The Global Interstate System

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The passage discusses the effects of globalization on governments and the emergence of global governance. It also analyzes challenges to state autonomy from factors like global economics and identity movements.

Globalization leads to a decline in the power of nation-states as borders become more porous to flows of trade, migration, and information. It also demands that governments conform to rules of free market capitalism.

Challenges to state autonomy include external intervention by other countries, internal political dissent, and pressure from regional organizations like the UN. Identity-based movements and issues within states can also challenge state control.

Presented by:

Dancil, Emmanuel Jr.


Baclaan, Ricky Jr.
 Explain the effects of Globalization
on governments.
 Identify the Institutions that govern
International Relations.
 Analyse the role of Internationalism
in the local communities.
Specific Factors behind the emergence of global governance
 The first on the list must be the declining power of nation-
state
 A second factor is the vast flow of all sorts of things that
run into and often right through to borders of nation-state.
 Mass migration and their entry, often illegally, into various
state.
 Another set of issues that has led to calls for global
governance involves horrendous events within nation-state
that the state themselves either foment and carry out, or are
unable to control (Nordstrom, 2004)
There have been several challenges to the government and
ultimately, to state autonomy.

Challenges that affect of the Globalization to the


Government
 Traditional challenges
 Challenges from national or Identity movements
 Global Economics
 Global social movements
External intervention can generally be
described as invasion by other countries.
Example:
When Saddam Hussein was the ruler of
Iraq in 1990 he decided he was going to take
over the oil fields of Kuwait. He invaded Kuwait
and took it over. As a result, he was dislodged by
international coalition led by the US
Internal political challenges
Example:
In Syria, the original rebellion against Assad came
from the country’s own internal dissenters who wanted to
replace the government even though they were also Syrian
nationals
There are also regional organizations challenging
states autonomy. The United Nations intervened in Sudan
because of the several years of Civil War.
It is important to know that a nation has cultural
identity that people attached to, while a state is a definite
entity due to its specific boundaries. However different
people with different identities can live in a different
states.
For example:
The Kurds resides in several different countries
including Iraq, Iran, and Turkey.
Global economy demands the states to conform to
the rules of free-market capitalism.
Neoliberal economics or neoliberal capitalism
started in the 1980’s
 It focuses on free trade and dismantling trade barriers.
 It made sure that governments did not impose
restrictive regulations on corporate presence, as well as
on the free flow of capital and jobs.
Neoliberal economics is seen as a
threat, in general, because a state
cannot protect its own economic
interest as a sovereign state.
Example:
Greece is one example that
explains how neoliberal economics can
threaten the sovereignty of a state.
Are movements of people that are spontaneous or
that emerge through enormous grassroots organization.
These social movements are transnational movements
which means they occur across countries and across
borders.
Example:
Human rights movements create a public
sentiment, value, and agenda. The idea is that there are
certain rights that states cannot neglect or generally, what
we call human rights.
The environmental movement is another
example of global social movements related to
public policy.
Example:
 Consensus on womans’s rights. The biggest
between the West and fundamentalist Islam is
over the role of women in society, as well as
woman’s autonomy.
 Rights of personal autonomy, this includes
issues on homosexuality, same-sex marriage,
and gender equality.
the state is a distinctive political community with
its own set of rules and practices and that is more or less
separate from other communities.
The Four Elements of State:
 Permanent population
 Territory
 Government
 Sovereignty
There are several international organizations that
governments of countries around the world and
individuals participate in. These includes:
 The United Nations (UN)
 The International Court of Justice (ICJ)
 The North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA)
 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
The United Nation (UN)
 One of the leading political organizations in the world where
nation-states meet and deliberate.
 The term “United Nation” was coined by former U.S President
Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1942
 Began on October 24, 1945

 Started with 50 representatives from different countries.

 Generally functions in four areas:

 Military issues → Environ mental issues


 Economic issues → Human protection
 It is made up to 193 member states

 Maintaining international peace and security became the central


mission of the UN after the war. There are five permanent UN
Security Council: US, Britain, Russia, China, and France.
The UN is not all about fights. It has a program
called UNICEF or the United Nations Children’s
Emergency Fund.
In terms of economic issues, the main focus of the
UN is the reduction of global inequality. The Sustainable
Development Goals (SGDs) cover a range of concerns for
the improvement of all aspects of life.
Environmental issues, such as pollution and
hazardous wastes, are addressed to the UNs environment
Programme (UNEP)
The UN also has the International
Court of Justice (ICJ), usually to as the
World Court. This is where countries can
settle disputes in a court of law, as well as a
place where war criminals and rulers who
have done terrible things to their people can
be put to trial for their crimes.
Finally, the UN promotes and protects
human rights through different
organizations and mechanisms.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO) is a defensive treaty or a military
alliance between the UN, Canada and 25
European countries. The countries in this
organization basically agreed to combine
their militaries and announce to the world
that if a country messes with one of its
members, the other countries will come to
their defense.
NGOs are not tied to any country. This allows
them to operate freely throughout the world. They
provide emergency relief such as food, water, and
medical supplies for those whose homes or towns
have been destroyed by disaster or war.
Red Cross (Red Crescent in Muslim
countries) is considered as NGO. It is an
international organization that was developed out of
war.
 WTO is made up of 162 countries around
the world and was created with the goal of
increasing free trade. Countries, therefore,
can buy and sell goods from one another
without placing taxes on imports or tariffs.
 NAFTA is an economic treaty between the
UN, Canada, and Mexico in which the three
countries trade freely without taxing each
other
particularly the desire for greater cooperation and unity
among states and peoples. This desire is called
internationalism.

Can be divided into two broad categories


 The Liberal Internationalism
 The Socialist Internationalism
The first major thinker of liberal internationalism was
the late 18nth century German philosopher Immanuel
Kant. Kant likened states in a global system to people living
in a given territory. If people living together require a
government to prevent lawlessness, shouldn’t that same
principle be applied to states? Without the form of world
government , he argued, the international system would be
chaotic. Therefore, states, like citizens of countries, must
give up some freedoms and “establish a continuously
growing state consisting of various nations which will
ultimately include the nations of the world.” In short, Kant
imagined a form of global government.
The first thinker to reconcile nationalism with
liberal internationalism was the 19th century Italian patriot
Guiseppe Mazzini. He believed in a Republican
government (without kings, queens, and hereditary
succession) and proposed a system of free nations that
cooperated with each other to create an international
System. For Mazzini, free, independent states would be
the basis of an equally free, cooperative international
system. He argued that if the various Italian mini-states
could unify, one could scale up the system to create, for
example, a United States of Europe. Mazzini was a
nationalist internationalist, who believes that free, unified
nation-states should be the basis of global cooperation.
Wilson saw nationalism as a prerequisite for
internationalism. Because of his faith in nationalism, he
forwarded the principle of self determination—the belief
that the world’s nations had a right to a free, and
sovereign government. He hoped that these free nations
would become democracies, because only by being such
would they be able to build a free system of international
relations based on international law and cooperation.
Wilson, in short, became the most notable advocate for
the creation of the League of Nations. At the end of World
War I in 1918, he transform the League into a venue for
conciliation and arbitration to prevent another war. For
this efforts, Wilson was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in
1919.
The League was the concretization of
the concepts of liberal internationalism.
From Kant, it emphasized the need to form
common international principles. From
Mazzini, it enshrined the principles of
cooperation and respect among nation-
states. From Wilson, it called for
democracy and self-determination. These
ideas would reassert themselves in the
creation of the United Nations in 1946.
Karl Marx who was also a internationalist, but
who differed from the former because he did not believed
in nationalism. He believed that any true form of
internationalism should deliberately reject nationalism,
which rooted people in domestic concerns instead of
global ones. Instead, Marx placed a premium on economic
equality; he did not divide the world into countries, but
into classes. The capitalist class referred to the owners of
factories, companies and other “means of production.” In
contrast, the proletariat class included those who did not
own the means of production, but instead, worked for the
capitalists.
Marx died in 1883, but his followers soon sought
to make his vision concrete by establishing their
international organization. The Socialist
International (SI) was a union of European
socialist and labor parties established in Paris in
1889. Although, short-lived, the SI’s
achievements included the declaration of May 1
as Labor Day and the creation of International
Women’s Day. Most importantly, it initiated the
successful campaign for an 8-hour workday.
The SI collapsed during World War I
as the member parties refused or were
unable to join the internationalist efforts
to fight for the war. Many of these sisters
parties even ended up fighting each
other. It was a confirmation of Marx’s
warning: when workers and their
organizations take the side of their
countries instead of each other, their
long-term interest are compromised.

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