Basic Biology
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Factory Structure and Functions
Boundary (Cell membarane)
Cell Wall (Plant Cell)
Is shape of Land is Fixed? Park
(cytoplasm)
What is the Use of Boundary? Transport Department (Golgibody)
What is the Use of Head office?
Advisor (Centrosome)
Head Office (Nucleus)
Boss’ Cabin
(Nucleolus) Wokshop (Endoplasmic Reticulam)
Skilled Worker (Ribosome)
Security
(Lysosome)
Park Vacule
(cytoplasm)
Power House
(Mitochondria) Chloroplast
(Plant Cell)
Land
Cell Its Structure & Functions
1. Cell membrane (Plasma membrane) It is made of proteins and lipids.
•The plasma membrane encloses the entire cell contents.
•It provides the cell shape (in animal cells).
•Plasma Membrane helps in the transport of material in and out of the cell. Small molecules can be transported
across the plasma membrane by any one of the following three methods:
2. Cell Wall
•It Is the outermost layer of a Cell.
•It is only found in plant cells and is composed of Cellulose.
•It protects the inner parts of the cell.
•It is rigid that gives shape to the cell and does not allow
distension of the cell, thus leading to turgidity of the cell that is useful.
3. Endoplasmic Reticulum
•It helps in the production and storage of proteins
•They are of two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum
•Rough ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum): Ribosomes are present on its surface. It is
involved in protein assembly where it synthesizes and packages important proteins.
•Smooth ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum) When no ribosomes are present and its
function is to synthesize lipids & steroids, and the storage of carbohydrates.
4. Ribosomes
•Ribosomes are present in the cytoplasm of a cell, and also on the surface of the rough
endoplasmic reticulum.
•They are made of RNA and Proteins.
Functions of Ribosomes
•Nicknamed “protein factory of the cell” this organelle is responsible for the synthesis of
protein molecules. It collects important amino acids and then produces protein chains based
on what the cell needs.
5. Golgi Apparatus
•Discovered in 1898 by Camillo Golgi
•There are 3 to 7 Golgi body organelles present in an animal cell. Not present in Blue Algae.
Functions of Golgi Apparatus
•Its function is to store and transport proteins & lipids that have been synthesized.
•It also helps with the synthesis and secretion of important molecules.
•Helps to synthesize wall elements like pectin, mucilage.
•These proteins are stored in a temporary vacuole known as the “Lipochondria.”
6. Lysosomes
Functions of Lysosomes
•Lysosomes digest nucleic acid, polysaccharides, fats and proteins.
•The main function of lysosomes is intracellular digestion.
•Functions like digesting food, breaking down a dying cell, or digestion of unwanted
substances.
•Through a process called autolysis, lysosomes can end up killing themselves.
8. Cytoplasm
•It is present inside the cell.
•It is present only within the cell membrane of a cell,
•It is not present in the nucleus of a cell.
•It comprises mainly water, but also enzymes, salts, organelles, and various organic molecules.
Functions of Cytoplasm
•All the cell’s organelles such as the nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, plastids,
lysosomes and endoplasmic reticulum are present here. Cytoplasm supports them and keeps
them nourished.
9. Mitochondria
•Nicknamed the “PowerHouse of the Cell.”
•They are present in both plant cells and animal cells
•Mitochondria in animal & plant cells are the energy generators & releasers.
Functions of Mitochondria
•Mitochondria convert glucose into ATP through a few processes (Glycolysis, the Citric acid
cycle, and ATP Synthesis.) Through the process of cellular respiration, Mitochondria oxidizes
pyruvate in its matrix to form pyruvic acid, in order to capture the energy that is stored in the
form of ATP.
•This ATP is then digested by the organelles in a cell to produce energy for their functioning.
•ATP (adenosine triphosphate) Digestive enzyme
10. Nucleus
• It stains deeply, spherical in shape, WBC has lobed nuclei.
Nucleoplasm—liquid found within the nucleus
•Just like the cytoplasm is found within the cell membrane, nucleoplasm is found
within the nuclear membrane
•It supports and surrounds all components of the nucleus, like DNA, RNA,
chromosomes, and nucleoli.
Chromatin
•Within the nuclear membrane, there is a jelly-like substance known as karyolymph or
nucleoplasm rich in proteins.
•It is made up of Histone and Nucleic acid.
•The fibrillar structures form a network called chromatin fibrils, which gets condensed
to form distinct bodies called chromosomes during cell division. The point-like
structure is called a “Gene.”
•On staining the chromosomes, two regions can be identified in the chromatin material
heterochromatin, dark and euchromatin (light).
•Heterochromatin has highly coiled DNA and is genetically less active than
euchromatin which has highly uncoiled DNA and more active genetically.
•Each cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, a total of 46 in all.
