APA Format Guidelines, Tips, and Examples

APA Format Title Page

There are two versions of an APA title page: the student and the professional.

A student title page includes:

• Title of paper
• Name of each author of the paper (the byline)
• Affiliation for each author (the university attended, including the name of the department)
• Course number and name
• Instructor name (check with the instructor for their preferred format)
• Assignment due date (i.e., November 4, 2024)
• Page number (upper right corner)

The professional APA paper includes:

• Running head (an abbreviated version of the paper title)
• Title of paper
• Name of each author of the paper (byline)
• Affiliation for each author
• Author note
• Page number (upper right corner)

The paper title for both types is in title case, bold, and centered. It should be about three to four lines down from the top margin of the page.

Be concise. Your title should be a short statement of what the reader will find in the paper. Your title will often identify the major variables and their relationships. Examples of APA paper titles include:

• Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Math Performance
• Impact of Leadership Style on Employee Productivity
• How Music Tempo Affects Running Pace
• How Medication Improves Smoking Cessation Outcomes

A title page for a professional paper should also include an author note, which provides more information about the paper's authors, study registration, data sharing, disclaimers on any conflicts of interest, a point of contact, and funding sources.

APA Format Abstract

Think of an abstract as a summary of your paper. If you are a student, your instructor may or may not require an abstract; be sure to check.

Follow these tips for writing your abstract in APA format:

• The abstract should have its own page right after the title page.
• Centered at the top of the page in bold, write "Abstract."
• In the next line, briefly summarize the main points of the paper.
• While the content will vary, an abstract typically includes the research topic, research questions, information on participants and methods, the data analysis used, and main conclusions. 
• An abstract should be a single paragraph, double-spaced, and usually no more than 250 words.

The "Publication Manual" states that a good abstract is accurate, coherent, and concise. Be sure not to include any information in the abstract that isn't in the paper itself.

Tables in APA Format

Tables are an efficient way to display a great deal of information in a concise, clear, and easy-to-read format. In APA format papers, tables are generally used to describe the results of statistical analysis and other pertinent quantitative data.

However, it is important to note that not all data should be presented in a table. If you have little numeric information to present, it should be described in the text of your paper.

The APA's publication manual recommends designing your table with the reader in mind. Strive to communicate data in a way that is clear and easy to understand.

Basic Rules for Tables

Keep these tips in mind when using a table in your APA format publication:

• Add an individual title to each table. It should be italicized and capitalized in APA style.
• Begin each table after the reference list on a page of its own.
• Number all tables (i.e., Table 1, Table 2, Table 3).
• Reference all tables in the text of the paper.

Remember that your table is there to supplement rather than replicate the text of your paper. Do not feel the need to discuss every element of your table in your text. Extraneous information can overwhelm and confuse the reader. Stick to reporting the most important data.

Instead, focus on keeping your table concise. Mention key highlights and tell the reader what to look for in your table.

Table Headings

Keep these tips in mind when writing table headings:

• Capitalize the first letter of each heading.
• Identify each column using a descriptive heading.
• Use abbreviations for standard terms in the table itself. Uncommon definitions should be explained in a note below the table.

Reference Pages in APA Format

All sources cited in your paper should be included in the references page. The references page should appear at the end of your APA paper. This page makes it easy for the reader to easily look up all of the materials you cited.

Your references should begin on a new page with the title "References" in bold and centered at the very top. Do not underline, italicize, or place quotation marks around the title.

Basic Reference Page Rules

Be sure not to forget these rules when putting together your APA format reference page:

• Alphabetize references by the last names of the first author of each source.
• Capitalize all major words in the title of a journal (i.e., The Journal of Personality and Social Psychology).
• Capitalize only the first letter in article titles. If a colon appears in the title, the first letter after the colon should also be capitalized. The title should not be placed in quotations, underlined, or italicized.
• Double-space all references.
• Italicize the titles of books and journals.
• When the same author is cited multiple times, list references in chronological order with the oldest first, working your way up to the most recent one.
• Use a hanging indentation for each reference; the first line of the reference should be aligned to the left, but each additional line needs to be indented.

Journals and Periodicals

Journal articles should appear in alphabetical order in your reference list. More APA format tips include:

• Capitalize the first letter of the first word in the title, subtitle, and proper nouns.
• Italicize the name of the publication and the volume number.

The basic format of a journal article reference is to first list authors by their last names followed by the initials of their first names. Next, the publication year is enclosed in parentheses, followed by a period. For example:

• Smith, J.A. (1993).
• Smith, J.A. & Allen, S. (2001).

The title of the article should then follow, in sentence case, with only the first letter of the first word capitalized, as well as the first letter of any proper nouns.

The italicized title of the journal comes after, followed by a comma. Place the volume number next and italicize it. Follow this with the issue number in parentheses, followed by a comma.

Then, place page numbers, using a hyphen in between if it's a range of pages. Place a period after this. Finally, a hyperlink including the DOI number should be included if there is one available.

All together, it looks like the following:

• Ferguson, Y. L., & Sheldon, K. M. (2013). Trying to be happier really can work: Two experimental studies. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(1), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2012.747000

Books

This style is applicable to printed texts. The format for citing books in APA format is as follows:

• Name of author (last name, first initial)
• The date of the publication in parentheses
• The italicized title of the book
• If applicable, put the edition of the book in parentheses
• Publisher name
• Hyperlink with DOI number (preferred if available) or URL

Altogether, a book in APA format will appear like this:

• Fairburn, C. G. (2008). Cognitive behavior therapy and eating disorders. Guilford Press. https://www.guilford.com/books/Cognitive-Behavior-Therapy-and-Eating-Disorders/Christopher-Fairburn/9781593857097?

Electronic Sources

The basic format of an electronic reference is very similar to that of any other reference. However, you typically need to include the online location of the document.

A DOI is a unique alphanumeric string that begins with a 10, a prefix (usually a four-digit number assigned to organizations), and a suffix (a number assigned by the publisher).

Many publishers include the DOI on the first page of an electronic document. If a DOI is available, simply include it as a hyperlink at the end of the reference, such as https://doi.org/10.0000/00000000000.

Be sure to consult the latest information from the American Psychological Association for more information on citing electronic sources.