June 1992 Issue, AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE REVIEW

- Rethinking Allison's Models
  Jonathan Bendor and Thomas H. Hammond
  , pp. 301-322
- On the Nature of Supreme Court Decision Making
  Tracey E. George and Lee Epstein
  , pp. 323-337
- The Political Consequences of Intolerance
  James L. Gibson
  , pp. 338-356
  Cultural Conformity and Political Freedom
- [+]
  Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography and the Education of America (Review)
  Steven Forde
  , pp. 357-368
  The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, by John Bigelow and Benjamin Franklin
  1. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin by John Bigelow and Benjamin Franklin
- Interests and Ethics in Politics
  Laura Stoker
  , pp. 369-380
- Hegel's Theory of Modern Bureaucracy
  Carl K.Y. Shaw
  , pp. 381-389
- Busy Voters, Agenda Control, and the Power of Information
  Arthur Lupia
  , pp. 390-403
- Covenants with and without a Sword
  Elinor Ostrom, James Walker, and Roy Gardner
  , pp. 404-417
  Self-Governance Is Possible
- Rationality, Morality, and Exit
  Viktor J. Vanberg and Roger D. Congleton
  , pp. 418-431
- Ethnic Democracy and the Legal Construction of Citizenship
  Yoav Peled
  , pp. 432-443
  Arab Citizens of the Jewish State
- The Welfare State, Turnout, and the Economy
  Benjamin Radcliff
  , pp. 444-456
  A Comparative Analysis
- Community Versus Market
  Robert H. Bates and Amy Farmer Curry
  , pp. 457-463
  A Note on Corporate Villages
- Ideology, Status, and the Differential Success of Direct Parties Before the Supreme Court
  Reginald S. Sheehan, William Mishler, and Donald R. Songer, ...
  , pp. 464-474
- [+]
  Question-Wording and Macropartisanship (2 Items) , pp. 475-480
  1. ï¿½---ï¿½ï¿½by Michael B. Mackuen, Robert S. Erikson, and James A. Stimson, ..., pp. 475-480
  2. ï¿½---ï¿½ï¿½by Paul R. Abramson and Charles W. Ostrom, Jr., pp. 481-486
- Notes from the Managing Editor, pp. 487-490
- [+]
  The Role of Sex and Gender in Comparative Political Analysis (6 Reviews)
  Barbara J. Nelson
  , pp. 491-497
  Individuals, Institutions, and Regimes
  1. Engendering Democracy in Brazil by Sonia E. Alvarez
  2. Women in Taiwan Politics by Chou Bih-Er, Cal Clark, and Janet Clark
  3. Bringing Women In by Nuket Kardam
  4. Persistent Inequalities by Irene Tinker
  5. Playing the State by Sophie Watson
  6. Women and Social Protest by Guida West and Rhoda Lois Blumberg
- Contents, pp. 498-502
- [+]
  Political Theory (19 Reviews) , p. 503
  1. [+]
    Review Pragmatic Liberalism, by Charles W. Anderson (2 Reviews)
    Terence Ball
    , p. 503
    1. Pragmatic Liberalism by Charles W. Anderson
    2. Political Criticism by Ian Shapiro
  2. [+]
    2 Reviews The Communicative Ethics Controversy, by Fred ... (2 Reviews)
    John G. Gunnell
    , pp. 503-504
    1. The Communicative Ethics Controversy by Fred Dallmayr and Seyla Benhabib
    2. Critical Theory in Political Practice by Stephen T. Leonard
  3. [+]
    Review Nietzsche and the Politics of Aristocratic Rad... (Review)
    Robert B. Pippin
    , p. 505
    1. Nietzsche and the Politics of Aristocratic Radicalism by Bruce Detwiler
  4. [+]
    2 Reviews Compromise and Political Action, by J. Patrick... (2 Reviews)
    John R. Wallach
    , p. 506
    1. Compromise and Political Action by J. Patrick Dobel
    2. Moral Imagination and Public Life by Thomas E. McCollough
  5. [+]
    4 Reviews The Nature of the Right, by Roger Eatwell and ... (4 Reviews)
    Jonathan Riley
    , p. 507
    1. The Nature of the Right by Roger Eatwell and Noel O'Sullivan
    2. Reactions to the Right by Barry Hindess
    3. The Political Economy of the New Right by Grahame Thompson
    4. The Political Theory of Conservative Economists by Conrad Waligorski
  6. [+]
    Review The Political Philosophy of Michael Oakeshott,... (Review)
    Patrick Riley
    , pp. 507-509
    1. The Political Philosophy of Michael Oakeshott by Paul Franco
  7. [+]
    2 Reviews Resurrecting Marx, by David Gordon (2 Reviews)
    Bruce E. Wright
    , p. 510
    1. Resurrecting Marx by David Gordon
    2. Political Identity by Robert Meister
  8. [+]
    Review Simians, Cyborgs, and Women, by Donna J. Haraway (Review)
    Nancy Hartsock
    , p. 511
    1. Simians, Cyborgs, and Women by Donna J. Haraway
  9. [+]
    Review Voegelin on the Idea of Race, by Thomas W. Heilke (Review)
    James L. Wiser
    , p. 512
    1. Voegelin on the Idea of Race by Thomas W. Heilke
  10. [+]
    Review Can Modernity Survive?, by Agnes Heller (Review)
    Leslie J. Vaughan
    , p. 513
    1. Can Modernity Survive? by Agnes Heller
  11. [+]
    Review History and Modernity in the Thought of Thomas... (Review)
    Joshua Mitchell
    , p. 513
    1. History and Modernity in the Thought of Thomas Hobbes by Robert P. Kraynak
  12. [+]
    Review The Political Philosophy of Montaigne, by Davi... (Review)
    Michael Platt
    , p. 514
    1. The Political Philosophy of Montaigne by David Lewis Schaefer
  13. [+]
    Review The Limits of Government, by David Schmidtz (Review)
    James D. Wright
    , p. 515
    1. The Limits of Government by David Schmidtz
  14. [+]
    Review Reason and Democracy, by Thomas A. Spragens, Jr. (Review)
    Alfonso J. Damico
    , p. 516
    1. Reason and Democracy by Thomas A. Spragens, Jr.
  15. [+]
    Review Idea of Political Theory, by Tracy B. Strong (Review)
    Mark Warren
    , p. 517
    1. Idea of Political Theory by Tracy B. Strong
  16. [+]
    Review Moral Foundations of Constitutional Thought, b... (Review)
    John A. Rohr
    , p. 518
    1. Moral Foundations of Constitutional Thought by Graham Walker
  17. [+]
    Review After Ideology, by David Walsh (Review)
    Robert P. Kraynak
    , p. 518
    1. After Ideology by David Walsh
  18. [+]
    Review The Politics of Being, by Richard Wolin (Review)
    Horst Mewes
    , p. 519
    1. The Politics of Being by Richard Wolin
  19. [+]
    Review Justice and the Politics of Difference, by Iri... (Review)
    Thomas L. Dumm
    , pp. 520-521
    1. Justice and the Politics of Difference by Iris Marion Young
- [+]
  American Politics (34 Reviews) , p. 522
  1. [+]
    Review The Exemplary Presidency, by Philip Abbott (4 Reviews)
    Roberto E. Villarreal
    , p. 522
    1. The Exemplary Presidency by Philip Abbott
    2. Looking Back on the Reagan Presidency by Larry Berman
    3. The Bush Presidency: First Appraisals by Colin Campbell, S.J. and Bert A. Rockman
    4. The Nixon Presidency by Michael A. Genovese
  2. [+]
    2 Reviews Ethnic Identity, by Richard D. Alba (2 Reviews)
    Susan Gonzales Baker
    , p. 523
    1. Ethnic Identity by Richard D. Alba
    2. The American Kaleidoscope by Lawrence H. Fuchs
  3. [+]
    Review Purchasing Power in Health, by Linda A. Bergthold (Review)
    Lawton R. Burns
    , p. 524
    1. Purchasing Power in Health by Linda A. Bergthold
  4. [+]
    Review Long-Wave Rhythms in Economic Development and ... (Review)
    William R. Thompson
    , p. 525
    1. Long-Wave Rhythms in Economic Development and Political Behavior by Brian J.L. Berry
  5. [+]
    Review Governors, Legislatures, and Budgets, by Edwar... (Review)
    Malcolm E. Jewell
    , p. 526
    1. Governors, Legislatures, and Budgets by Edward J. Clynch and Thomas P. Lauth
  6. [+]
    Review Contested Ground, by John Emmeus Davis (Review)
    Sallie A. Marston
    , p. 527
    1. Contested Ground by John Emmeus Davis
  7. [+]
    2 Reviews What Older Americans Think, by Christine L. Day (2 Reviews)
    Theodore H. Koff
    , p. 528
    1. What Older Americans Think by Christine L. Day
    2. Demographic Change and the American Future by R. Scott Fosler, William Alonso, and Jack A. Meyer, ...
  8. [+]
    Review Military Organizations, Complex Machines, by C... (Review)
    Harvey M. Sapolsky
    , p. 529
    1. Military Organizations, Complex Machines by Chris C. Demchak
  9. [+]
    Review Civil Rights Under Reagan, by Robert R. Detlefsen (Review)
    Liane C. Kosaki
    , p. 529
    1. Civil Rights Under Reagan by Robert R. Detlefsen
  10. [+]
    4 Reviews No Escape, by John J. DiIulio, Jr. (4 Reviews)
    Gregory D. Russell
    , p. 530
    1. No Escape by John J. DiIulio, Jr.
    2. Courts, Corrections, and the Constitution by John J. DiIulio, Jr.
    3. The Scale of Imprisonment by Franklin E. Zimring and Gordon Hawkins
    4. Jails: Reform and the New Generation Philosophy by Linda L. Zupan
  11. [+]
    Review The Constitution and the American Presidency, ... (Review)
    Gary Lee Malecha
    , p. 531
    1. The Constitution and the American Presidency by Martin L. Fausold and Alan Shank
  12. [+]
    2 Reviews Water Resources Management, by David Lewis Fel... (2 Reviews)
    Zachary A. Smith
    , p. 532
    1. Water Resources Management by David Lewis Feldman
    2. Thirst for Growth by Robert Gottlieb and Margaret FitzSimmons
  13. [+]
    2 Reviews The Ideology of Apolitical Politics, by James ... (2 Reviews)
    Robert P. George
    , p. 533
    1. The Ideology of Apolitical Politics by James C. Foster
    2. The Justice Broker: Lawyers and Ordinary Litigatiob by Herbert M. Kritzer
  14. [+]
    Review Islands Under Siege, by John C. Freemuth (Review)
    Sally K. Fairfax
    , p. 534
    1. Islands Under Siege by John C. Freemuth
  15. [+]
    Review The Boundary Waters Canoe Area, by James N. Gl... (Review)
    Paul J. Culhane
    , p. 535
    1. The Boundary Waters Canoe Area by James N. Gladden
  16. [+]
    Review The Cynical Society, by Jeffrey C. Goldfarb (Review)
    Douglas Kellner
    , p. 536
    1. The Cynical Society by Jeffrey C. Goldfarb
  17. [+]
    Review A General Theory of Crime, by Michael R. Gottf... (Review)
    Dennis Palumbo
    , p. 537
    1. A General Theory of Crime by Michael R. Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi
  18. [+]
    Review Transforming Free Speech, by Mark A. Graber (Review)
    Martin Edelman
    , p. 538
    1. Transforming Free Speech by Mark A. Graber
  19. [+]
    Review Impossible Jobs in Public Management, by Erwin... (Review)
    Karen M. Hult
    , p. 539
    1. Impossible Jobs in Public Management by Erwin C. Hargrove and John C. Glidewell
  20. [+]
    Review Restructuring Justice, by Arthur D. Hellman (Review)
    George C. Kiser
    , p. 540
    1. Restructuring Justice by Arthur D. Hellman
  21. [+]
    Review The Politics of Obscenity, by Joseph F. Kobylka (Review)
    Eva R. Rubin
    , p. 540
    1. The Politics of Obscenity by Joseph F. Kobylka
  22. [+]
    Review Supremely Political, by John Massaro (Review)
    Patrick B. McGuigan
    , p. 541
    1. Supremely Political by John Massaro
  23. [+]
    Review The Politics of Hispanic Education, by Kenneth... (Review)
    Benjamin Marquez
    , p. 542
    1. The Politics of Hispanic Education by Kenneth J. Meier and Joseph Stewart, Jr.
  24. [+]
    Review The Political Failure of Employment Policy, 19... (Review)
    Paul J. Quirk
    , p. 542
    1. The Political Failure of Employment Policy, 1945-1982 by Gary Mucciaroni
  25. [+]
    Review Money, Elections, and Democracy, by Margaret L... (Review)
    Jeffrey M. Berry
    , p. 543
    1. Money, Elections, and Democracy by Margaret Latus Nugent and John R. Johannes
  26. [+]
    Review Balancing the Federal Budget, by Ernest J. Opp... (Review)
    Dennis S. Ippolito
    , p. 544
    1. Balancing the Federal Budget by Ernest J. Oppenheimer
  27. [+]
    Review The Humane Economy, by Norman Pollack (Review)
    James A. Morone
    , p. 545
    1. The Humane Economy by Norman Pollack
  28. [+]
    Review The Fourth Estate and the Constitution, by Luc... (Review)
    Harold J. Spaeth
    , p. 545
    1. The Fourth Estate and the Constitution by Lucas A. Powe, Jr.
  29. [+]
    Review Critical Pluralism, Democratic Performance, an... (Review)
    Nelson Wikstrom
    , p. 546
    1. Critical Pluralism, Democratic Performance, and Community Power by Paul Schumaker
  30. [+]
    Review The NSC Staff, by Christopher C. Shoemaker (Review)
    P. Terrence Hopmann
    , p. 546
    1. The NSC Staff by Christopher C. Shoemaker
  31. [+]
    Review Congress Oversees the United States Intelligen... (Review)
    Roger Hilsman
    , p. 547
    1. Congress Oversees the United States Intelligence Community, 1947-1989 by Frank J. Smist, Jr.
  32. [+]
    Review Learning Together, by David Tyack and Elisabet... (Review)
    Louise K. Comfort
    , p. 548
    1. Learning Together by David Tyack and Elisabeth Hansot
  33. [+]
    Review The Rise of Candidate-Centered Politics, by Ma... (Review)
    Walter Dean Burnham
    , p. 549
    1. The Rise of Candidate-Centered Politics by Martin P. Wattenberg
  34. [+]
    Review Federal Preemption: The Silent Revolution, by ... (Review)
    Donald F. Kettl
    , p. 550
    1. Federal Preemption: The Silent Revolution by Joseph F. Zimmerman
- [+]
  Comparative Politics (20 Reviews) , p. 551
  1. [+]
    Review Sadat and After, by Raymond William Baker (2 Reviews)
    Louis J. Cantori
    , p. 551
    1. Sadat and After by Raymond William Baker
    2. The Communist Movement in Egypt, 1920-1988 by Tareq Y. Ismael and Rifa'at El-Sa'id
  2. [+]
    2 Reviews The Politics of Social Solidarity, by Peter Ba... (2 Reviews)
    Howard A. Palley
    , pp. 551-552
    1. The Politics of Social Solidarity by Peter Baldwin
    2. The Welfare State in Capitalist Society by Ramesh Mishra
  3. [+]
    Review Identity, Competition and Electoral Availabili... (Review)
    Alan S. Zuckerman
    , p. 553
    1. Identity, Competition and Electoral Availability by Stefano Bartolini
  4. [+]
    3 Reviews Chinese Marxism in the Post-Mao Era, by Bill B... (3 Reviews)
    Lowell Dittmer
    , p. 554
    1. Chinese Marxism in the Post-Mao Era by Bill Brugger and David Kelly
    2. Philosophy and Politics in China by Werner Meissner
    3. China and the Crisis of Marxism-Leninism by Franz Michael, Carl Linden, Jan Prybyla, and Jurgen Domes, ...
  5. [+]
    2 Reviews East Asian Dynamism, by Steve Chan (2 Reviews)
    Bernard K. Gordon
    , p. 555
    1. East Asian Dynamism by Steve Chan
    2. The Politics of Development by Robert A. Scalapino
  6. [+]
    2 Reviews The Political Economy of China's Special Econo... (2 Reviews)
    David Bachman
    , p. 556
    1. The Political Economy of China's Special Economic Zones by George T. Crane
    2. China's Foreign Trade Reforms by John C. Hsu
  7. [+]
    2 Reviews Interest Groups and Political Change in Israel... (2 Reviews)
    Donna Robinson Divine
    , p. 557
    1. Interest Groups and Political Change in Israel by Marcia Drezon-Tepler
    2. Stiff-Necked People, Bottle-Necked System by Sam N. Lehman-Wilzig
  8. [+]
    2 Reviews Democracy and Markets, by John R. Freeman (2 Reviews)
    David R. Cameron
    , pp. 558-559
    1. Democracy and Markets by John R. Freeman
    2. Conservative Capitalism in Britain and the United States by Kenneth Hoover and Raymond Plant
  9. [+]
    2 Reviews Hope for South Africa?, by L.H. Gann and Peter... (2 Reviews)
    Arend Lijphart
    , p. 560
    1. Hope for South Africa? by L.H. Gann and Peter Duignan
    2. A Democratic South Africa? by Donald L. Horowitz
  10. [+]
    Review Isolated States, by Deon Geldenhuys (Review)
    Robert E. Harkavy
    , p. 561
    1. Isolated States by Deon Geldenhuys
  11. [+]
    3 Reviews The State and Policy Outcomes in Latin America... (3 Reviews)
    John W. Sloan
    , p. 562
    1. The State and Policy Outcomes in Latin America by Lawrence S. Graham
    2. Ascent to Bankruptcy by Carmelo Mesa-Lago
    3. The State, Corporatist Politics, and Educational Policy Making in Mexico by Daniel A. Morales-Gomez and Carlos Alberto Torres, ...
  12. [+]
    Review Authoritarian Power and State Formation in Ba'... (Review)
    Kamal Beyoghlow
    , p. 563
    1. Authoritarian Power and State Formation in Ba'thist Syria by Raymond A. Hinnebusch
  13. [+]
    2 Reviews State Failure, by Martin Janicke (2 Reviews)
    Jack H. Knott
    , p. 564
    1. State Failure by Martin Janicke
    2. After the Rights Revolution by Cass R. Sunstein
  14. [+]
    Review Revolution: A Sociological Interpretation, by ... (Review)
    Barbara Salert
    , p. 565
    1. Revolution: A Sociological Interpretation by Michael S. Kimmel
  15. [+]
    2 Reviews Social Change in Modern France, by Henri Mendr... (2 Reviews)
    Charles Hauss
    , p. 566
    1. Social Change in Modern France by Henri Mendras and Alistair Cole
    2. Democratizing France by Vivien A. Schmidt
  16. [+]
    Review China Misperceived, by Steven W. Mosher (Review)
    Allen S. Whiting
    , p. 567
    1. China Misperceived by Steven W. Mosher
  17. [+]
    Review Education Reform in Japan, by Leonard J. Schoppa (Review)
    Paul S. Kim
    , p. 567
    1. Education Reform in Japan by Leonard J. Schoppa
  18. [+]
    Review Liberty and Community, by Robert C. Vipond (Review)
    Richard H. Leach
    , p. 568
    1. Liberty and Community by Robert C. Vipond
  19. [+]
    Review The Child and the State in India, by Myron Weiner (Review)
    George Kent
    , p. 569
    1. The Child and the State in India by Myron Weiner
  20. [+]
    Review Transforming Settler States, by Ronald Weitzer (Review)
    Herman M. Schwartz
    , p. 570
    1. Transforming Settler States by Ronald Weitzer
- [+]
  International Relations (23 Reviews) , p. 571
  1. [+]
    Review ASEAN and the Diplomacy of Accommodation, by M... (Review)
    Llewellyn D. Howell
    , p. 571
    1. ASEAN and the Diplomacy of Accommodation by Michael Antolik
  2. [+]
    Review Investment Behavior of Multinational Corporati... (Review)
    York W. Bradshaw
    , p. 571
    1. Investment Behavior of Multinational Corporations in Developing Areas by Bret L. Billet
  3. [+]
    Review American Hegemony and World Oil, by Simon Bromley (Review)
    Bruce Piasecki
    , p. 572
    1. American Hegemony and World Oil by Simon Bromley
  4. [+]
    Review China's Changing Relations with the Middle Eas... (Review)
    Samuel S. Kim
    , p. 573
    1. China's Changing Relations with the Middle East by John Calabrese
  5. [+]
    Review The Dynamics of Domestic Politics and Arms Con... (Review)
    Davis B. Bobrow
    , p. 574
    1. The Dynamics of Domestic Politics and Arms Control by Dan Caldwell
  6. [+]
    2 Reviews Core/Periphery Relations in Precapitalist Worl... (2 Reviews)
    George Modelski
    , p. 574
    1. Core/Periphery Relations in Precapitalist Worlds by Christopher Chase-Dunn and Thomas D. Hall
    2. Sociology of the Global System by Leslie Sklair
  7. [+]
    Review Irredentism and International Politics, by Nao... (Review)
    Thomas A. Hopkins
    , p. 575
    1. Irredentism and International Politics by Naomi Chazan
  8. [+]
    Review Debt and Crisis in Latin America, by Robert De... (Review)
    Ian Bell
    , p. 576
    1. Debt and Crisis in Latin America by Robert Devlin
  9. [+]
    Review George Ball, Vietnam, and the Rethinking of Co... (Review)
    Michael P. Sullivan
    , p. 577
    1. George Ball, Vietnam, and the Rethinking of Containment by David L. Di Leo
  10. [+]
    4 Reviews Conflict and Intervention in Africa, by Herber... (4 Reviews)
    Pia Christina Wood
    , pp. 578-580
    1. Conflict and Intervention in Africa by Herbert Ekwe-Ekwe
    2. The Superpowers and Africa by Zaki Laidi
    3. The Nonsuperpowers and South Africa by Richard J. Payne
    4. Middle Power Internationalism by Cranford Pratt
  11. [+]
    Review A Substitute for Victory, by Rosemary Foot (Review)
    Allan E. Goodman
    , p. 581
    1. A Substitute for Victory by Rosemary Foot
  12. [+]
    3 Reviews World Justice?, by Mark Gibney (3 Reviews)
    Christina M. Cerna
    , pp. 581-583
    1. World Justice? by Mark Gibney
    2. Federal Courts and the International Human Rights Paradigm by Kenneth C. Randall
    3. International Fugitives by Barbara M. Yarnold
  13. [+]
    Review Soviet Policies in the Middle East, by Galia G... (Review)
    Robert O. Freedman
    , p. 584
    1. Soviet Policies in the Middle East by Galia Golan
  14. [+]
    2 Reviews Foreign Policy and Ethnic Interest Groups, by ... (2 Reviews)
    Joseph M. Scolnick, Jr.
    , p. 585
    1. Foreign Policy and Ethnic Interest Groups by David Howard Goldberg
    2. The $36 Billion Bargain by A.F.K. Organski
  15. [+]
    Review Cooperation Among Nations, by Joseph M. Grieco (Review)
    Robert K. McCleery
    , p. 586
    1. Cooperation Among Nations by Joseph M. Grieco
  16. [+]
    Review Artificial Intelligence and International Poli... (Review)
    Steven Thomas Seitz
    , p. 587
    1. Artificial Intelligence and International Politics by Valerie M. Hudson
  17. [+]
    Review Paradoxes of War, by Zeev Maoz (Review)
    Jacek Kugler
    , p. 588
    1. Paradoxes of War by Zeev Maoz
  18. [+]
    Review As Moscow Sees Us, by Richard M. Mills (Review)
    Morton Schwartz
    , p. 589
    1. As Moscow Sees Us by Richard M. Mills
  19. [+]
    Review Foreign Policy Under Carter, by Alexander Moens (Review)
    Andrew Bennett
    , p. 590
    1. Foreign Policy Under Carter by Alexander Moens
  20. [+]
    Review Friends But No Allies, by Stephen C. Neff (Review)
    Robert Pahre
    , p. 591
    1. Friends But No Allies by Stephen C. Neff
  21. [+]
    Review War, Peace, Survival, by Robert C. North (Review)
    Richard Rosecrance
    , p. 591
    1. War, Peace, Survival by Robert C. North
  22. [+]
    Review Who's at the Helm?, by Raymond Tanter (Review)
    Cathal J. Nolan
    , p. 592
    1. Who's at the Helm? by Raymond Tanter
  23. [+]
    2 Reviews Reserve Forces and the British Territorial Arm... (2 Reviews)
    Donald M. Snow
    , pp. 593-640
    1. Reserve Forces and the British Territorial Army by Wallace Earl Walker
    2. Civilian-Based Defense by Gene Sharp