For The PPT.: American Occupation of The Philippines Spanish-American War

For the PPT.

:
American Occupation of The Philippines
Spanish-American War
 “Remember the Maine, to hell with Spain” (Feb 15,1898) – The explosion of US
battleship “Maine” resulted to more anti-Spanish sentiments in the states.
 Pact of Biak-na-Bato (Dec.15,1987) – this pact created a truce between the Spanish and
Filipino forces which also resulted to the exile of Emilio Aguinaldo and his officials to
Hongkong.
 Aguinaldo was summoned by a US consul general (April 23,1898) - Pratt persuaded
Aguinaldo to form an alliance with the Americans in Singapore.
 Spanish defeat in Manila (May 1,1898) - A squadron headed by Commodore George
Dewey proceeded to attack the Spanish squadron in Manila where the Spaniards
encountered defeat.
 Mock Battle of Manila (Aug. 13,1898) – a staged mock battle between the Spaniards and
Americans took place under their agreement which was unbeknownst to the Filipinos.
 Treaty of Paris (Dec. 10,1898)- the treaty that ended the war between Spain and the US
but had never included the Philippines in the negotiation for peace.

The Benevolent Proclamation

- a proclamation signed by President William McKinley that indicated the American policy
regarding the Philippines.

Address Adopted by the Anti-Imperialist League
 American Anti-Imperialist League – this was established to opposed the American
occupation in the Philippines.

Illustrations Depicting the American/Western Mentality
 White Man’s Burden - the obligation that white colonizers believed they had to impose
their civilization on Non-Westerners and Non-whites.

 The Filipinos’ First Bath – This illustration shows the US president William McKinley
trying to bathe a child who is almost naked and carries a spear.
 Paintings Depicting the “Manifest Destiny”

 “Westward the Course of Empire Takes its Way” by Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze - this piece
depicts the pioneering Americans in their quest to expand their domain further to the
west.

Philippine-American War
 Aguinaldo’s Arrival in the Philippines - Thinking that Americans are in the Philippines to
defeat the Spaniards and to help Filipinos gain independence, Aguinaldo immediately
started to set up his own government after arriving back in the Philippines.
 Outbreak of the Philippine-American War – the tension between American and Filipino
soldiers would later lead to the outbreak of the Philippine-American War. The incident
that prompted this outbreak started when Private William Grayson tried to stop Filipino
soldiers from advancing towards and American-occupied area near the San Juan bridge.
 Emilio Aguinaldo’s Proclamation of Surrender to the United States – After two years of
fighting and leading the Filipinos, President Aguinaldo officially surrendered to the US.
For the Script:
American Occupation of The Philippines
While the US had been present in the Philippines as early as the 1820s,
the narrative about the American Occupation in our country started
during the Spanish-American War. So, let us first tackle about how the
Spanish-American war started and what are its effects towards our
country that time.
Spanish-American War
 “Remember the Maine, to hell with Spain” - On Feb. 15,1898,

hostilities between Spain and the US began in the aftermath of
the internal explosion of US battleship Maine in Cuba. This
battleship was supposedly sent by the U.S. to intervene in
the Cuban War of Independence against the Spanish Empire. This
incident resulted to the death of more than 200 individuals, as
well as the increase of anti-Spanish sentiments in the states
where they retain the rallying cry of “Remember the Maine, to
hell with Spain”.
 Pact of Biak-na-Bato – Meanwhile in the Philippines, the pact of
Biak-na-Bato created a truce or ceasefire between Spanish
colonial Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera and the
revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo. Aguinaldo and his fellow
revolutionaries were given amnesty and monetary indemnity by
the Spanish Government, but in return, Aguinaldo and his high-
ranking officials would go into exile in Hong Kong.
 Aguinaldo was summoned by a US consul general – Few days
before the formal start of the Spanish-American War, Aguinaldo
was summoned by the US consul general Edward Spencer Pratt in
Singapore. Pratt persuaded Aguinaldo to form an alliance with the
Americans who, in return, shall support the Philippines campaign
for independence. Unfortunately, these alleged promises to
Aguinaldo were later denied by American officials.
 Spanish defeat in Manila – On May 1,1898, A squadron headed by
Commodore George Dewey proceeded to attack the Spanish
Squadron in Manila. This assault was a successful one further
leading Aguinaldo to return in the Philippines and declare
independence. However, the Filipinos failed to realize that the
American and Spanish officials in the colony were secretly
forging an agreement. This agreement stated that the Spanish
forces shall surrender under Dewey, and not under the Filipinos.
 Mock Battle of Manila – The said agreement between Dewey and
the Spaniards shall take place after staging a mock battle
between the Spaniards and Americans in Manila wherein Filipinos
were not involved. But then, a Protocol of Peace was received
from the President the United states forcing a truce between
them, and instructed them to create a treaty that would
officially end the war.
 Treaty of Paris – the said treaty that officially ended the war
was the treaty of Paris. Regrettably, Filipinos were never
included in this negotiation for peace. In fact, Felipe Agoncillo,
representative of Aguinaldo’s Government, wanted to participate
in the drafting of the treaty but was denied due to the reason
that although Filipinos already declared independence, the
country was still considered a Spanish possession that time.
The Benevolent Proclamation

- This proclamation openly acknowledged the intentions of the US
to stay in the Philippines and to exercise the rights of
sovereignty over its inhabitants. This broke the promises
American’s have made with Aguinaldo to give Filipino’s their
independence.
- By the time the proclamation was made effective in the
Philippines, the United States started practicing their laws and
regulations within the territory. With this proclamation, they
claimed that the Americans will show benevolence towards the
Filipinos and will bestow blessings of good and stable government
in the Philippines under the free flag of the United states.
Address Adopted by the Anti-Imperialist League
Meanwhile in the US the American Anti-Imperialist League was

established
 American Anti-Imperialist League – this was established to

oppose the American occupation in the Philippines, citing a variety
of reasons ranging from the economic to legal, racial and moral.
Its members included Andrew Carnegie, Mark Twain, William
James, David Starr Jordan, and Samuel Gompers with George S.
Boutwell as its president. On Feb. 10,1899, the league agreed to
issue a petition and disseminated it through leaflets.
Next are some: Illustrations Depicting the American/Western

Mentality
 First is the: White Man’s Burden - This term was first introduced
by Rudyard Kipling in his poem. The “White Man’s Burden” refers
to the belief that American’s have the moral obligation to bring
humanity, especially non-westerners and non-whites to the path
of civilization. This was also emphasized by President McKinley
when he signed the benevolent proclamation wherein, he stated
that he desires to improve the lives of the Filipinos and, more
importantly, civilize them. While this may appear as a product of
generosity and kindness on the surface, we should also consider
that this mentality also depicts the negative idea that non-whites
do not possess the capacity to civilize themselves and that they
need westerners to do so. This mentality can be shown in the
picture portraying two white men carrying non-whites, who are
depicted in racist images, to civilization.
 The Filipinos’ First Bath – This illustration shows the US

president William McKinley trying to bathe a child who is almost
naked and carries a spear. Interpretations suggest that the
water symbolizes civilization while the child being held by
McKinley is a symbolism for the supposedly childlike, unruly, and
dangerous Filipinos.
 Paintings Depicting the “Manifest Destiny” - aside from the

previously discussed white man’s burden, Americans have another
strong belief that they were destined to expand their territories
to North America and across the pacific. They also thought that
they would be propagating American values and institutions which
would be beneficial to mankind. This belief is known as Manifest
Destiny.
 “Westward the Course of Empire Takes its Way” by Emanuel

Gottlieb Leutze – This is a mural that celebrates and idealizes
the American notion of manifest destiny and westward expansion.
This piece depicts the pioneering Americans in their quest to
expand their domain further to the west.
After the Spanish-American War, another war was started between

the Philippines and the Americans
Philippine-American War
The first event that prompted to this war was:
 Aguinaldo’s Arrival in the Philippines - Thinking that Americans

are in the Philippines to defeat the Spaniards and to help Filipinos
gain independence, Aguinaldo immediately started to set up his
own government after arriving back in the Philippines. The first
Philippine republic was known as the Malolos Republic and was
inaugurated on January 23,1899. By this time, the Treaty of Paris
was already finalized which built up tension between American
and Filipino Soldiers. In addition, the release of the benevolent
proclamation made the situation worst.
 Outbreak of the Philippine-American War – the tension between
American and Filipino soldiers would later lead to the outbreak of
the Philippine-American War. The incident that prompted this
outbreak started when Private William Grayson tried to stop
Filipino soldiers from advancing towards and American-occupied
area near the San Juan bridge. Despite the attempts of
Aguinaldo to contain the incident, General McArthur ordered his
men to advance against the Filipino troops the following day, thus
starting the Philippine-American War. Many battles have taken
place during these times including the infamous battle of Tirad
Pass wherein natives under the command of General Grogorio del
Pilar tried to delay advancing American troops.
 Emilio Aguinaldo’s Proclamation of Surrender to the United
States – After two years of fighting and leading the Filipinos,
President Aguinaldo was ultimately captured by the Americans
with the help of Macabebes of Pampanga in the isolated town of
Palanan, Isabela on March 23,1901 and on April 19,1901 Aguinaldo
officially surrendered to the US.

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For the PPT.

The Benevolent Proclamation

 Paintings Depicting the “Manifest Destiny”

American Occupation of The Philippines

 “Remember the Maine, to hell with Spain” - On Feb. 15,1898,

The Benevolent Proclamation

Address Adopted by the Anti-Imperialist League

Meanwhile in the US the American Anti-Imperialist League was

 American Anti-Imperialist League – this was established to

Next are some: Illustrations Depicting the American/Western

 The Filipinos’ First Bath – This illustration shows the US

 Paintings Depicting the “Manifest Destiny” - aside from the

 “Westward the Course of Empire Takes its Way” by Emanuel

After the Spanish-American War, another war was started between

The first event that prompted to this war was:

 Aguinaldo’s Arrival in the Philippines - Thinking that Americans

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