]。荷兰温特斯韦克更发现3种幻龙的化石，地质年代属于壳灰岩阶下层，包含：N. marchicus^[6]、N. winterswijkensis^[6]、温特斯韦克幻龙（N. winkelhorsti）^[7]。N. cymatosauroides的化石则发现于西班牙的壳灰岩阶地层^[8]。

除了欧洲以外，N. haasi与N. tchernovi的化石都发现于以色列拉蒙凹地（Makhtesh Ramon）^[9]^[10]。杨氏幻龙（N. youngi）、羊圈幻龙（N. yangjuanensis）、小吻幻龙（N. rostellatus）的化石都发现于中国贵州省^[11]^[12]^[13]。

过去还有许多种被归类于幻龙属，但目前都是无效种。其中，在1914年命名的N. procerus，目前是N. marchicus的次异名^[14]^[15]。其他的无效种包含：N. crassus、N. oldenburgi、N. raabi、N. schroderi、以及N. venustus。

幻龙属

N. edingerae

巨型幻龙 N. giganteus

N. mirabilis

	N. haasi

	N. tchemovi

N. jagisteus

N. marchicus

温特斯韦克幻龙 N. winterswijkensis

杨氏幻龙 N. youngi

羊圈幻龙 N. yangiuanensis

N. juvenilis

N. winkelhorsti

幻龙属的演化树，取自于N. Klein与P.C.H.

Albers的2009年研究^[7]

本属包括以下物种：

奇异幻龙 Nothosaurus mirabilis Münster, 1834
Nothosaurus cristatus Hinz, Matzke & Pfretzschner, 2019
Nothosaurus cymatosauroides Sanz, 1983
Nothosaurus edingerae Schultze, 1970
巨型幻龙 Nothosaurus giganteus Münster, 1834
哈氏幻龙 Nothosaurus haasi Rieppel et al., 1997
Nothosaurus jagisteus Rieppel, 2001
Nothosaurus marchicus Koken, 1893
小吻幻龙 Nothosaurus rostellatus Shang, 2006
Nothosaurus tchernovi Haas, 1980
羊圈幻龙 Nothosaurus yangjuanensis Jiang et al., 2006
杨氏幻龙 Nothosaurus youngi Li & Rieppel, 2004
张氏幻龙 Nothosaurus zhangi Liu et al., 2014

大众文化

在迪士尼动画电影《幻想曲》（Fantasia）的“春之祭”段落中，曾出现一只幻龙，并被异齿龙猎食；但幻龙与异齿龙的时代与栖息地并不相同。

幻龙出现在BBC的2003年《与恐龙共舞》（Walking with Dinosaurs）特别节目：《海底霸王》（Sea Monsters）。在节目中，奈吉尔·马文抓住一只幻龙，并向观众解说其头部特征。

在柏林的自然历史博物馆展出一个拉氏幻龙（Nothosaurus raabi）的完整化石。

由环球影业与梦工厂动画联合制作的电视动画侏罗纪世界：白垩冒险营中也出现了幻龙，但片中的幻龙具有与事实不符的两栖行动能力。

参考文献

注脚

^ Palmer, D. (编). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. 1999: 72. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.
^ Diedrich, C. The vertebrates of the Anisian/Ladinian boundary (Middle Triassic) from Bissendorf (NW Germany) and their contribution to the anatomy, palaeoecology, and palaeobiogeography of the Germanic Basin reptiles. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2009, 273 (1): 1–16.
^ Rieppel, O. The status of the sauropterygian reptile Nothosaurus juvenilis from the Middle Triassic of Germany. Paleontology. 1994, 37: 733–745.
^ Rieppel, O.; and Wild, R. Nothosaurus edingerae Schultze, 1970: diagnosis of the species and comments on its stratigraphical occurrence. Stuttgarter Beiträge für Naturkunde, Serie B. 1994.
^ Shang, Q.-H. New information on the dentition and tooth replacement of Nothosaurus (Reptilia: Sauropterygia). Palaeoworld. 2007, 16: 254–263.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Albers, P. C. H. A new specimen of Nothosaurus marchicus with features that relate the taxon to Nothosaurus winterswijkensis. Vertebrate Palaeontology. 2005, 3 (1): 1–7.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Klein, N.; and Albers, P. C. H. A new species of the sauropsid reptile Nothosaurus from the Lower Muschelkalk of the western Germanic Basin, Winterswijk, The Netherlands. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 2009, 54 (4): 589–598.
^ Rieppel, O.; and Hagdorn, H. Fossil reptiles from the Spanish Muschelkalk (mont-ral and alcover, province Tarragona). Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 1998, 13 (1): 77–97.
^ Rieppel, O.; Mazin, J.-M.; and Tchernov, E. Speciation along rifting continental margins: a new Nothosaur from the Negev (Israël). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences Series IIA. 1997, 325 (12): 991–997.
^ Rieppel, O.; Mazin, J.-M.; and Tchernov, E. Sauropterygia from the Middle Triassic of Makhtesh Ramon, Negev, Israel. Fieldiana. 1999, 1 (40).
^ Li, J.; and Rieppel, O. A new nothosaur from Middle Triassic of Guizhou, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 2004, 42 (1): 1–12.
^ Jiang, W.; Maisch, M. W.; Hao, W.; Sun, Y.; and Sun, Z. Nothosaurus yangjuanensis n. sp. (Reptilia, Sauropterygia, Nothosauridae) from the middle Anisian (Middle Triassic) of Guizhou, southwestern China. NeuesJahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte. 2006, 5: 257–276.
^ Shang, Q.-H. A new species of Nothosaurus from the early Middle Triassic of Guizhou，China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 2006, 44 (3): 237–249.
^ Schroder, H. Wirbeltiere der Riidersdorfer Trias. Abhandlungen der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt, Neue Folge. 1914, 65: 1–98.
^ Rieppel, O.; and Wild, R. A revision of the genus Nothosaurus (Reptilia. Sauropterygia) from the Germanic Triassic with comments on the status of Conchiosaurus clavatus. Fieldiana. 1996, 1 (34): 1–82.

书目

Dixon, Dougal (2006). The Complete Book of Dinosaurs. Hermes House.
Haines, Tim, and Paul Chambers. The Complete Guide to Prehistoric Life. Pg. 64. Canada: Firefly Books Ltd., 2006

外部链接

贵州中三叠世早期幻龙属(Nothosaurus)一新种（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[EoDP-1] Palmer, D. (编). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. 1999: 72. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.

[DC09-2] Diedrich, C. The vertebrates of the Anisian/Ladinian boundary (Middle Triassic) from Bissendorf (NW Germany) and their contribution to the anatomy, palaeoecology, and palaeobiogeography of the Germanic Basin reptiles. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2009, 273 (1): 1–16.

[RO94-3] Rieppel, O. The status of the sauropterygian reptile Nothosaurus juvenilis from the Middle Triassic of Germany. Paleontology. 1994, 37: 733–745.

[RW94-4] Rieppel, O.; and Wild, R. Nothosaurus edingerae Schultze, 1970: diagnosis of the species and comments on its stratigraphical occurrence. Stuttgarter Beiträge für Naturkunde, Serie B. 1994.

[SQH07-5] Shang, Q.-H. New information on the dentition and tooth replacement of Nothosaurus (Reptilia: Sauropterygia). Palaeoworld. 2007, 16: 254–263.

[APCH05-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Albers, P. C. H. A new specimen of Nothosaurus marchicus with features that relate the taxon to Nothosaurus winterswijkensis. Vertebrate Palaeontology. 2005, 3 (1): 1–7.

[KA09-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Klein, N.; and Albers, P. C. H. A new species of the sauropsid reptile Nothosaurus from the Lower Muschelkalk of the western Germanic Basin, Winterswijk, The Netherlands. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 2009, 54 (4): 589–598.

[RH98-8] Rieppel, O.; and Hagdorn, H. Fossil reptiles from the Spanish Muschelkalk (mont-ral and alcover, province Tarragona). Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 1998, 13 (1): 77–97.

[RMT97-9] Rieppel, O.; Mazin, J.-M.; and Tchernov, E. Speciation along rifting continental margins: a new Nothosaur from the Negev (Israël). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences Series IIA. 1997, 325 (12): 991–997.

[RMT99-10] Rieppel, O.; Mazin, J.-M.; and Tchernov, E. Sauropterygia from the Middle Triassic of Makhtesh Ramon, Negev, Israel. Fieldiana. 1999, 1 (40).

[LR04-11] Li, J.; and Rieppel, O. A new nothosaur from Middle Triassic of Guizhou, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 2004, 42 (1): 1–12.

[Jea06-12] Jiang, W.; Maisch, M. W.; Hao, W.; Sun, Y.; and Sun, Z. Nothosaurus yangjuanensis n. sp. (Reptilia, Sauropterygia, Nothosauridae) from the middle Anisian (Middle Triassic) of Guizhou, southwestern China. NeuesJahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte. 2006, 5: 257–276.

[_-13] Shang, Q.-H. A new species of Nothosaurus from the early Middle Triassic of Guizhou，China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 2006, 44 (3): 237–249.

[SH14-14] Schroder, H. Wirbeltiere der Riidersdorfer Trias. Abhandlungen der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt, Neue Folge. 1914, 65: 1–98.

[RW96-15] Rieppel, O.; and Wild, R. A revision of the genus Nothosaurus (Reptilia. Sauropterygia) from the Germanic Triassic with comments on the status of Conchiosaurus clavatus. Fieldiana. 1996, 1 (34): 1–82.

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