Prasidhi

1520341
BDN 6
Public health and nutrition 2
Submitted to Ms Suman Rajput

ANAEMIA
INTRODUCTION
 Anaemia is a condition in which you lack enough healthy red blood
cells to carry adequate oxygen to your body's tissues. Having
anemia, also referred to as low hemoglobin, can make you feel tired
and weak.
 There are many forms of anemia, each with its own cause. Anemia
can be temporary or long term and can range from mild to severe. In
most cases, anemia has more than one cause. See your doctor if you
suspect that you have anemia. It can be a warning sign of serious
illness.
 Treatments for anemia, which depend on the cause, range from
taking supplements to having medical procedures. You might be able
to prevent some types of anemia by eating a healthy, varied diet.
 Normal haemoglobin level
 Men 13.2 to 16.6g/dl
 Women 11.6 to 15g/dl
TYPES OF ANAEMIA
 Hypochromic and Microcytic Anaemia-: If there is an
insufficiency of iron for the formation of haemoglobin,the
red blood corpuscles are pale and small and the
anaemia is said to be hypochromic and microcytic.

Megaloblastic anemia is a form of macrocytic anemia,

a blood disorder that happens when your bone
marrow produces stem cells that make abnormally
large red blood cells. Megaloblastic anemia is a type
of vitamin deficiency anemia that happens when you
don't get enough vitamin B12 and/or vitamin B9 (folate).
ACCORDING TO WHO NORMAL ANAEMIA TABLE
CONTD
 Iron deficiency anemia is a common type of anemia — a
condition in which blood lacks adequate healthy red blood
cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen to the body's tissues.
 As the name implies, iron deficiency anemia is due to
insufficient iron. Without enough iron, your body can't
produce enough of a substance in red blood cells that
enables them to carry oxygen (hemoglobin). As a result,
iron deficiency anemia may leave you tired and short of
breath.
 You can usually correct iron deficiency anemia with iron
supplementation. Sometimes additional tests or treatments
for iron deficiency anemia are necessary, especially if your
doctor suspects that you're bleeding internally
CONTD
 Vitamin deficiency anemia. Besides iron, your body needs
folate and vitamin B-12 to produce enough healthy red blood
cells. A diet lacking in these and other key nutrients can cause
decreased red blood cell production. Some people who consume
enough B-12 aren't able to absorb the vitamin. This can lead to
vitamin deficiency anemia, also known as pernicious anemia.
 Anemia of inflammation. Certain diseases — such as
cancer, HIV/AIDS, rheumatoid arthritis, kidney disease, Crohn's
disease and other acute or chronic inflammatory diseases —
can interfere with the production of red blood cells.
 Aplastic anemia. This rare, life-threatening anemia occurs
when your body doesn't produce enough red blood cells. Causes
of aplastic anemia include infections, certain medicines,
autoimmune diseases and exposure to toxic chemicals
CONTD
 Anemias associated with bone marrow disease. A variety of
diseases, such as leukemia and myelofibrosis, can cause anemia by
affecting blood production in your bone marrow. The effects of
these types of cancer and cancer-like disorders vary from mild to
life-threatening.
 Hemolytic anemias. This group of anemias develops when red
blood cells are destroyed faster than bone marrow can replace
them. Certain blood diseases increase red blood cell destruction.
You can inherit a hemolytic anemia, or you can develop it later in
life.
 Sickle cell anemia. This inherited and sometimes serious
condition is a hemolytic anemia. It's caused by a defective form of
hemoglobin that forces red blood cells to assume an abnormal
crescent (sickle) shape. These irregular blood cells die prematurely,
resulting in a chronic shortage of red blood cells.
PREVELANCE OF ANAEMIA
 Anaemia is a serious global public health problem that
particularly affects young children and pregnant women.
WHO estimates that 42% of children less than 5
years of age and 40% of pregnant women
worldwide are anaemic.
 The union territory (UT) of Ladakh, at 94 per cent,
was found to have the highest prevalence of anaemia.
(May 2022)
 Poverty, caste issues, and poor sanitation are the
principal reason for anemia in India. As per the Global
Nutrition Assessment 2016, India is among the countries
with the highest rates of iron deficiency, placing 170th
out of 180 for women's anemia
India's high prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia
is largely due to the local vegetarian diet. Iron-
deficiency anemia can cause fatigue, pregnancy
complications and heart problems. Iron supplement
pills often have gastrointestinal side effects, so are an
undesirable remedy for many people.(JANRUARY 2017)
Four countries with highest prevalence
were Afghanistan, Chad, Mali, and Yemen all of
which had anemia age-standardized prevalence rates
in excess of 50% in 2013, though this is an
improvement from 1990 when more than 20 countries
had anemia prevalence rates higher than 50%.
SYMPTOMS OF ANAEMIA
 Anemia signs and symptoms vary depending on the cause and severity
of anemia. Depending on the causes of your anemia, you might have no
symptoms.
 Signs and symptoms, if they do occur, might include:
 Fatigue
 Weakness
 Pale or yellowish skin
 Irregular heartbeats
 Shortness of breath
 Dizziness or lightheadedness
 Chest pain
 Cold hands and feet
 Headaches
 At first, anemia can be so mild that you don't notice it. But symptoms
worsen as anemia worsens.
CAUSES OF ANAEMIA
 Anemia can be due to a condition present at
birth (congenital) or to a condition you develop
(acquired). Anemia occurs when your blood
doesn't have enough red blood cells.
 This can happen if:
 Your body doesn't make enough red blood cells
 Bleeding causes you to lose red blood cells
more quickly than they can be replaced
 Your body destroys red blood cells
WHAT RED BLOOD CELLS DO
 Your body makes three types of blood cells — white blood cells
to fight infection, platelets to help your blood clot, and red
blood cells to carry oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your
body and carbon dioxide from the body back to the lungs.
 Red blood cells contain hemoglobin — an iron-rich protein that
gives blood its red color. Hemoglobin enables red blood cells to
carry oxygen from your lungs to all parts of your body and to
carry carbon dioxide from other parts of the body to your lungs
to be exhaled.
 Most blood cells, including red blood cells, are produced
regularly in your bone marrow — a spongy material found
within the cavities of many of your large bones. To produce
hemoglobin and red blood cells, your body needs iron, vitamin
B-12, folate and other nutrients from the foods you eat
RISK FACTORS
 A diet lacking in certain vitamins and minerals. A
diet consistently low in iron, vitamin B-12, folate and
copper increases your risk of anemia.
 Intestinal disorders. Having an intestinal disorder that
affects the absorption of nutrients in your small intestine
— such as Crohn's disease and celiac disease — puts you
at risk of anemia.
 Menstruation. In general, women who haven't had
menopause have a greater risk of iron deficiency anemia
than do men and postmenopausal women. Menstruation
causes the loss of red blood cells.
 Pregnancy. Being pregnant and not taking a multivitamin
with folic acid and iron, increases your risk of anemia
CONTD
 Chronic conditions. If you have cancer, kidney failure or another
chronic condition, you could be at risk of anemia of chronic
disease. These conditions can lead to a shortage of red blood cells.
 Slow, chronic blood loss from an ulcer or other source within your
body can deplete your body's store of iron, leading to iron
deficiency anemia.
 Family history. If your family has a history of an inherited
anemia, such as sickle cell anemia, you also might be at increased
risk of the condition.
 Other factors. A history of certain infections, blood diseases and
autoimmune disorders increases your risk of anemia. Alcoholism,
exposure to toxic chemicals and the use of some medications can
affect red blood cell production and lead to anemia.
 Age. People over age 65 are at increased risk of anemia.
COMPLICATIONS
 Extreme fatigue. Severe anemia can make you so tired that
you can't complete everyday tasks.
 Pregnancy complications. Pregnant women with folate
deficiency anemia can be more likely to have complications,
such as premature birth.
 Heart problems. Anemia can lead to a rapid or irregular
heartbeat (arrhythmia). When you're anemic your heart pumps
more blood to make up for the lack of oxygen in the blood. This
can lead to an enlarged heart or heart failure.
 Death. Some inherited anemias, such as sickle cell anemia,
can lead to life-threatening complications. Losing a lot of blood
quickly results in acute, severe anemia and can be fatal. Among
older people, anemia is associated with an increased risk of
death.
PREVENTION
 Many types of anemia can't be prevented. But you can avoid iron
deficiency anemia and vitamin deficiency anemias by eating a
diet that includes a variety of vitamins and minerals, including:
 Iron. Iron-rich foods include beef and other meats, beans, lentils,
iron-fortified cereals, dark green leafy vegetables and dried fruit.
 Folate. This nutrient, and its synthetic form folic acid, can be
found in fruits and fruit juices, dark green leafy vegetables, green
peas, kidney beans, peanuts, and enriched grain products, such
as bread, cereal, pasta and rice.
 Vitamin B-12. Foods rich in vitamin B-12 include meat, dairy
products, and fortified cereal and soy products.
 Vitamin C. Foods rich in vitamin C include citrus fruits and juices,
peppers, broccoli, tomatoes, melons and strawberries. These also
help increase iron absorption.
NUTRITIONAL CONSIDERTIONS
 Lack of vitamins, dietary iron, and high-quality
protein affect the stability of the membrane of
red blood cells, thus causing various forms of
anemia. So, nutritional anemia is a condition
wherein the erythropoetic tissue is unable to
maintain the normal hemoglobin concentration
due to inadequate supply of nutrients.
 Iron is the most necessary micronutrient and a
part of hemoglobin-moiety along with folate
and vitamin B12.
CONTD
 According to RDA (Recommended Dietary
Allowance)
 Iron intake
 Men- 150 microgram/day
 Women- 150 microgram/day
 Pregnant women 250microgram /day
 Lactating women 280microgram/day
 Adolocent boys 150 microgram/day
 Adolocent girls 150microgram/day
NAME- PRASIDHI
CLASS- BSC FOOD NUTRITION AND
DIETITICS 6TH SEMESTER
ROLL NO- 1520341