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    Site Climate

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    Nidhi Mehta
    The document discusses site climate, which refers to the climate of a specific area for a development project. It is influenced by local topography, ground surface, trees/buildings, and other factors. Temperature and humidity vary between day and night near the ground surface. Precipitation patterns depend on wind direction and elevation changes. Solar radiation is affected by atmosphere, slope/orientation, and surrounding features. Air movement speeds up with height but is influenced by ground conditions and features like hills/valleys. Urban areas create microclimates that differ from the macroclimate due to artificial surfaces and lack of vegetation.

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    © All Rights Reserved

    Site Climate

    Uploaded by

    Nidhi Mehta
    352 views8 pages
    The document discusses site climate, which refers to the climate of a specific area for a development project. It is influenced by local topography, ground surface, trees/buildings, and other factors. Temperature and humidity vary between day and night near the ground surface. Precipitation patterns depend on wind direction and elevation changes. Solar radiation is affected by atmosphere, slope/orientation, and surrounding features. Air movement speeds up with height but is influenced by ground conditions and features like hills/valleys. Urban areas create microclimates that differ from the macroclimate due to artificial surfaces and lack of vegetation.

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    SITE CLIMATE

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    The document discusses site climate, which refers to the climate of a specific area for a development project. It is influenced by local topography, ground surface, trees/buildings, and other factors. Temperature and humidity vary between day and night near the ground surface. Precipitation patterns depend on wind direction and elevation changes. Solar radiation is affected by atmosphere, slope/orientation, and surrounding features. Air movement speeds up with height but is influenced by ground conditions and features like hills/valleys. Urban areas create microclimates that differ from the macroclimate due to artificial surfaces and lack of vegetation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    352 views8 pages

    Site Climate

    Uploaded by

    Nidhi Mehta
    The document discusses site climate, which refers to the climate of a specific area for a development project. It is influenced by local topography, ground surface, trees/buildings, and other factors. Temperature and humidity vary between day and night near the ground surface. Precipitation patterns depend on wind direction and elevation changes. Solar radiation is affected by atmosphere, slope/orientation, and surrounding features. Air movement speeds up with height but is influenced by ground conditions and features like hills/valleys. Urban areas create microclimates that differ from the macroclimate due to artificial surfaces and lack of vegetation.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    SITE CLIMATE

    MACRO CLIMATE
    Climate of a certain large geographical region. Macro climate data is published by
    meteorological institutions.
    MICRO CLIMATE / SITE CLIMATE
    Climate of a specific area that has a local deviation from the climate of a larger area.
    The scale of microclimate is relatively much smaller to that of macro climate
    A wild life scientist, town planner, architect
    Site climate specifies the scale. It is the climate of the area on a horizontal and vertical
    axis, on which a project will be developed.
    Local factors governing the site climate are
    Topography – slope, orientation, exposure, elevation, hills, valleys on or near the site.
    Ground Surface – Natural, Manmade ( reflectance, permeability, soil temperature,
    vegetation etc)
    Three dimensional objects – Trees, fences, walls, buildings (air movement and shade)
    AIR TEMPERATURE
    SITE CLIMATE
    During day, the surfaces are heated by solar radiation, the air nearest to the ground has
    the highest temperature.
    Mixing of hot and cool air takes place as hot air from ground travels up. The effect is
    noticable up to 2 M height.
    During night, the ground loses heat and after sunset the temperature of ground falls
    below that of air. The direction of heat flow is reversed.
    This phenomenon is referred to as temperature inversion
    Cold air settles in deep depressions and moves like a viscous liquid.
    In a hilly region, this cold air accelerates in a mass, down the hill and along the floor of
    a valley in a movement called the katabatic wind.

    Topography has a strong influence on air temperature. At 7 to 8 M height, air


    temperature can be 5 to 6 deg C cooler.
    HUMIDITY
    SITE CLIMATE
    During day, as air near ground heats up, the moisture starts to evaporate, the RH is low
    At night, as the air near ground cools, the RH increases, and soon reaches saturation point.
    Further cooling condenses the excess moisture in the form of dew .
    When dew point temperature is reached, formation of fog will start forming near ground
    surface.
    PRECIPITATION
    Winds carrying moisture will affect rain fall patterns, with the windward side of hills usually
    receiving more than leeward.
    When change in ground level is more than 300 m, the windward will receive more than the
    regional average and leeward side relatively less. With increase of height in hill, the rainfall will
    be more heavy. A town located on the top of hill and expanding windward as well as leeward
    side will have different rainfall patterns
    SITE CLIMATE
    SOLAR RADIATION
    Intensity on the ground surface is affected by the following factors
    1. Transparency of Atmosphere – atmospheric pollution, smog, dust cloud cover will
    reduce radiation on the site
    2. The slope and orientation of the site – At mid latitudes, a site sloping towards the
    pole will receive much less radiation than one sloping towards the equator.
    3. Influenced by hills, trees, existing buildings especially on the east and west sides of
    a site.
    AIR MOVEMENT
    SITE CLIMATE
    Wind speed is always more at higher levels than at ground surfaces due to friction with ground
    cover.
    Wind speed increases with height, but is dependent on the ground surface.
    Wind speed reaches maximum at a higher height over an urban center compared to flat open
    country ( wind speed reaches maximum at a much lower height)
    SITE CLIMATE
    On a hilly site wind velocities will be more at the tops and valleys will have lower wind
    velocities. Valleys will protect from cross winds, but funnel parallel wind
    Large water bodies can give rise to local coastal breezes, which will lower temperature
    In hot and dry regions, heating of air can cause local thermal winds in the form of whirlwinds
    which are hot and dusty.

    OTHER FACTORS
    Thunder storms affect tops of hills and tall buildings
    Dust and Sand storms require barriers natural or artificial . Such storms caused due to
    local factors are mild compared to the ones caused due to regional factors. But in any
    case the winds cannot be used for cooling.
    Earthquakes in seismic zones shall be accounted for by studying the location of fault
    lines.
    Vegetation affects air temperature, humidity, radiation and air movement. Location
    and types of trees on site shall influence the design.
    SITE CLIMATE
    URBAN CLIMATE
    Manmade climate create microclimates which differ vastly from macroclimate of the region.
    This deviation from the natural environment is seen to a greatest extent in cities.
    What causes this deviation?
    1. More artificial surfaces in the form of pavements, asphalt, buildings etc which absorb more
    of solar radiation but have reduced evaporation.
    2. Buildings cast shadows, obstruct or channelize wind, storing heat during day and releasing
    it at night
    3. Loss of energy to atmosphere through various appliances like HVAC, electrical equipment
    and combustion engines and from industries
    4. Atmospheric pollution from industrial and domestic chimneys, exhaust from vehicles cause
    smog and this diffuses radiation at the same time prevents re radiation to sky creating a
    heat island. Heat buildup can cause unexpected rainfall.
    SITE CLIMATE
    URBAN CLIMATE
    4. Air temperature in a city can be 8 deg C higher than countryside
    5. Relative Humidity is reduced by 5 to 10% due to quick run off of rain water from
    paved areas, absence of vegetation and higher temperature
    6. Wind velocities are usually low due to obstruction, but between tall buildings it
    can be channelized forcefully

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