Monday, April 22, 2024 Understanding the key principles underpinning Electromagnetism Michael Adeleye, Ph.D, P.G. Dip.Ed.Introduction to Magnetic Fields Learning Objectives 4. To understand the basic principles that forms the foundation of electromagnetism To recall properties of a magnet To recap the nature of the magnetic field around a bar magnet & the Earth To understand the nature of the magnetic field around a current- carrying wireFor starters... Be MiteMa a Eiccte tele Maree iy oe One story Albert Einstein liked to tell about his childhood was of a wonder he saw when he was four or five years old: a magnetic compass. The needle's invariable northward swing, guided by an invisible force, profoundly impressed Din Maal Co Pm Mamet Kemeol Ulan Raitt that there had to be "something behind things, something deeply hidden.”Main course... Exploring the foundational concept (subject) of electromagnetism (relationship between electricity and magnetism) through - demonstrations and - simulations [VPLab & PhET Simulation]In a nutshell... So what is the basic principle (underlying) that underpins electromagnetism? > | mean one sentence that succinctly summed it up, brief and straight to the point. Electric current creates a magnetic field _ changing (time-varying) magnetic field creates electric currentBetter still... >Electric current creates a magnetic sata Cel — A changing magnetic field induces an electric field which causes (creates) electric current (to flow)MAXWELL’S ELEGANT EQUATIONS All of electromagnetism in one neat package.Magnetostatics Magnetostatics studies the spatial distribution of magnetic fields in the vicinity of permanent magnets and stationary currents as well as the force exerted by a magnetic field on magnets and CoeMagnetic Fields : Recap 1 ™ PTT iM Cem: Werle( fala 4m iL MEM exe Tee) mS eld surrounding a magnet or a current-carrying conductor in which a force is experienced by another magnet or current-carrying conductor or any magnetic material. The arrows on a magnetic field line represent the eid which a “tiny free north pole” would takeMagnetic Fields : Recap 2 Note: 1. A magnetic field is a force field > region of space where a force will act upon, without contact, another magnet or current carrying wire or any magnetic alee 2. A magnetic field is a vector, and the direction of the SCR mA Tee silico Mem mele sete) als force on a north pole placed at the point. 3. Like the other force fields we have studied we eye Met mame eet LAL F field lines or lines of magnetic flux. So magnetic field elem LM UKL el PLM SRM RO ekaMagnetic Fields : Recap 3 Properties of magnetic lines of force 1. Lines of force never intersect or cross. 2. Points out of a North pole and into a south pole. 3. Aline (curve) such that tangent to it at any point is the direction of the field at this point. 4. Magnetic field lines always form closed loops. (They are always continuous — they do not begin or end as electric field lines do on charges, since there are no monopoles)Magnetic Fields : Recap 4 Magnetic field of a bar magnet If we place some compasses near a bar magnet, the needles will align themselves along the direction of the magnetic field, as shownMagnets & magnetism : Questions ~ What is a magnet? aCe ESM atu -Te [are What does “magnetic” and “magnetism” mean? Examples of magnetic & non-magnetic ikelva tlie aD SMM lle fascias What do like poles do? And unlike poles? What are the properties of magnets?Magnets & magnetism : Answers 1 arya ee Mu rel tall Metallic object that has the property of attracting certain other metallic objects. What does “magnetic” and “magnetism” mean? Substances that can be attracted by a magnet are said to be magnetic e.g. Iron, steel, nickel & cobalt. Non- magnetic materials include plastic, wood, brass, glass, air, aluminium & copper. The ability of a magnet to attract magnetic substances is called magnetism.Magnets & magnetism : Answers 2 Types of magnets? (A) Permanent magnet — Do not depend on electrical energy to keep its magnetic properties. Usually made of steel which is difficult to magnetise but does not XM eM tue A The ability of a magnet to attract magnetic substances is called magnetism. (B) Electromagnets — are temporary magnets made by passing electric current through a coil of wire. Usually made of iron. Op M CEM ae lela merle] eagle VA e PENS eK and strongly magnetised and also easily loses its magnetism (demagnetised)).A Simple Electromagnet Photo Credit: www.worldofteac We can make an electromagnet stronger by (i) wrapping the coil around an iron core (ii) adding more turns to the coil (iii) increasing the current flowing through the coil 3 eran)A Simple Electromagnet An electromagnet is a magnet which operates when there is a current Or a current-carrying coil of wire wound on an iron (ole) =) Useful properties of an electromagnet - It can be switched on/off Pum MACEMD1K-)01¢ Lt Mer] el=M ey 1IKe) | (=e) - Itcan be made very strongInvestigating the effect of current on strength of magnetism produced in an electromagnet iron block _ balance The current | in the coil of the electromagnet is gradually increased (using a variable resistor) and the reading m on the balance is recorded in the table. What conclusion can be drawn from the experiment?Magnets & magnetism : Answers 3 Properties of a magnet 1. Poles — We name the ends of a magnet “the poles”. (North and & South). More correctly they should be referred to as the “North seeking pole” and “South seeking pole” The attracting power is greatest at the poles. No matter how many times a magnet is broken or subdivided, each piece is found to possess two poles — dipoles. No magnetic monopoles. . §.. Unit of magnetic flux is Weber (Wb) and magnetic flux density B is Tesla (T) defined as the force per unit length, per unit current (N/m/A) (AT = 1Wb/m?)WET aalo em Mii tealcl dian Bees Properties of a magnet 2. Magnets align themselves with magnetic field (force) just like electric dipoles in electric field. 3. Freely rotating (suspended) magnets rests ina earth’s magnetic N-S direction. (The earth acts like a huge magnet with its magnetic south pole near the geographic eleygi¢M ote) (=) 4. Magnets have magnetic fields around them.Magnets & magnetism : Answers 5 terme CR elm le ee lke Like poles repel each other & Unlike poles attract (CE Te el laa aaa) Clee Unlike poles Eile g leg) Oui is Note: Repulsion is the sure test for the polarity of a magnet because a pole repels a like pole but attracts both an unlike pole and an unmagnetised magnetic material.What happens in each case?The Earth’s Magnetic Field 1 SO Sais oes ie 7 ea Ot SMUT Pod pole The Earth has a magnetic field just like a giant eyo The geographic North pole has a South magnetic pole associated with it (Since a north seeking pole Clee Mure Tit point towards it) Earth’s magnetic fieldThe Earth’s Magnetic Field2 Mr Caaintrs "WReading assignment Would be helpful in understanding subsequent topics : 1. Methods of making a magnet - Electrical, heating, single touch and divided touch 2. Methods of demagnetizing a magnet Pa a(sladg (el Paa-Cldlr emcee mags leanlgMagnetization due to aligned magnetic dipoles Microsocpic examinations reveals that a magnet is made up of tiny regions known as domains. Each domains behaves like a tiny magnet with a north and south pole. In an umnagnetised piece of iron, the domains are arranged randomly while in a magnet the domains are preferentially aligned in one direction. So magnetic materials consist of many permanent or induced magnetic dipoles.Interactive simulation of aligned magnetic dipoles Show domains by clicking “see inside magnet” in PhET simulation. One of the concepts crucial to the understanding of magnetic materials is the average magnetic field produced by many magnetic dipoles which are all aligned.Electromagnetism _agxconnection between electricity and magneton) Hans Christian Oersted discovered that a magnetic compass is deflected around a current-carrying conductor. Hence showing that an electric current creates a magnetic field. Wilton reX=l Melee alo clese magna mol rela emecl acide field induces an electric current in a conductor. Hence showing that a magnetic field can be used to create an ieee lac tahe The full unification of the theories of electricity and magnetism was achieved by James Clerk Maxwell, who predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves and identified light as an electromagnetic phenomenon.Original apparatus used by Christian Oersted for demonstration of the EXISTENCE of magnetic field around a current-carrying conductorDeflection of compass needles near a current- carrying wireElectromagnetism “Hans Christian Oersted predicted in 1813 that a connection would be found between electricity and magnetism. In 1819 he placed a compass near a current-carrying wire and observed that the compass needle was deflected. This discovery demonstrated that electric currents produce magnetic fields.” Encarta Encyclopedia Microsoft © Encarta ° 2007. © 1993-2006 whe ee i eee ee eryCurrent-carrying conductors Directions of magnetic field produced by wires carrying electric current Magnetic feld Aight-hand Thumb Rule “Maxwell’s corkscrew rule” and “Right-hand grip rule” (Tim LMM eoM =e] ol Maem lesa ala Mey meee ile Note the current direction is the direction of “conventional current” positive to negativeCurrent-carrying conductors Directions of magnetic field around pairs of current-carrying conductors Drawing of magnetic field pattern around: (a) a single current-carrying conductor — using minimum of 3 concentric circles, with increasing separation and clear directions (clockwise/anticlockwise) (b) pairs of current-carrying conductors jeurrents magnetic Pa ML Ma ac Talecw- Lad elo) a8 ZB) ( - Unlike currents maa al = ae Fig. aCurrent-carrying conductors Directions of magnetic field produced by solenoid carrying electric current ! A current in a solenoid creates a magnetic field.The Solenoid Rule When an electric current is passed through a coil of wire, a magnetic field is formed around the coil in much the same way as a permanent bar magnet We need another “rule” to ‘Magnetic Field allow us to determine which CUT Sola ues eee aa) Curent Ou te lM aloe i ole tela satis Curent in ae, Looking into the coilDessert... Uses of magnets - Many objects around you contain electromagnets. They are found in mol ely Tee ley Video and audio cassettes Electromagnets: electric bell, relay, telephone, circuit breakers Motor armature: blender, fans Transformer core (temporary) Electromagnets in lifting and transporting heavy pieces of iron and steel (crane) 7. Separation of mixtures 7 Ge to aaTake-away: Shielding against magnetic ; disturbances ‘ The soft iron ring screens a piece of equipment from a magnetic field as it carries the field lines around the equipment. Thus protecting equipment that are sensitive to stray magnetic fields. magnetic field metal ring equipment Concept implemented in the design of iconic Rolex wristwatch setting new standards of robustness and reliability.Current-carrying conductors The diagram shows two bar magnets, stored with metal keepers across the ends. The keepers help to keep the magnets magnetised. The material used for the keepers becomes strongly magnetised when placed in contact with the magnets, but does not remain magnetised when taken away from the magnets.Review question A student has three painted metal rods. © one is made from brass © one is made from magnetised steel © one is made from non-magnetised steel. The student is not allowed to scratch the paint oem dale cele Explain how the student could find out what each rod is made of.Credits 1. Dr Poulton and Mr Moore Ranelagh A level Physics Wikispace. 2. Dr John Nunn, Virtual Physics Laboratory. 3. Cambridge International Examinations. 4. Vincent Tago, African Leadership Academy, Johannesburg. South Africa. Eis lleeWsChiel Bo mcrtarriiKen electromagnet.