IJSO-PHYSICS MODULE - (PART-3)

CONTENT

Sr. No. Topic Name Page No.

1. CIRCULAR MOTION 1- 9

2. ROTATIONAL MOTION 10 - 27

3. MAGNETISM AND EMI 28 - 45

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MAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
 Magnetism
It was known to the Greeks more than 2000 years ago that certain stones called lodestones from
magnesia attract pieces of iron. Lodestone is now called ‘magnetite ore’. The word ‘magnetic’ comes
from magnesia’ the island where lodestone (magnetite ore) was found. The island of Magnesia is
situated in west of present day Turkey. Chinese use magnetic needles for navigation on ships as early
in 400 B. C.
 In 1820, Hans Christian Oersted, accidentally discovered that a compass needle got deflected
when an electric current passed through a metallic wire placed nearby. Through this observation
Oersted slowed that electricity and magnetism were related phenomena. Now, it is established
that there are two sources of magnetism namely, electric currents and permanent magnets.

 Permanent Magnets
A solid of any shape or size which can attract pieces of materials like iron, cobalt, nickel is called
magnet. A magnet in the shape of a rod or a bar is called a bar magnet.

 Magnetic poles The places where the attracting power of a bar magnet is maximum are called
‘poles’. Poles are regions or small area situated near the ends of bar magnet, not exactly at the ends.

 Properties of a bar magnet

 Attractive nature When iron filings are put near a bar magnet, the magnet attracts iron
filings towards it. The attracting power is maximum near the ends (poles) and minimum at
the centre (neutral region).

 Directive property When a magnet is suspended freely, it aligns itself to north-south

direction. The pole of the bar magnet pointing towards north direction when suspended freely
is called ‘north pole (or north seeking pole)’. The pole of the bar magnet pointing towards
south direction when suspended freely is called ‘south pole (or south seeking pole)’.
 Poles exist in pairs In a bar magnet there are always two poles which are equal in strength
and opposite in nature. This means that ‘magnetic mono poles do not exist’. If a magnet is
broken into number of pieces, each piece becomes a magnetic dipole.
 Inductive nature When certain substances like soft iron, steel, cobalt, nickel are placed near
a bar magnet, they acquire magnetization called induced magnetization. The phenomenon is
called ‘magnetic induction’. It involves inducing opposite pole in a magnetic material like
iron on the side facing the magnetic pole.
 Like poles repel and unlike poles attract. This means, south-south or north-north repel while
south-north attract.
 Natural Magnets Natural occurring minerals or ores having magnetic properties are called
‘natural magnets’. Due to their irregular shapes and weak attracting power, natural magnets
are now a days, rarely used.
 Artificial magnets Now a day’s pieces of iron and many other materials of suitable shapes
and sizes are made as magnets by passing current through a wire wound around them e.g. Bar
magnet, U-shaped magnet, magnetic needle etc.

 Magnetic field
A three dimensional region of influence surrounding a magnet, in which other magnets or materials
like iron are affected by magnetic forces is called ‘magnetic field’.
 The space surroundings a magnetic dipole (or magnet) in which magnetic effects can be
experienced is called ‘magnetic field’.

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 Magnetic field lines (or magnetic lines of force) A magnetic field line is an imaginary curve
such that the tangent to the curve at any point on it gives the direction of magnetic field at
that point.

 Properties of magnetic lines of force

 In a magnet, magnetic field lines arise from north pole in the surrounding space and ends on
the south pole.
 Magnetic field lines can never interest each other because if they intersect at a point,
magnetic field at that point will have two directions which is not possible. (If we put a
magnetic needle at such a point it will point in two directions, that is impossible !!)
 The relative strength of the magnetic field is shown by the degree of closeness of the field
lines. The crowded lines represent strong magnetic field while distant lines represent weak
magnetic field.
 The magnetic field lines are continuous curve or closed curves they are directed south to
north within the material of the magnet.
 The materials like iron, nickel, cobalt when placed in a magnetic field get strongly
magnetised in the direction of field i.e., the field inside them is greatly enhanced. Such
materials are called ferromagnetic materials’.

 Magnetic field due to a current carrying straight conductor

The magnetic field lines around a straight current carrying conductor are concentric circles with the
conductor located a their centre. The plane of these concentric field lines is perpendicular to the
conductor. A simple experiment carried out by Oersted in 1820 clearly demonstrates that a current
carrying conductor produces a magnetic field. In this experiment, several compass needles are placed
in a horizontal plane on a circle with a long vertical at its centre. When there is no current in the wire
[see fig. (a)], all needles point in the same direction i.e., north-south direction. However, when the
wire carries a steady current, the needles all deflect in directions tangent to the circle [see fig. (b)]

 Oersted concluded that ‘moving charges or currents produce a magnetic field in the
surrounding space’.
 Right hand thumb rule The direction of magnetic field due to a straight current carrying
wire can be found by right hand thumb rule [see fig. (c)]
‘Imagine that you are holding a current-carrying straight conductor in your right hand and the
thumb is stretched along the direction of current, then the fingers will wrap around the
conductor in the direction of the field lines of the magnetic field’.

 Magnetic field produced by a straight current carrying conductor is directly proportional to

the current flowing through it and inversely proportional to the distance from the conductor.
That is more the current more will be the strength of magnetic field at a given point and vice-
versa. More the distance from the conductor less will be the strength of the magnetic field
and vice-versa.

 Magnetic field due to a current carrying circular loop

Let us take a conducting wire in the form of circular loop and an electric current is flowing through it. At
every point of the loop, the magnetic field lines are in the form of concentric circles surrounding the
loop. The size of these circles would become larger and larger as we move away from the wire. At the

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centre of the circular loop, the arcs of these big circles would appear as straight lines. Every point on the
wire carrying current would give rise to the magnetic field appearing as straight lines at the centre of the
loop. Every point of the loop contribute to the magnetic field at any point near the loop is the resultant of
the individual contribution of all the points of the loop.
The direction of magnetic field due to a current carrying circular wire can be found by right and thumb
rule (fig.)

 Biot-Savart Law The magnitude of the magnetic field at a distance from a current element
carrying a current ‘I’ is found to be proportional to current ‘I’, the length and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance(r). The direction of magnetic field is to the element as
well as .

 is a constant of proportionality (magnetic constant), angle between and

 called ‘permeability of vacuum or free space.

 Speed of light,
 ‘dB' is called ‘magnetic field’, ‘magnetic field induction’ or ‘magnetic flux density’.
 S. I. unit of dB is Tesla (T).
 There is a great difference between the electric field lines and magnetic field lines. The electric field
lines either originate or end at the charges. They never form close loops. But magnetic field lines
start and end at the same point, forming closed loops.
 Magnetic field due to infinitely long straight current carrying wire at a distance R from it near its

centre
B is perpendicular to both I as well R. On the left side, it is outward, on the right side it is inward.
 Magnetic field due to infinitely long straight current carrying wire at a distance R from it near its one
end

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 Magnetic field of a solenoid
If a long, straight conducting wire is bent into a coil of several closely spaced loops, the resulting
device is a solenoid. This device acts as a magnet only when it carries a current.
 A solenoid is a long insulated wire wound in the form of a helix where neighbouring turns are
closely spaced.
 In a solenoid, each turn is regarded as a circular loop and the net magnetic field is the resultant of
all the individual fields due to all the turns. Magnetic field is quite strong and almost uniform
inside the solenoid. The direction of magnetic field inside the solenoid is parallel to the length of
the solenoid. At the ends of solenoid, the strength of the magnetic field is almost the half that in
the mid of the solenoid.
 The magnetic field inside a solenoid increases with the current and is proportional to the number
of coils per unit length. Also, its field is greatly enhanced when a material like soft iron is placed
inside it. The more tightly the turns are would stronger will be the magnetic field inside the
solenoid. In other words, smaller the air gaps between the neighbouring turns of the solenoid,
stronger will be its magnetic field.

Where, n = no. of turn per unit length, I = current flowing through the solenoid.

 Electromagnets A strong magnetic field produced inside a solenoid can be used to magnetise a
piece of magnetic material, like soft iron, when placed inside the current carrying solenoid. The
magnet so formed is called an electromagnet.
 Electromagnets are used in switches, electric bells, metal-lifting cranes, and many other applications.
Usually, soft iron is used to make electromagnets because it easily gets magnetized and easily gets
demagnetized.
 Strength of an electromagnet increases with the current and is proportional to the number of coils per
unit length.
 Magnetic force on a moving charge

Magnitude of force, F = q v B
 As force is always to the motion in a magnetic field, work done is given by.

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 Work done in motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field is always zero. Thus ‘kinetic energy’
(K) and hence speed ‘v’ remains constant (velocity is not constant as direction of changes
because of force )
 Motion of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field

 Particle moving to field

Magnetic force,
Or
In this case, F is maximum and it is always to motion (velocity). Such a motion will be a circular
motion with its plane to B.
 The centripetal force is provided by the force q v B

or (radius of circular path)

In a given field,

 The angular velocity ‘ ’ of charged particle is given by,

 Frequency, ’v’ is called ‘cyclotron frequency.

 Time period,

 Force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field :

An electric current flowing through a conductor produces a magnetic field in a surrounding space exerts
a force on a magnet placed near it. French scientist Andre Marie Ampere suggested that the magnet must
also exert an equal and opposite force on the current carrying conductor.

Magnetic force on a current carrying straight conductor:

Magnitude,
Where, ‘ ’ is the length of conductor, I is the current flowing through it, B is the applied field, is
the angle between and B.

 Fleming’s left-hand rule: The direction of force on a current carrying conductor is given by
Fleming’s left-hand rule. According to this rule, ‘stretch the thumb, fore flinger and central finger of
your left hand such that they are mutually perpendicular. If the force finger points in the direction of
magnetic field and the central finger in the direction of current, then the thumb will point in the
direction of motion or the force acting on the conductor.

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 Force on a current carrying straight rod (or wire) is largest when the direction of current is at
right angles to the direction of the magnetic field and it is zero when the rod and field are parallel
to each other.
 The direction of force a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field is always
perpendicular to the plane containing current and magnetic field.
 Force on a charge at rest placed in a magnetic field is zero. Thus, just like as moving charges
produce a magnetic field, so too only moving charge are affected by a magnetic field.

 Electric motor
An electric motor is a rotating device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy.

 Principle involved: It is based on the fact that a current carrying coil ABCD made of an insulated
copper wire. The coil consists of large number of turns and it is wound on a soft iron core. The coil is
placed between the two poles of a magnetic field such that the arm AB and CD are perpendicular to
the direction of the magnetic field. The ends of the coil are connected to the two half rings R and R
1 2

called split rings. The inner sides of split rings are insulated and attached to an axle. The external
conducting edges of R and R touch two conducting stationary brushes (usually made of carbon)B1
1 2

and B2, respectively.

 Working :
(1) Current in the coil DCBA enters from the source battery through conducting brush R and flows book
2

to the battery through brush B . The current in arm AB of the coil flows from B to A and in arm CD it flows
1

from D to C, that is, opposite to the direction of current through arm AB.
(2) On applying Fleming’s left hand rule we find that the force acting on arm AB pushes it upwards
while the force acting on arm CD pushes it downwards. Thus, the coil and the axle mounted free to turn
about an axis starts rotating.
(3) After half rotating, B2 makes contact with the brush R1 and B1 with brush R2. Thus, the current in
the coil gets reversed and flows along the path ABCD. As a result, the directions of force acting on the two
arms AB and CD are reversed. The arm AB of the coil that was earlier pushed up is now pushed down
and the arm CD previously pushed down is now pushed up. Due to this, the direction of rotation of the coil
remains unchanged. The reversing of the current is repeated after every half rotation, giving rise to a
continuous rotation of the coil and the axle.
 Electric motor is used as an important component in electric fans, refrigerators, mixers, washing
machines, computers, MP3 players, etc.
 A device that reverses the direction of flow of current through a circuit is called a commutator. In
electric motors, the split ring acts as a commutator.

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 Features of earth’s magnetic field:
 The magnetic axis of earth makes an angle of approximately 11.3 with geographic axis.
o

 Since the north pole of a compass needle is directed approximately towards the geographic north
(N ), the magnetic pole near N is denoted as magnetic north pole (N ). Similarly, the magnetic pole
g g m

near the geographic south pole (S ) is denoted as magnetic south pole (S ).

g m

 Both the magnetic pole N and S are the points on the earth’s surface, not in the interiors of earth.
m m

Nm is located at a point in northern Canada with latitude of 79.74 N and longitude at 71.78 W. S is
o o
m

located at a diametrically opposite point which is 79.74 S and 108.22 E in the Antarctica. (Positions
o o

of poles also vary with time).

 The magnetic field of earth is not constant, it varies from place on earth, its value being of the order
of 10 T. Also, the magnetic field varies at a given place with time.
-5

 The earth’s magnetic lines of force emerge out from magnetic south pole (near S ) and terminate on
g

magnetic north pole (near N ). The magnetic lines are almost parallel near the magnetic equator and
g

perpendicular near the magnetic poles.

 At the magnetic equator, the field lines are almost horizontal i.e., vertical component of earth’s
magnetic field is zero. At magnetic poles, magnetic field lines are almost vertical i.e., horizontal
component of earth’s magnetic field is zero Thus, we cannot use magnetic compass needle at poles
for navigation

 Diamagnetic materials: The materials which when placed in a magnetizing field get feebly
(weakly) magnetized in direction opposite to the magnetizing field are called ‘diamagnetic
materials’.
Examples: Bismuth, copper, lead, silicon, nitrogen, water, sodium chloride, silver, mercury, inert
gases (He, Ne, etc.) hydrogen.
 Paramagnetic materials: The materials which when placed in a magnetizing field get feebly
magnetized in the direction of magnetizing field are called ‘paramagnetic materials’.
Examples : nickel (Ni), Cobalt (Co), Iron (Fe), Alnico, Steel, Gadolinium (Gd).
 Hard ferromagnetic materials: The ferromagnetic materials in which the magnetization persists
even after the removal of the magnetic field are called hard ferromagnetic materials e.g., Alnico
(alloy of Fe, Al, Ni, Co, Cu) lodestone (magnetite), steel (cobalt steel). Hard ferromagnetic materials
are used to make permanent magnets.
 Soft ferromagnetic materials : The ferromagnetic materials in which the magnetization disappears
on removal of external magnetic field are called ‘soft ferromagnetic materials’. e.g., Soft iron (used
in electromagnets).

 Electromagnetic induction: The phenomenon of production of an emf or electric current in a circuit

when a magnet is moved towards or away from the circuit is called electromagnetic induction.
In 1831 Michael Faraday, the great British scientist found that a moving magnetic field can give rise
to an emf. Independently, this effect was discovered by Joseph Henry in USA at about same time Let
us understand it using an experiment:
 When a bar magnet is pushed towards a circular conducting coil, the galvanometer deflection
takes place. This implies that a current has been set up in the coil without using any battery.
 The deflection in the galvanometer stops when the magnet is made stationary. This implies that
current flowed for the time when the magnet was moving.

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 When the magnet is pulled away from the coil, an electric current is produced, but in a reverse
direction then before.
 Also, if south pole is used instead of north, the directions of electric current are different when
the magnet moved towards or away from the coil as in the case of north pole.
 The experiment works even the coil is moved towards the magnet. This implies that ‘for
producing electric current relative motion between the coil and magnet is necessary’.

 A galvanometer is an instrument that can detect the presence of a current in a circuit. The pointer
remains at zero (the centre of the scale) for zero current flowing through it. It can deflect either to the
right of the zero mark depending on the direction of current.

 Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction:

 Whenever there is a change of magnetic flux through a circuit there will be an induced emf and this
will last at long as the change in flux persists.
 The magnitude of the induced emf is equal to the time rate of change of magnetic flux.
 Magnetic flux is the number of magnetic field lines passing through a given perpendicular area.
 The induced voltage in a coil is directly proportional to the product of the number of loops and
the rate at which the magnetic field (or flux) changes within those loops.
 Lenz’s law:
The polarity of induced emf is such that it tends to produce an electric current which opposes the change
that produces it.
 Lenz’s law is used to find the direction of induced current in a coil.
 Induced emf : The emf induced in a circuit by changing magnet field lines associated with it is called
‘induced emf’.
 Induced current: The current produced in a circuit by changing magnetic field associated with it is
called ‘induced current’.
 To induce current in a coil, it is convenient in most situations to move the coil in a magnetic field.
The induced current is found to be the maximum when the direction of motion of the coil is at right
angles to the magnetic field.
 In case of electromagnetic induction, an emf always exists, whether circuit is closed or open, but the
current exists only if circuit is closed.

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 Fleming’s right-hand rule: The direction of induced current in a conductor is given by Fleming’s
right hand rule. According to this rule, ‘stretch the thumb, forefinger and central finger of your right
hand such that they are mutually perpendicular. If the fore finger points in the direction of magnetic
field and the thumb shows the direction of motion of conductor, then the central finger will show the
direction of induced current.

 Electric generator (AC generator)

An electric generator is a device which converts mechanical energy to electrical energy using the
phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. An a.c. generator was invented by Nicola Tesla.

 Principle involved: When a coil is rotated about an axis perpendicular to the direction of uniform
magnetic field, an emf is induced in it. (Electromagnetic induction).

 Construction: It consists of an rectangular coil ABCD having a large number of turns of a

conducting insulated wire wound on a soft iron core. The coil is rotated between the poles of a strong
permanent magnet with its axis perpendicular to the magnetic field lines. The ends of the coil are
connected to two slip rings R and R respectively. The slip rings R and R are internally attached to
1 2 1 2

an axle (not shown in fig.) The axle may be mechanically rotated from outside to rotate the coil
inside the magnetic field. The slip rings R and R are in sliding contact (moving contact) with two
1 2

metallic (or carbon) brushes B and B .

1 2

 Working:
(a) Let initially coil ABCD is in horizontal position and it is rotated in between the poles of the
magnet. Due to the rotation of armature, the arm AB moves down while the arm CD moves up. Thus,
magnetic field lines through them changes and an electric current is induced in AB and CD.
(b) By Fleming’s right hand rule, in AB current flows B to A and in CD current flows D to C. As a
result, an electric current flows through the whole circuit i.e., B to B in external circuit [see fig. (a)].
1 2

As the coil rotates, the induced current varies in magnitude as well as direction. After half rotation,
arms AB and CD of the coil interchange their position. Now, the arm AB is on right and CD on left
side. Thus, the directions of induced current in AB and CD are reversed. As a result, an electric
current flows through the circuit in reverse direction i.e., B to B in external circuit [see fig. (b)].
2 1

(c) The polarities of two ends of coil changes after every half rotation of the coil. In one complete
cycle (rotation), the direction of current changes twice. Such a current, while changes direction after
equal intervals of time, is called an alternating current (AC).

 Alternating current (AC)

The electric current, whose magnitude varies with time and direction reverses periodically provided
its amplitude is constant is called ‘alternating current’.

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 In India, the frequency of AC is 50 Hz i.e., 50 cycles per second. In one cycle, the direction of
AC changes twice, thus, in one second, the direction of AC changes times. In other
words, AC changes direction after every 1/100 second.

 Direct current (DC)

The electric current, whose magnitude and direction does not vary with time is called ‘direct
current’. Usually DC is produced by a cell or a battery.

 Advantages of AC over DC
 AC voltages can be easily increased (step up) or decreased (step down) with the help of
transformers.
 Long distance transmission takes place at high voltage (i.e., less current) to minimize heat losses.
This is done easily by using AC voltage because an AC voltage can easily by increased by using
a transformer.
 The cost of generation of AC is less than that of DC.
 AC devices are simple, robust and require less care as compared to DC devices.
 Disadvantages of AC over DC
 AC is more dangerous than DC.
 A device operating at 220V AC has to sustain a peak value of approximately 310V
 For pressure like electrolysis, electroplating, AC cannot be used, only DC can be used.
 An alternating current flows mainly on the surface of conductor (called skin effect). Thus, instead
of a simple thick wire, for AC, we have to use several thin wires twisted to form a main wire
which increases its cost of manufacturing.

 Transformer:
For many purpose, it is necessary to change on a.c. voltage from greater to smaller value or vice-versa.
This is done by using a device called ‘transformer’.
 The device which transform a high a.c. voltage into a low a.c. voltage and vice-versa is called
‘transformer’.
 Principle: Transformer works on principle of mutual induction. If two coils are placed quite near to
each other and a variable current is passed through one coil, then an emf is induced in other coil due
to changing magnetic flux.
 Construction : A transformer essentially consists of:
(a) Two sets of coils, insulated from each other. The coil across which an ac voltage is applied is
called ‘primary coil’ and the coil in which an emf is induced due to mutual induction is called
‘secondary coil’.
(b) A common soft iron core, around which the coils are wound.

 Working :
(a) When an a. c. voltages is applied to the primary, the resulting current produces an alternating
magnetic flux.
(b) This magnetic flux links with the secondary and induces an emf in it (mutual induction). The
value of this emf depends on the no. of turns in the secondary.

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Formulae involved in transformer”

Where, voltage across secondary coil; voltage across primary coil;

no. of turns in secondary coil; no. of turns in primary coil
current in the primary coil; current in the secondary coil

 Step up transformer: A transformer in which output voltage (secondary voltage) is greater than
its input voltage (primary voltage) is called ‘step up transformer’.
 In a step up transformer, since output voltage is high, thus, output current is low ( P=V I =
constant).
 In a step up transformer, .

 Step down transformer: A transformer in which the output voltage (secondary voltage) is less
than its input voltage (primary voltage) is called ‘step down transformer.
 In a step down transformer, since output voltage is low, thus, output current is high ( P = V I =
constant).
 A transformer works on a.c. only and never on d.c.
 A transformer can increase or decrease either voltage or current but both simultaneously. That is,
at high voltage, current is low and vice-versa (P = V I = constant). A transformer is not a source
of energy.
 The frequency of a.c. voltage in the secondary coil is equal to the frequency of a.c. voltage in
primary coil.
 Long distance power transmission takes place at high voltage (and low constant) to minimize the
heat losses.

 Domestic electric circuits

 The power supply to houses are given through overhead electric poles having aluminium wires or
through underground cables. One wire of power supply is called live wire (or positive) which has
usually a red insulation cover. Another wire, with black insulation cover is called neutral wire (or
negative). In our country, the potential difference between these two wire is 220 V.
 These wires pass into an electricity meter through a main fuse at the meter-board in the house. The
main fuse is joined in series with the live wire. Through the main switch they are connected to the
line wires in the house. The line wires supply electricity to separate circuits within the house. Mostly
two separate circuits are used, one of 15 A current rating for appliances with higher power ratings
such as geysers, air conditions air coolers refrigerators etc. The other circuit is of 5 A current rating
for bulbs, tube lights, CFLs, fans, etc.
 There is an earth wire, which has insulation of green colour, is usually connected to a metal plate
deep in the earth near the house. This is used as a safety measure, particularly for the devices with a
metallic body like electric press, toaster, table fan, refrigerator, etc. The metallic body is connected to
the earth wire, which provides a low-resistance conducting path for the current. Thus, any leakage of
current to the metallic body of the device will go into the earth through the earth wire. Thus, the user
will not get a severe electric shock.
 In each separate circuit, different devices can be connected across the live and neutral wires. Each
device has a separate to ‘on’ or ‘off’ the flow of current through if. All the devices in domestic
electric circuits are joined in parallel in order that each device has equal potential difference.

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 In India, 220V AC is used for home supply. This value is not the beak value it is effective value (also
called rms value). The peak value is approximately 210V.
 Earthing (or grounding) is the process of (transferring charge to the Earth. This is done by
conducting wire or a conducting rod.

Magnetic effects of electric current

1. A positively charged particle moving due east enters a region of uniform magnetic field directed
vertically upwards. The particle will
(a) Deflected vertically upwards
(b) Move in a circular orbit with its speed increased
(c) Move in a circular orbit with its speed unchanged
(d) Continue to move due east

2. For protecting a magnetic needle it should be placed

(a) In an iron box (b) In wooden box (c) In metallic box (d) None of these

3. A coil of one loop is made by a wire of length L and there after a coil of two loops is made by same
wire. The ratio of magnetic field at the centre of coils respectively
(a) (b) (c) (d)

4. For the given current distribution the magnetic field at point P is

(a) (b) (c) (d)

5. A long solenoid carrying a current produces a magnetic field B along its axis. If the current is
doubled and the number of turns per cm is halved, the new value of the magnetic field is
(a) B/2 (b) B (c) 2B (d) 4B

6. A very long straight wire carries a current I. AT the instant when a charge + Q at point P has velocity
, as shown, the magnetic force on the charge is

(a) Along ox (b) Opposite to oy (c) Along oy (d) Opposite to ox

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7. A beam of electrons passes undeflected through mutually perpendicular electric and magnetic fields.
If the electric field is switched off and the same magnetic field is maintained the electrons move
(a) Along a straight line (b) In an elliptical orbit
(c) In a circular orbit (d) Along a parabolic path

8. A charged particle enters a magnetic field B with its initial velocity making an angle of 45 with B.
o

The path of the particle will be

(a) A straight line (b) A circle (c) An ellipse (d) A helix

9. Magnetic field is produced by the flow of current in a straight wire. This phenomenon is based on
(a) Faraday’s law (b) Maxwells’ law (c) Coulomb’s law (d) Orested’s law

10. The force for a conducting loop when magnetic field is

(a) Perpendicular to the plane (b) Paraliel to plane of loop
(c) Antiparallel to plane of loop (d) None of the above

11. An electron is moving with velocity in the direction of magnetic field , then force acting on
electron is

(a) Zero (b) (c) (d) None

12. Which of the following statement is not true, magnetic field at the centre of current carrying loop
(a) Proportional to current (b) Inversely proportional to radius
(c) Proportional to number of turns (d) None

13. A current carrying wire is arranged at any angle in an uniform magnetic field, then
(a) Only force acts on wire (b) Only torque acts on wire
(c) Both (d) None

14. For a magnetic needle placed in a uniform magnetic field, which of following are correct
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) a, b (b) a, c (c) c, d (d) b, d

15. Force between straight wire and loop will be

(a) Repulsive (b) No force (c) Attractive (d) None

16. In the shown figure magnetic field at point A will be

(a) (b) (c) (D) Zero

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17. A proton, deuteron and an -particle are accelerated by same potential enters in uniform magnetic
field perpendicularly. Ratio of radii of circular path respectively
(a) (b) (c) (d)

18. When alternating current passes through a spring then it

(a) Contracts (b) Expands (c) Oscillates (d) Unchange

19. Which of the following demonstrated that earth has a magnetic field
(a) Intensity of cosmic rays (stream of charged particle coming from outer space) is more at the poles
than at the equator
(b) Earth is surrounded by an ionsphere (a shell of charged particles)
(c) Earth is a planet rotating about the north south axis
(d) Large quantity of iron ore is found in the earth

20. A particle moving in a magnetic field has increased its velocity then its radius of the circle
(a) Remains the same (b) Increases (c) Decreases (d) Becomes half

21. When the current flowing in a circular coil is doubled and the number of turns of the coil in it is
halved, the magnetic field at its centre will become
(a) Same (b) Four time (c) Half (d) Double

22. An ionized gas contains both positive and negative ions. If it is subjected simultaneously to an
electric field along the + x direction and a magnetic field along the + z direction then
(a) Positive ions deflect towards + y direction and negative ions towards –y direction
(b) All ions deflect towards + y direction
(c) All ions deflect towards –y direction
(d) Positive ions deflect towards –y direction and negative ions towards + y direction

23. Match the following

(i) Magnetic flux (A) Tesla
(ii) Magnetic flux density (B) Weber
(iii) Relative permeability (C) No unit
(iv) Magnetic field intensity (D) Ampere/meter
(a) (i)-(B), (ii)-(A), (iii)-(C), (iv)-(D) (b) (i)-(D), (ii)-(B), (iii)-(A), (iv)-(C)
(c) (i)-(C), (ii)-(D), (iii)-(C), (iv)-(A) (d) (i)-(B), (ii)-(D), (iii)-(C), (iv)-(A)

24. A uniform electric field and a uniform magnetic field are acting along the same direction in a certain
region. If an electron is projected along the direction of the fields with a certain velocity then
(a) It will turn towards left of direction of motion
(b) It will turn towards right of direction of motion
(c) Its velocity will increase
(d) Its velocity decrease

25. A closed loop PQRS carrying a current is placed in a uniform magnetic field. If the magnetic forces
on segments PS, SR and PQ are F , F and F respectively and are in the plane of the paper and along
1 2 3

the directions shown, the force on the segment QP is

(a) (b) (c) (d)

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26. Two identical conducting wires AOB and COD are placed at right angles to each other. The wire
AOB carries an electric current I and COD carries a current I . The magnetic field on a point lying at
1 2

a distance ‘d’ from O, in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the wires AOB and COD, will be
given by

(a) 4B (b) B/2 (c) B (d) 2B

27. Magnetic field at point ‘P’ due to given current distribution

(a) (b) (c) (d) Zero

28. Two thick two thin wires, all of the same materials and same length form a square in the three
different ways P,Q and R as shown in figure with current connection shown, The magnetic field at
the centre of the square is zero in cases

(a) In P only (b) In P and Q only (c) In Q and R only (d) P and R only

29. The charges 1, 2, 3 are moves in uniform transverse magnetic field then

(a) Particle ‘1’ positive and particle 3 negative

(b) Particle 1 negative and particle 3 positive
(c) Particle 1 negative and particle 2 neutral
(d) Particle 1 and 3 are positive and particle 2 neutral

30. The following information pertains to questions 30-32. Consider a magnetic field uniform over a
large volume of space directed perpendicular to and into the page. A straight wire lying along the
right edge of the paper, carrying a conventional current of 2.0 A directed from the bottom of the page
toward the top of the page would experience a force ________ the page.
(a) Directed perpendicular to and into (b) Directed toward the bottom edge of
(c) Directed toward the top edge of (d) Directed toward the left side of

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31. An electron entering this field moving initially along a line parallel to the top edge of this page from
your left toward your right would experience a force ________the page
(a) Directed perpendicular to and out of (b) Directed perpendicular to and into
(c) Directed toward the bottom edge of (d) Directed toward the right side of

32. An unionized carbon 12 atom in its ground energy state, upon entering this field moving initially
from your left toward your right along the line of print you are now reading would experience a force
(a) Directed in some other way relative to
(b) Geez good question, but the force is zero
(c) Directed toward the right side of
(d) Directed perpendicular to and out of

33. The following information pertains to questions 33-35

A beam of protons moving with speed v enters a uniform magnetic field moving perpendicular to the
0

magnetic field. The protons then move in a circle of radius R 0

If the speed of the protons was decreased slightly the radius of the circle on which they move would
_______.
(a) Decreases (b) Increases
(c) Remain constant (d) B impossible to predict

34. If the strength of the magnetic field was increased slightly the work done on the protons by the
magnetic field during one revolution in the field would_________
(a) Be impossible to predict (b) Increase
(c) Decreases (d) Remain constant

35. If a beam of electron moving with the same velocity as these protons was injected into the same
magnetic field the radius of the circle on which the electrons move would be _____R 0

(a) Less than (b) More than (c) Incomparable with (d) Equal to

36. A flat circular coil with radius and no turns is positioned so that the plane of the coil is parallel to
a horizontal uniform magnetic field of strength . The coil carries a conventional current of
magnitude and experiences a torque of magnitude . If the current in the coil was increased
slightly the magnitude of the torque acting of the coil would _______.
(a) Increase (b) Be impossible to predict
(c) Remain constant (d) Decrease

37. A beam of identical particles having a continuous distribution of velocities is passed through a
crossed field velocity selector all have speeds very near . If the magnitude of the magnetic field
within the velocity selector was increased slightly, the particles emerging from the velocity selector
would have speeds __________
(a) Incomparable with (b) Equal to (c) More than (d) Less than

38. Singly ionized particles with mass move in a circle with radius in the analyzing magnetic field
within a mass spectrometer. Other particles, also singly simultaneously from the same test sample
and having mass less than will move in a circle with a radius _______
(a) Less than (b) Incomparable with (c) Equal to (d) More than

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ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
39. As shown in the figure, a copper coil A and a wire are placed in the plane of the paper. A current of
1A flows in the wire in the directions as shown in the figure. If the magnitude of the current is raised
to 2A. What will be the direction of the induced current in the coil.

(a) Anti clock wise (b) Clock wise

(c) No current will induced (d) None of the above

40. The north pole of a magnet is brought near a metallic ring as shown in the fig. The direction of
induced current in the ring will be

(a) Anticlock wise (b) Clock wise

(c) Fist anticlock wise and then clock wise (d) First clock wise and then anticlock wise

41. The direction of induced current is such that it opposes the every cause that has produced it. This is
(a) Lenz’s law (b) Faraday’s law (c) Kirchoff’s law (d) Fleming’s law

42. A cylindrical bar magnet is kept along the axis of a circular coil. If the magnet is rotated about its
axis then
(a) A current will be induced in a coil
(b) No current will be induced in a coil
(c) Only e.m.f will be induced in the coil
(d) An e.m.f and a current both will be induced in the coil

43. Consider a metal ring kept on a horizontal plane. A bar magnet is held above the ring with its length
along the axis of the ring. If the magnet is dropped freely the acceleration of the falling magnet is (g
is acceleration due to gravity)

(a) More than g (b) Equal to g

(c) Less than g (d) Depend on mass of magnet

44. A charged particle moves along the line AB, which lies in the same plane of a circular loop of
conducting wire as shown in the fig. Then

(a) No current will be induced in the loop

(b) The current induced in the loop will change its direction as the charged particle passes by
(c) The current induced will be anticlockwise
(d) The current induced, will be clockwise

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45. A long horizontal metallic rod with length along the east-west direction is falling under gravity. The
potential difference between its two ends will
(a) Be zero (b) Be constant (c) Increase with time (d) Decrease with time

46. Core of transformer is laminated

(a) To increase the potential ratio in primary and secondary coil
(b) To reduce eddy current
(c) To reduce the weight of transformer
(d) None of these

47. Two identical circular coils A and B are placed parallel to each other with their centres on the same
axis. The coil B carries a current I in the clock wise direction as seen from A. What would be the
direction of the induced current in A seen from B when
(1) The current in B is increased
(2) The coil B is moved towards A keeping the current in B constant
(c) Clockwise, clockwise
(d) Anti clockwise, anti clockwise

48. If a bar magnet is dropped vertically into a, long copper tube then its final acceleration a will be
(a) a = g (b) a > g (c) a < g (d) a = 0

49. In the circuit shown in figure bulb will become suddenly bright if

(a) Key is closed (b) Key is opened

(c) Key is opened or closed (d) Would not become bright

50. Large transformer, when used for some time become hot and are cooled by circulating oil. The
heating of transformer is due to
(a) Heating effect of current alone (b) Hysteresis loss alone
(c) Eddy current losses alone (d) All of above

ANSWER KEY

1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (d)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (b)

21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (d) 26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (d)

31. (c) 32. (b) 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (d) 36. (a) 37. (d) 38. (a) 39. (b) 40. (a)

41. (a) 42. (b) 43. (c) 44. (b) 45. (c) 46. (b) 47. (a) 48. (d) 49. (b) 50. (d)

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