The United States of America

PAX AMERICANA

Table of Contents
y Rizals Prediction: The Philippines: A Century Hence y Road to Colonization y The Spanish American War y Newspapers Wars y USS Maine y Aguinaldo meeting with Spencer Pratt y Battle of Manila Bay y You may fire when ready, Gridley y The Declaration of Independence y Filipinas

Rizals Prediction: The Philippines: A Century Hence

Perhaps the great American Republic, whose interests lie in the Pacific and who has no hand in the spoliation of Africa, may dream some day of foreign possession. This is not impossible, for the example is contagious, covetousness and ambition are among the strongest vices, and Harrison manifested something of this sort in the Samoan question. But the Panama Canal is not opened nor the territory of the States congested with inhabitants, and in case she should openly attempt it the European powers would not allow her to proceed, for they know very well that the appetite is sharpened by the first bites. North America would be quite a troublesome rival, if she should once get into the business. Furthermore, THIS IS CONTRARY TO HER TRADITIONS.

Road to Colonization
y With Rizals only visit to the Unites States, he already saw rapid progress and y y y

industrialization. The United States, producing too much of their products, needs a market aside from Europe. An Asian market, plus an active port, could be beneficial for the United States. With the rise of the New Imperialism in the western hemisphere, debates between imperialist and isolationist factions occurred at the end of the 19th century. January 16, 1893
y United States diplomatic and military personnel conspired with a small group of

individuals to overthrow the constitutional government of the Hawaiian Kingdom. y They prepared provisions for annexation of the Hawaiian Islands to the United States of America, under a treaty of annexation submitted to the US Senate, on February 15, 1893.

The Spanish American War

y 1896 1898 y Cuba, along with Puerto Rico, remained the only Spanish colonies in y y

the Americas. Disgruntled with Spanish rule in Cuba, the Cubans decided to rebel and declare their independence from Spain. The United States economic interests were being harmed by the prolonged conflict. Shipping firms that relied heavily on trade with Cuba suffered huge losses as the conflict continued unresolved. These firms pressed Congress and President William McKinley to seek an end to the revolt. Other U.S. business concerns, specifically those who had invested in Cuban sugar, looked to the Spanish to restore order to the situation. Stability, not war, was the ultimate goal of both interests. How stability would be achieved would depend largely on the ability of Spain and the U.S. to work out their issues diplomatically.

USS Maine
y President McKinley sent the USS Maine to Havana to ensure the safety

of American citizens and interests. y The need for the U.S. to send the Maine to Havana had been anticipated for months. y Feb. 15, 1898
y The USS Maine sank in the harbour of Havana after suffering a massive

explosion. 266 sailors died during the explosion. y While many experts and historians agreed that the explosion was a complete accident, many Americans during this time blamed the Spaniards for the explosion. y William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer fuelled the American anger against Spain by running sensational stories regarding the explosion.

y April 11, 1898

y President McKinley ended his resistance and asked

Congress for authority to send American troops to Cuba to end the civil war there, knowing that Congress would force a war.
y April 23, 1898
y Spain broke diplomatic relations with the United States

and declared war.

y April 24, 1898
y The United States also declared war against Spain.

Joseph Pulitzer

William Randolph Hearst

USS Maine Before and after the explosion

Aguinaldo meeting with Spencer Pratt

y While in Hong Kong, Aguinaldo brought weapons and

now seeks to have a foreign intervention to win the revolution. y Aguinaldo sought the help of Spencer Pratt, the American consul in Hong Kong. y Pratt was able to convinced Aguinaldo to support an invasion to be launched by Commodore George Dewey in Manila. y Unknown to Aguinaldo, Deweys fleet were already prepared for such invasion and only waiting for orders in Washington.

Battle of Manila Bay

y May 1, 1898 y Dewey, now receiving orders from Washington, launched Asiatic

Squadron towards Manila. y Patricio Montojo, the Admiral of the Spanish Navy in the Philippines, anticipated this attack and prepared his Spanish fleet for the attack. y But the Spanish fleet in the Philippines were antiquated and have obsolete technologies. Madrid could not able to send more ships as most of their ships are now deployed in Cuba. y The results were decisive. Dewey won the battle with seven wounded and only a single fatality among his crew: Francis B. Randall, Chief Engineer on the McCulloch, from heart attack.

Commodore George Dewey

Admiral Patricio Montojo

USS Olympia Deweys Flagship

You may fire when ready, Gridley

The Battle of Manila Bay

Isla de Luzon

Reina Christina

The Declaration of Independence

y May 19, 1898
y Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines aboard USS McCulloch. y With his meeting with Dewey, he assured Aguinaldo that the United States

has no intention of colonizing the Philippines. y With the news of the American victory and Aguinaldos return, many Filipinos joined the revolution once again. y U.S. and Filipino forces had taken control of most of the islands, except for the walled city of Intramuros. y This time, many Spaniards will be captured including friars.
y June 12, 1898
y At the house of Aguinaldo in Kawit, the Declaration of Independence,

written by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, was read by Aguinaldo. y He unfurled the flag that was sewn in Hong Kong as per his request. y Also, the Marcha Filipina Magdalo, composed by Julian Felipe, was played by the Brass Band of San Francisco de Malabon. y Aguinaldo also declared himself as a dictator of the new republic.

And having as witness to the rectitude of our intentions the Supreme Judge of the Universe, and under the protection of our Powerful and Humanitarian Nation, The United States of America, we do hereby proclaim and declare solemnly in the name by authority of the people of these Philippine Islands, That they are and have the right to be free and independent; that they have ceased to have allegiance to the Crown of Spain; that all political ties between them are should be completely severed and annulled; and that, like other free and independent States, they enjoy the full power to make War and Peace, conclude commercial treaties, enter into alliances, regulate commerce, and do all other acts and things which and Independent State has right to do, And imbued with firm confidence in Divine Providence, we hereby mutually bind ourselves to support this Declaration with our lives, our fortunes, and with our sacred possession, our Honor.

We recognize, approve, and ratify, with all the orders emanating from the same, the Dictatorship established by Don Emilio Aguinaldo whom we reverse as the Supreme Head of this Nation, which today begins to have a life of its own, in the conviction that he has been the instrument chosen by God, in spite of his humble origin, to effectuate the redemption of this unfortunate country as foretold by Dr. Don Jose Rizal in his magnificent verses which he composed in his prison cell prior to his execution, liberating it from theYoke of Spanish domination, ... Moreover, we confer upon our famous Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo all the powers necessary to enable him to discharge the duties of Government, including the prerogatives of granting pardon and amnesty,

Philippine Independence Kawit, Cavite June 12, 1898

Aguinaldo Shrine Kawit, Cavite

The Original Philippine Declaration of Independence

The Original Design of the Philippine Flag

Sewn by Marcela Marino de Agoncillo, Lorenza Marino de Agoncillo and Delfina Herbosa de Natividad

The Original Flag Kawit, Cavite

And lastly, it was results unanimously that this Nation, already free and independent as of this day, must used the same flag which up to now is being used, whose designed and coloured are found described in the attached drawing, the white triangle signifying the distinctive emblem of the famous Society of the "Katipunan" which by means of its blood compact inspired the masses to rise in revolution; the three stars, signifying the three principal Islands of these Archipelago Luzon, Mindanao, and Panay where the revolutionary movement started; the sun representing the gigantic step made by the son of the country along the path of Progress and Civilization; the eight rays, signifying the eight provinces - Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna, and Batangas - which declares themselves in a state of war as soon as the first revolt was initiated; and the colours of Blue, Red, and White, commemorating the flag of the United States of America, as a manifestation of our profound gratitude towards this Great Nation for its disinterested protection which it lent us and continues lending us.

Filipinas
Tierra adorada Hija del sol de Oriente, Su fuego ardiente En ti latiendo est. Patria de amores! Del herosmo cuna, Los invasores No te hollarn jams. En tu azul cielo, en tus auras, En tus montes y en tu mar Esplende y late el poema De tu amada libertad. Tu pabelln, que en las lides La victoria ilumin, No ver nunca apagados Sus estrellas ni su sol. Tierra de dichas, del sol y amores, En tu regazo dulce es vivir. Es una gloria para tus hijos, Cuando te ofenden, por ti morir. Jose Palma