STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION OF CELLS
BY
DR ANDRE
INTRODUCTION
The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic
structural, functional and biological unit of all known living
organisms.
Cells are the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently,
and are often called the "building blocks of life"
The cell is the structural integrity, functional. and hereditary smallest
of living creatures in the form of a small space bounded by
membranes and contains a concentrated liquid.
In Becker. et al (2000:2) mentioned that the cell is the basic unit of
biology.
INTRODUCTION
Cells consist of a protoplasm enclosed The cells come from preexisting
within a membrane, which contains cells and have a life of their own in
many biomolecules such as proteins addition to their joint role in the
and nucleic acids. multicellular organism.
Most living things are composed of
Organisms can be classified as
single cells. or so-called unicellular
unicellular (consisting of a single cell;
organisms. such as bacteria and
including most bacteria) or multicellular amoeba.
(including plants and animals). Other living things. including
While the number of cells in plants and plants. animals. and humans, are
animals varies from species to species, multicellular organisms composed
humans contain about 100 trillion of many specialized cell types with
(1014) cells. their respective functions
INTRODUCTION
Cell can be grouped into two major groups. namely prokaryotic
cells (prokaryotic) and eukaryotic cells (eukaryotic). Prokaryotic
and eukaryotic term first used by Hans Ris in 1960.
Eukaryotic cells are distinguished from the more primitive
prokaryotic cells by the presence of
1) cytoplasmic membranous organelles,
2) a nuclear membrane (i.e. a true nucleus), and
3) chromosomal proteins.
INTRODUCTION
Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells are organized
into complex structures by internal membranes and a
cytoskeleton
Human (and all other eukaryotic) cells consist of a
nucleus and cytoplasm.
The cytoplasm contains a number of organelles each
with a defined function.
The nucleus may be considered the largest organelle
Figure 1.6.
Eukaryotic Cells models in three dimensions (animal
cells).
Figure 1.7. Eukaryotic cell model in two
dimensions
Brief Comparison
NUCLEI
The cell nucleus consists of a nuclear
membrane, nucleoplasm, nucleolus
and chromosomes.
The nuclear membrane is a double
membrane that has four phospholipid
layers and large pores through which
materials pass.
It also contains a viscous liquid
known as the nucleoplasm. The
nucleus is the most prominent
organelle in the cell
NUCLEI
It is the control center of the cell All chromosomal DNA is stored in
This small organel is separated the nucleus packed in chromatin
from the cytoplasm (plasma fibers thanks to its alliance with
cells) by wrapping which consists the histone proteins .
of two membranes. the inner
Fill nucleus communicates with
membrane and outer membrane.
the cytosol through the holes in
The nucleus contains the genetic the wrapper called pores nucleus
material that is Deoxy
Nucleoli in the nucleus there is a
Ribonucleic Acid (ADN) is
encased in a nuclear membrane. place for ribosoma producing
cells.
NUCLEOLUS
Many nuclei, especially those of cells highly
active in protein synthesis, contain one or
more dense structures called nucleoli
which are the sites of ribosomal RNA
synthesis and ribosome assembly.
Ribosomal RNA and proteins, synthesised
in the cytoplasm and imported back into
the nucleus, are assembled into subunits.
The subunits then pass back to the
cytoplasm to aggregate into complete
ribosomes
NUCLEOLUS
This micrograph shows a typical nucleolus.
Ultrastructurally, nucleoli are quite variable in appearance.
In this example the nucleolus consists of reticular nucleolonema with
dense filamentous components F and paler granular components G.
The filamentous components are thought to be the sites of
ribosomal RNA synthesis, while ribosome assembly takes place in
the granular components.
Plasma membrane
Cell membranes are found in
animal cells whereas cell walls are
found in plant cells.
Like a city perimeter, cell
membranes surround the cell and
have the ability to regulate
entrance and exit of substances,
thereby maintaining internal
balance.
These membranes also protect the
inner cell from outside forces.
Plasma membrane
Cell walls, as the city analogy
implies, are much stronger than cell
membranes and protect cells from
lysing (exploding) in extremely
hypotonic (diluted) solutions
Membrane is very thin and is
selectively permeable to the size of
7.5-10 nm.
The plasma membrane is a lipid
double layer (bilayer) the
molecular structure of two layers.
Plasma membrane
The fluidity and flexibility of the
Some protein molecules are incorporated
membrane is increased by the presence within the membrane (intrinsic or integral
of unsaturated fatty acids, which proteins)
prevent close packing of the whereas others are held to the inner or outer
hydrophobic tails. surface by weak electrostatic forces
(extrinsic or peripheral proteins).
Cholesterol molecules are also present Some intrinsic proteins span the entire
in the bilayer in an almost 1:1 ratio with
thickness of the membrane
phospholipids. (transmembrane proteins) to be exposed
Cholesterol molecules thus stabilize and to each surface.
regulate the fluidity of the phospholipid Transmembrane proteins are held within the
bilayer. membrane by a hydrophobic central zone,
which allows the protein to float freely in the
Protein molecules make up almost plane of the membrane
half of the total mass of the membrane.
CELL ORGANELS
Organelles are parts of the cell which There are several types of organelles in
are adapted and/or specialized for a cell. Some (such as the nucleus and
carrying out one or more vital golgi apparatus) are typically solitary,
functions, analogous to the organs of while others (such as mitochondria,
the human body (such as the heart, chloroplasts, peroxisomes and
lung, and kidney, with each organ lysosomes) can be numerous (hundreds
performing a different function). to thousands).
Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells The cytosol is the gelatinous fluid that
have organelles, but prokaryotic fills the cell and surrounds the
organelles are generally simpler and organelles.
are not membrane-bound. The number of organelles in the
cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells are more
complex than prokaryotic cells.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Prepare proteins for transport There are two types of endoplasmic
reticulum (ER) – Smooth ER and
Rough ER.
This extensive network makes up
approximately one half of all
membranous tissue of the cell and is
the site of membrane and protein
synthesis.
The ER system is much like a road
system along which industry can be
found. Goods are manufactured and
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough ER is named for the presence of RE consists of a network of tubules and
ribosomes along its membrane and is the membrane bubbles called sisternal or
source of proteins. lumen.
Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is ER membrane separates the internal
responsible for lipid synthesis and space, namely the space sisternal from
processes a variety of metabolic the cytosol.
processes such as drug detoxification. And because the ER membrane
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane is continuous with the nuclear envelope.
a maze so much so that it covers more the room between the two membrane
than half the total membrane in sheath was continuous with the RE
eukaryotic cells. sisternal room.
Functions of endoplasmic reticulum
1) Performers synthetic metabolic 5) As a place of exchange of
activity. because it contains a variety molecules through a process of
of enzymes. osmosis. diffusion and active
2) denaturation and elongation of transport to the ER membrane and
fatty acids. eksosistosis.
6) Establish a new core wrap on cell
3) Providing a wide surface for
enzymatic reactions. division.
7) cell protection function for the ER
4) An ultra- structural skeleton that
membrane is able to eliminate the
provides the mechanical strength of
the cell. the cytoplasm koloidalnya toxic effects of substances through
the detoxification process
matrix.
GOLGI COMPLEX
Sends protein to its target membrane
Like a post office, the golgi apparatus
is used for shipping those goods
created by the ER and ribosomes to the
rest of cell.
These organelles were first discovered
by Camilio Golgi. a scientist from Italy.
Golgi apparatus is common on plant
and animal cells. In animal cells are 10-
20 Golgi apparatus.
Golgi apparatus includes cell vacuolar
system and there are no ribosomes.
GOLGI COMPLEX
Golgi apparatus consists of a group Based on morphological
of membrane bounded flattened observations and in situ
bag called saccula. cytochemistry and biochemical
Near saccula contained secretory studies indicate that the Golgi
vesicles form spherical bubbles. apparatus is involved in a large
number of cell activities
The Golgi apparatus in plants
called diktiosom. In the include assembly of proteins and
manufacture of polysaccharide lipids high carbohydrate or better
diktiosom occurs in the form of known as glycosylation process.
cellulose that is used as the recovery of the cell membrane.
building blocks of the cell wall. and secretion.
Functions of Golgi complex
1) forming cell walls in plants 4) Places such as mucus synthesis
2) produces lysosomes of polysaccharides. cellulose.
hemicellulose. and pectin
3) forming acrosome in (constituent of plant cell walls).
spermatozoa containing enzymes
5) Forming the plasma membrane.
to break down the cell wall of the
egg. 6) Forming bag to wrap secretion
of substances to be issued a cell.
such as proteins. glycoproteins.
carbohydrates. and fats.
MITOCHONDRIA
Considered as the power house of the cell
Mitochondria are found in both plant and
animal cells and is the site of cellular
respiration.
The size and shape of mitochondria. as
well as the numbers in the cells tissues
and varies according to the physiological
state of the cell .
By using visible light microscopy oval
mitochondria. but mitochondria can also
dumbbell -shaped. spherical. or racket
MITOCHONDRIA
Due to the very small size of new Most mitochondrial proteins are
structures can be viewed using encoded by nuclear DNA and
an electron microscope. synthesized by ribosomes are
Mitochondria contain small present in the cytosol or in the
amounts of DNA. RNA and endoplasmic reticulum.
ribosomes. This shows that there is a
Mitochondrial DNA provide the connection / transfer of
password for the synthesis of information from DNA to the
certain specific proteins on the nucleus of mitochondrial.It later
inner membrane. emerged that DNA are found in
the mitochondria themselves.
RIBOSOME
Protein factory of the cell, it synthesize
proteins
LYSOSOMES
Digestive bag of the cell
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton acts to The eukaryotic cytoskeleton is
organize and maintain the cell's composed of microfilaments,
shape; intermediate filaments and
anchors organelles in place; microtubules.
helps during endocytosis, the There are a great number of
uptake of external materials by a proteins associated with them,
cell, each controlling a cell's
and cytokinesis, the separation structure by directing, bundling,
of daughter cells after cell and aligning filaments.
division; and moves parts of the
cell in processes of growth and
THANKS FOR
LISTENING
