Magnatisim
ch2
introduction
Many devices tMany devices that use or produce electric energy depend on the
relation of magnetism and electric current hat use or produce electric energy depend
on the relation of magnetism and electric current
Motors and meters are designed to use the fact that electric currents in wires behave
like magnets
Generators produce electric current due to the movement of wires near very large
magnets
we investigate the basic properties of magnets and the relation between electric
current and magnetism. In later sections on generators, motors, and transformers, we
will use the basic principles of magnetism that are developed here
introduction
Metals with the ability to attract pieces of iron or steel are said to be
magnetic
introduction
Iron ore that is naturally magnetic is called lodestone.
Artificial magnets can be made
iron, steel, and several special alloys such as Permalloys and alnico.
Permalloy is a nickel–iron magnetic alloy, with about 80% nickel and
20% iron content.
Alnico is powerful permanent-magnet alloy containing iron, nickel,
aluminum, and one or more of the elements cobalt, copper, and
titanium .
Materials that can be made into magnets are called magnetic materials.
Most
Materials are nonmagnetic (examples are wood, aluminum, copper, and
zinc).
Forces between magnet
Suppose that a bar magnet is suspended by a string so that it is free
to rotate. It will rotate until one end points north and the other south
The end that points north is called the north-seeking pole, or north
(N) pole. The other end is the south s eeking pole, or south (S) pole.
If the north pole of another bar magnet is brought near the north pole
of this magnet, the two like poles will repel [Fig}
If the north pole of another bar magnet is brought near the north pole
of this
magnet, the two like poles will repel . The south pole of one magnet
will
attract the north pole of the other .
Forces between magnet
Magnetic field of force
A magnetic field is a field of force near a magnetic pole or near an
electric current that can be detected using another magnet. We can
represent this field of force by drawing lines that indicate the
direction of the force exerted on a north pole placed in the field.
The field of a bar magnet can be mapped by moving a small
compass around the magnet as shown in Fig. . These resulting lines
are called flux lines (lines of force). The flux lines can also be found
by sprinkling iron filings near a magnet
Forces between magnet
Magnetic flux is the total number of magnetic lines of force entering
or leaving
the pole of a magnet. The symbol for magnetic flux is the Greek letter
f. One magnetic line of force is given the unit maxwell (Mx). A more
useful unit is
108 Mx or one =weber (Wb).
Forces between magnet
The earth’s three-dimensional magnetic field is depicted in . Many
puzzling aspects of the earth’s magnetic field have not been resolved.
The north magnetic pole and the north geographic pole (sometimes
called true north) are at different locations. The axis of rotation and
the magnetic field axis are slightly different and change
approximately 10 min of arc each year. Even more puzzling, scientific
evidence indicates that the earth’s magnetic field reverses
completely every few hundred thousand years without significantly
affecting the earth’s rotational or orbital motions
Forces between magnet
Magnetic poles are similar to the behavior of electric charges in many
ways, but there is a very important difference. Electric charges can be
isolated, but magnetic poles cannot. A cluster of electrons doesn’t
need to be accompanied by a cluster of protons. However, a north
magnetic pole never exists without the presence of a south magnetic
pole. If a magnet is broken in half, each piece still has a north and a
south pole.
Forces between magnet
Magnet effect of current
When a current passes through a conductor, it forms a magnetic field.
A compass placed near the current shows the direction of this
magnetic field. Hans Christian Oersted was the first to discover the
connection between electricity and magnetism.
We can show this by connecting a battery to a wire. A compass
needle is placed under the wire as in
Magnet effect on current
When the switch is closed, the needle
is deflected as in Fig. 18.10(b). If the terminals of the battery are
reversed, the needle is deflected in the opposite direction [Fig.
18.10(c)]. When the compass needle is
placed on top of the conductor, the direction of deflection is reversed
in each case
[Fig. 18.10(d)–(f)]. When the current in a wire flows in a given
direction, the flux lines
point in one direction below the wire and in the opposite direction
above the wire.
Magnet effect on current
Magnet effect on curret
Magnet effect on current
The field actually curves around the straight current-carrying wire
[Fig. 18.11(a)]. Iron filings on a sheet of paper perpendicular to a
current-carrying wire show the shape of the field. The magnetic field
is stronger for large currents than for small currents. The direction of
the field near a current in a straight wire is shown in Fig. 18.11(b) and
given by Ampère’s rule:
Ampère’S rule
Hold the wire in your right hand with your thumb extended in the
direction of the current. Your fingers circle the wire in the direction of
the flux lines.
Magnet effect on current
where B = magnetic field
I = current through the wire
R = perpendicular distance from the center of the
wire m
0 = 4p * 10-7
T m/A
Ampere’s law
Amper’s law
The magnetic field, B, has the unit tesla (T), named after Nikola Tesla,
and is defined
in terms of electric current by the constant m0, the permeability
constant. The value
of m0 is not experimentally determined but is an assigned value that
explicitly defines
magnetic field in terms of electric current.
The magnetic field, B, may also be described in terms of magnetic
flux density, or
the number of magnetic lines of force passing through a given area:
Amper’s law
Amper’s law
Note that magnetic flux, f, includes the total area, whereas magnetic
flux density
describes a magnetic field in a specified area. The unit tesla (T) = 1
W/m2. If the area
is measured in square centimetres, the unit Gauss = 1 Mx/cm2 may
be used
Amper’slaw, pb1
A power line carrying 400 A is 9.00 m above a transit used by a
surveying student
[Fig. 18.12(a)].
(a) Find the magnetic field formed by the power-line current above
the transit.
(b) If the earth’s horizontal component of magnetic field is 5.20 * 10-5
T at that
location, what error could be introduced in the angular measurement?
(Assume
that the power line runs north–south.
Pb 1
Pb 2
Find the magnetic field at the center of a solenoid that is 0.425 m
long and 0.0750 m
in diameter, and has three layers of 850 turns each, when 0.250 A
flows throughout.
pb2
Induced magnatisim and
electromagnatism
Induced magnetism is produced in a magnetic material such as iron
when the magnetic
material is placed in a magnetic field, such as that produced in the
core of a currentcarrying solenoid (Fig. 18.16). An electromagnet
consists of a solenoid and a magnetic
core. When a current is passed through the solenoid, the magnetic
fields of the atoms
in the magnetic material line up to produce a strong magnetic field
Induced magnatisim and
electromagnatisim
When the current through the coil is turned off, the strength
of the induced magnet decreases, but some remains. When
the core is removed, a magnetic field remains in the core.
In materials such as soft iron, very little magnetic field
remains in the core after the current flow stops. In other
materials, such as steel, alnico, and PermalloyTM, a much
stronger field remains. The latter materials are used for
permanent magnets. However, they are undesirable for use
as a core in an induction motor. Soft-iron cores are often
used for this application because less energy is required to
reverse the polarity of the induced magnetic field
Induced magnatisim and
electromagnatisim
A magnet can be thought to consist of many atoms,
each behaving like a small magnet. In each atom,
the electrons orbit about the nucleus and each
electron spins about its own axis, producing small
current loops that generate magnetic fields. In most
materials, these current loops are arranged so that
their magnetic fields point in different directions.
The result is that the magnetism of one loop (atom)
is canceled out by those of its neighbors
Induced current
An induced current is produced in a circuit
by motion of the circuit through the flux lines
of a magnetic field. The strength depends on
the strength of the magnetic field and on the
rate at which the flux lines are cut by
moving the magnet or wire. Increasing the
strength of the field or increasing the rate at
which the flux lines are cut also causes the
current to increase.
Induced current
While the magnet shown in Fig. 18.18(a) is
moving downward, the galvanometer
indicates that a current flows through the
wire. If the magnet shown in Fig. 18.18(b) is
moving upward, the induced current is in the
opposite direction
Dc generator
by the use of a special device called a commutator, the ac generator
can be used to
produce direct current. The commutator is a split ring that replaces
the slip rings as
shown in Fig. 18.25(a). When side A of the coil passes upward along
the north pole,
Dc generator
brush 1. The current in the external circuit is also shown.
When side B of the coil passes upward along the north pole, the
induced current flows in the direction shown and is picked up by
brush 1 [Fig. 18.25(c)]. The current in the external circuit is in
the same direction as it was when A passed along the north pole
[Fig. 18.25(d)]. Thus, this is a direct current.
The current produced by this dc generator does not have the
same value at all times. A graph of the induced current is shown
in Fig. 18.26(a). Commercial dc generators that are used for
industrial purposes contain many coils. The output current has
almost the same value at all times due to the large number of
coils [Fig. 18.26(b)]
Electric motor
We have seen that like poles of magnets
repel each other. A magnet that is pivoted
will spin due to the repulsion of another
magnet nearby, as shown in Fig. 18.27(a).
We can construct an electromagnet by
wrapping wire around an iron core and
passing a current through the wire [Fig.
18.27(b)]. The north pole of the
electromagnet will be repelled by a north
pole of another magnet
Electric motor
If we could suddenly change the polarity of the electromagnet (often
called the
armature), the magnet would repel the north pole and the
electromagnet would continue to spin [Fig. 18.27(d)]. If a dc current
supply is used [Fig. 18.27(e)], this change
can be made by using a commutator (split ring) to change the
direction of the current
in the electromagnet. Changing the direction of the current flowing
through the coil
of the electromagnet changes the poles
Electric motor
As the current changes direction, the electromagnet spins due to the
repulsion
of like poles. A shaft may be connected to the electromagnet so that the
rotational
motion can be used to do work. In a motor the armature rotates in the
magnetic field
of the stator when a current is passed through the armature and
converts electric
energy to mechanical energy and thus performs the reverse function of
a generator
(Fig. 18.28).
If ac curren
Industrial motor
Commercial motors operate in the same way as the motors
just discussed. However, they usually use electromagnets in
place of the permanent magnets and are much more
complex. Slip rings are not necessary in ac motors. The
current in the rotating electromagnet can be induced in the
same way a current is induced in a generator.
Motors can be designed for many different purposes. Heavily
loaded motors need certain types of starters. The torque and
power outputs can be greatly varied by differences in design.
Three types of ac motors are discussed here
Industrial motor
Three types of ac motors are discussed here
1. The universal motor (Fig. 18.30) can be run on either ac or dc power. Slip
rings
are used in this type of motor as in dc motors. This motor is often used in small
hand tools and appliances.
2. The induction motor (Fig. 18.31), a widely used, heavy-duty ac motor,
depends
on a rotating magnetic field for its operation. Instead of the rotating
electromagnet being connected to a power source by slip rings, the current in
the electromagnet is induced by a moving magnetic field created by an ac
current. Three
pairs of poles and a three-phase current cause the stator to rotate and induce
currents in the rotor
Industrial motor
3. The synchronous motor (Fig. 18.32) is very
similar to the slip-ring ac motor discussed earlier. The
rotating electromagnet is supplied with current
through slip rings. The speed of rotation of a
synchronous motor is constant, depends on the
number of coils, and is directly proportional to the
frequency of its ac power supply. The synchronous
motor will work only when operated with an ac power
source of the frequency for which it is designed. The
word synchronous is derived
Induction motor Driil machine
Written by Engr Waseem Javaid
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