Significance and Importance of Biochemistry in Nursing: UNIT-1
Significance and Importance of Biochemistry in Nursing: UNIT-1
Significance and Importance of Biochemistry in Nursing: UNIT-1
INTRODUCTION
Prokaryote cells
The simplest form and the first type of cells to evolve are prokaryote cells.
Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that do not developed or differentiate
into multicellular forms .some bacteria grow in filaments or masses of cells but
each cell in the colony is identical and capable of independent existence. they
may adjacent to one another because they do not separate after cell division
though there is no continuity or communication between them.
Eukaryote cells include fungi, animal cells, plant cells as well as some
unicellular organisms. it 10 times larger than a prokaryotic cell and can
be as much as 1000 times more in volume.
Composition and functions
Human body contains different organs such as the heart, lung and
kidneys each one of which performs different funtions.EC also have a set
of intracellular components called sub cellular organelles some of it
surrounded by a protective membrane. Composition and functions of
organelles are described below:
Plasma membrane The outer lining of a eukaryotic cell is called plasma
membrane. this serves to separate and protect cell from its surrounding
environment. it is made up of a double layer of proteins and lipids.
Cytoplasm Inside the cell there is a large fluid –filled space called cytoplasm. It
is like soup within which all the cell organelles .cytoplasm is also a home for
cytoskeleton.it contains several salts and is an excellent conductor of
electricity ,creating environment for the mechanics of the cell.
Nucleus Nucleus ,also called cells information centre, is the most conspicuous
organelle found in a eukaryotic cell. It houses cells chromosomes and is a place
where almost all the DNA replication and RNA synthesis occur. Nucleus is
spheroidal in shape and is separated from cytoplasm by a membrane called
nuclear envelope. Eukaryotic genetic material is more complex and is divided
into discrete units called genes. human genetic material is made up of two
distinct components called nuclrar genome and mitochondrial genome.
Chloroplast are similar to mitochondria but are found in plants where they
convert light energy (from the sun) into ATP through the process called
photosynthesis.
Lysosomes and peroxisomes They are also referred as garbage disposal system
of the cell.both are spherical ,bound by a single membrane and are rich in
digestive enzymes for degrading proteins, nucleic acids and polysaccharides
that work as low pH. an important function of lysosome is to digest foreign
bacteria that invade the cell. They also help in recycling of receptor proteins
and other membrane components , help in repair of the damage to plasma
membrane. Peroxisomes function to get the body of toxic substances such as
hydrogen peroxide or other metabolites, and contain enzyme for enzyme
utilization. higher number of peroxisomes can be found in liver where toxic by-
products are known to accumulate. it resemble lysosomes.peroxisomes are
self-replicating whereas lysosomes are formed in Golgi complex.
MICROSCOPY
Cells because of their small size cannot be seen by a naked eye, but can be
observed with the aid of instrument called “Microscope”.
1. Simple Microscope
2. Compound Microscope
Cell membrane It refers to the outer covering of the cell and is found in all
living cells. it is a highly viscous structure.
Optical Microscope uses optical lens and light wave for magnification. It
magnifies about 1000 to 1500 times.