Module 4

The Global
Interstate
System:
The Making of the World
• Global politics is essential in managing a
state. Concepts on the principle or
sovereignty, interstate relations,
international order, and interstate system
are basis for peace and order between
and among states/countries.
Objectives

At the end of this topic, the students should be

able to:
• Explain the effects of globalization on
governments;
• Identify the institutions that govern
international relations; and
• Differentiate internationalism and globalism.
Course Outline

• Categories of the Countries, Impact of

Globalization to Nation and State,
Distinctions between Nation and State,
Attributes of Modern International Politics,
Origins of the Nation-State, Internationalism
Let’s Get Ready

Situational Analysis – Read the situations stated in the article below involving
China and America regarding their current relationships.

U.S.-China relations are headed for the ‘darkest chapter yet,’ says Eurasia
Group Yen Nee Lee (CNBC), July 2, 2020

Relations between the U.S. and China — the world’s top two economies — could
worsen further as both countries have signaled that they are prepared to fight
each other in many more ways, according to a political risk expert.
“There’s a lot of room for escalation here. I think that it’s, by now, quite clear that
we’re in for the darkest chapter yet of U.S.-China relations,” Todd Mariano,
director for U.S. at Eurasia Group, told CNBC’s “Squawk Box Asia”on Thursday.
“We’re seeing moves now more on the technology and export front. I think the
troubling sign is simply the multiplicity of fronts at which the two countries are
fighting or preparing to fight,” he said.
Let’s Get Ready

In the past few years, disputes between the two countries were focused on areas
such as their trade imbalance and contest in technology — which triggered a
tariff war threatening to derail the global economy.
In recent months, the U.S. and China have hit out at each other over a wider range
of issues which include the origin of the coronavirus and the autonomy of Hong
Kong.
Hong Kong, a major business and financial center in Asia, is a self-governed
Chinese territory that has a special trading relationship with the U.S.
But Washington has started to pare back some of the city’s privileges under
U.S. law as Beijing tightens its control over the territory by enacting a national
security law.
In addition, China’s expanding Belt and Road Initiative and continued assertions in
the South China Sea also feed into its tensions with the U.S., according to
Mariano.
Let’s Get Ready
The Belt and Road Initiative is a massive infrastructure push that many analysts
and critics see as China’s way of spreading its global influence through lending.
The South China Sea is an important sea route for world trade where Beijing
has claimed most of it as its own territory, even though other countries also lay
claim to parts of it.
“Having such a widespread conflict, I think, really undermines the ability of
policymakers to sort of cordon off and resolve tensions on these issues,” said
Mariano.
• Trump or Biden?
Analysts have warned that U.S. President Donald Trump, in seeking a second term
in the White House, could ratchet up rhetoric and other actions against China in
a bid to woo voters. The U.S. presidential election is scheduled for November
this year.
If Trump gets reelected, Washington’s stance toward Beijing will remain: More
bluster, more threats and probably even more tariffs, said William Reinsch,
senior advisor and Scholl Chair in international business at think tank, Center
for Strategic and International Studies.
Let’s Get Ready

Still, Beijing may actually prefer Trump to win the election over his Democratic
rival, former Vice President Joe Biden, Reinsch told CNBC’s “Street Signs
Asia” on Thursday.
“I’ve asked that question to a bunch of Americans doing business in China and
they all said the same thing: They think that the Chinese prefer Trump to be
reelected,” Reinsch said in response to CNBC’s question on who would
Chinese President Xi Jinping want as the next American president.
“They believe that the Chinese think that the damage that Trump is doing to the
western alliance is greater than the damage he’s doing to them. And so, they
net come out better,” he said.
Since taking office in 2017, Trump’s “America First” approach has isolated the U.S.
from some of its closest allies. The president has threatened elevated tariffs on
the European Union and abandoned a nuclear deal with Iran that is backed by
traditional allies, including the U.K., France and Germany.
Let’s Get Ready

Last month, Trump approved a plan to withdraw some 9,500 U.S. military
personnel from Germany. That move came as the president complained that
Germany has been “delinquent” in its payments to the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization or Nato — an intergovernmental military alliance between 30
North American and European countries.
“He’s irritated our allies, he’s losing friends — that gives China opening in Europe
and other parts of the world that they hadn’t had before,” said Reinsch.

Points to Discuss:
• Why do they differ in dealing with other countries?
• How do they affect other countries?
• What kind of influence do they have on different countries? Explain.

Let’s Get On With It

Categories of the Countries

After WWII, Cold War divided the world into:

• First World – NATO and the Western

Alliance
• Second World – Communist Countries
• Third World – Those caught in between the
superpowers.
First World Countries
First World Countries

• The term "First World" refers to the so

called developed, capitalist, industrial
countries, roughly, a bloc of countries
aligned with the United States after World
War II, with more or less common political
and economic interests: North America,
Western Europe, Japan and Australia.

Reference: www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/third_world_countries.htm
Second World Countries
Second World Countries

• It refers to the former communist-socialist,

industrial states, (formerly the Eastern
bloc, the territory and sphere of influence
of the Union of Soviet Socialists Republic)
today: Russia, Eastern Europe
(e.g., Poland) and some of the Turk
States (e.g., Kazakhstan) as well
as China.
Reference: www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/10/150.html
Third World Countries
Third World Countries

• They are all the other countries, today

often used to roughly describe the
developing countries of Africa, Asia and
Latin America.
• The term Third World includes as well
capitalist (e.g., Venezuela) and communist
(e.g., North Korea) countries, as very rich
(e.g., Saudi Arabia) and very poor (e.g.,
Mali) countries.
Third World Countries
What kind of states do we need to
handle today’s most pressing
problems?
How is globalization changing the
overall balance of power between
states and citizens?
How does the resilience of states
both advance and inhibit democracy
– and how democratic is a world of
globally-interconnected states?
What is the impact of
globalization on the
nation – state?
Is it true that ……..
….the nation–state,
as a complex modern
political form, is on its
last legs (Arjun
Appadurai)?
……with economic
interdependence and
global communication,
nation–state is a
“nostalgic fiction”
(Kenichi Ohmae)?
Nation – state

According to Hans
Schattle, globalization
has not displaced the
state.
Nation –
state
• State - Coercive authority over
specific territories (Max Weber)
• State - Independent political
communities with governments
(Hedley Bull)
• Nation - An imagined political
community (Benedict Anderson)
Nation –
state
• Not all states are nations and not all nations are
states.
• Ex: Scotland (a nation with its own flag and
culture but still under UK which is a state).
• Ex: Bangsamoro ( a nation but still recognizes
the authority of the Philippine state)
• Single nation w/ multiple states: Nation of Korea
w/ two states (North & South); Chinese nation
w/ the People’ Republic of China and Taiwan.
Nation –
state
STATE
• A country and its government
• Attributes: 1. exercises authority over a
specific population (citizens); 2. governs a
specific territory; 3. has a structure of
government that crafts various rules that
society follow; and 4. has sovereignty over
its territory.
Nation –
state
Sovereignty
• Internal and external authority
• Internally, no individuals or groups can operate in a
given national territory by ignoring the state. They
have to follow the laws of the state where they
establish themselves.
• Externally, it means that the state’s policies &
procedures are independent of the interventions of
other states.
• One of the fundamental principles of modern state
politics.
Nation –
state
NATION
• An ‘imagined’ community (Benedict Anderson) – it
allows one to feel a connection w/ a community of
people even if he/she will never meet all of them in
his/her lifetime.
• It is ‘limited’, does not go beyond ‘official boundary’,
rights & responsibilities are mainly the privilege &
concern of the citizens of that nation.
• It often limits themselves to people who have imbibed
a particular culture, speak a common language, and
live in a specific territory.
Nation – state
• Extends political and economic power beyond
its territory
• Expected to follow international
norms/laws/standards (Universal Principles of
Human Rights, Rome Treaty)
• Competes / cooperates with
– international institutions (IMF, WB,ADB, UN)
– transnational civil society ( Amnesty
International, Green Peace)
– Global corporations (Coca-Cola,
McDonalds, Uniliver, Nestle)
• The benefits of globalization are unevenly
distributed across states and populations.
State policies mattered greatly.
– Neoliberal economy
– Golden Straightjacket (Thomas
Friedman)
– Electronic Herd
• States set the agendas and drive the
terms of cooperation that govern the
world’s leading international organizations
(UN, GATT, WTO).
• Globalization places states into direct competition
(economic investments, tourism, political legitimacy)
• Globalization has sparked competing dynamics of
power diffusion and power consolidation (civil
society vs. state security)

• CITIZENSHIP GAP (Alison Brysk and Gershon

Shafir)
– Globalization of migration, production, regulation
and conflict construct rights without sufficient
institutions to enforce them, identities without
membership, and participation of some at the
expense of others.
• Globalization is often seen to have
lowered the importance of the state, but
in the end, the states that will remain the
most successful in the face of
globalization is those who adapt to the
changes their role makes.

• In the words attributed to Charles

Darwin (1809 – 1882), ‘It is not the
strongest of the species that survives,
nor the most intelligent, but rather the
one most responsive to change.’
Attributes of Modern International
Politics

- Countries are independent & govern themselves.

- States interact with each other through diplomacy.
- International organizations (UN) and institutions(IMF,WB)
facilitate relations between states.
- International organizations and institutions promote
norms (respect for human rights, free-trade); hence, they
also take on lives of their own.
Origins of the Nation-State
(Interstate System)
Peace of Westphalia (Germany)
-Package of treaties/agreements
that ended the 30 years European
wars of religion (1618-1648)
-European states – the Holy Roman
Empire, Spain, France, Sweden and
the Dutch Republic – agreed to
exercise complete control over their
domestic affairs and to respect one
another's territorial integrity by not
meddling with each other’s affairs.
The three(3) core points of the
Westphalian Treaty are the following :

1. the principle of state sovereignty;

2. the principle of legal equality of states; and
3. the principle of non-intervention of one state in
the internal affairs of another.

It provided stability for the nations of Europe until it faced

its first major challenge by Napoleon Bonaparte.
Nationalism
The nation:
1. Imagined community (people)
2. Limited (territorial boundaries)
3. Seeks to govern itself (government
institution)

Effect:
As nationalism became strong/popular in the
19th century, this solidified the Westphalian
order
- In Asia, earliest case of this was the
Philippines.
Global politics since Westphalia: Responding to notions
of sovereignty

-Direct challenges
to sovereignty
-Heighten
interactions within
the system
-Provide
alternatives loci of
international
politics
Earliest Challenge of the Westphalian
System: Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-
1821)
- Sought to spread the principles of the
French Revolution (liberty, equality,
and fraternity) across Europe
(Napoleonic Wars, 1803-1815)
- Napoleonic Code:
Forbade birth privileges, encouraged
freedom or religion, promoted
meritocracy in government service
Brief French hegemony over Europe
- Was defeated in 1815 (Battle of
Waterloo)
The Concert of Europe (1815-1914)
- Sought to restore Europe to
world before French Revolution
and Napoleon (world of
monarchial, hereditary, &
religious privileges)
- Alliances of Austria, Prussia,
Russia, & United Kingdom agreed
to maintain “balance of power”
- restore the sovereignty of states
under the Metternich system
- would support each other if any
revolutions broke out
- helped nations unite whether
they wanted to or not
Tenets of the Concert

1) Return of the monarchy

2) Return of Christian values in Europe
3) Repudiation of the Napoleonic Code
4) Renewed peace in Europe through
great power diplomacy
Internationalism
- greater cooperation and unity among
states and people.

- Categories:
1. Liberal Internationalism
2. Socialist Internationalism
The Birth of Liberal Internationalism
Immanuel Kant (1795):
“For states in their relation to
each other, there cannot be
any reasonable way out of the What this means:
lawless condition which entails
only war except that they, like
individual men, should give up - Agreements among states merely
their savage [lawless] freedom, avert war
adjust themselves to the
constraints of public law, and - Nations needed to give up their
thus establish a continuously freedom and subject themselves to a
growing state consisting of larger system of law
various nations which will
ultimately include all the - A form of global government is needed
nations of the world.” to create and enforce these laws
International Law
Jeremy Bentham (1748 – 1832) –
coined the term “international”
in 1780
Advocated the creation of
international law: law between
states (governs the inter-state
relations)
“The end that a disinterested
legislator upon international law
would propose to himself would
… be the greatest happiness of all
nations taken together.”
Do these ideas mean world
government? Do they entail the
abolition of states?
Mazzini’s Nationalist Internationalism
- Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872) –
architect of Italian unification,
ardent nationalist, and major
critique of the Metternich system.
-He believed in a Republican
government & proposed a system
of free nations that cooperated
w/ each other to create an
international system.
-Free, independent states would be the
basis of an equally free, cooperative
international system.
-Free, unified nation-states should be
the basis of global cooperation.
Wilsonian Internationalism
Nations were subject to the
universal laws of God, which
could be discovered through
reason.
Principles include: self-
determination (world’s
nations had a right to a free
& sovereign government),
democratic government,
collective security,
international law, and an US President Woodrow Wilson
(1856-1924)
advocate of the League of
Nations.
Wilson in 1917…
“I am proposing, as it were, that the nations should
with one accord adopt the doctrine of President
Monroe as the doctrine of the world: that no nation
should seek to extend its polity over any other nation
or people, but that every people should be left free to
determine its own polity, its own way of
development—unhindered, unthreatened, unafraid,
the little along with the great and powerful.”
Side Note: Philippine “Deweyan” Educators
Camilo Osias (1940): When it is recalled that Voltaire
dreamed of a “European Diet,” that Kant advocated a
“United States of Europe,” that Tennyson had a vision
of the “Parliament of Man, the Federation of the
World,” and that Wilson and other statesmen actually
organized the “League of Nations,” there is room for
optimism that the day is not far distant when Jesus’
idea of the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood
of man will become real.
The pluralized philosophy seeks to broaden regional
ideas among men and nations, and to secure a
human order or a world system where
individuality is conserved, where
republicanism shall be the political form, and
where democracy is the human way of life.
When these shall have become universal, we may
truly say that nations of the earth have at long last
been pluralized.” (Osias 1940)
Defining Liberal Internationalism
The idea of common international principles –
from Kant
Cooperation and respect among nation-states –
Mazzini and Wilson
Promotion of global democracy & self-
determination– Wilson
These ideas became the foundation of the
League of Nations. The League was the
concretization of the concepts of liberal
internationalism.
League of Nations (1919-1946)
Founded in the 1919 Paris
Peace conference after WW1
Maintain world peace through
international arbitration
Birth of task-specific
international organizations like
the WHO and the ILO
(international civil service)
An Alternative: Socialist
Internationalism
Karl Marx
-Economic equality
“Workers of the world,
unite. You have nothing
to lose but your chains.”
“The proletariat has no
nation”
Marxist anti-nationalism:
affinity to the nation
retards the worker’s
struggle
Karl Marx
- Capitalist Class – owners of factories, companies and
other means of production.
- Proletariat Class – those who did not own the means of
production, but instead, worked for the capitalist.
- Believed that in a socialist revolution seeking to
overthrow the state and alter the economy, the
proletariat ‘had no nation’.
The Socialist International (SI,1889-1916)
Organization of labor and socialist
parties, mainly in Europe
Achievements: 8-hour work day,
International Women’s Day, May 1 Labor
Day
Its parties became major players in the
electoral politics of Europe
Collapsed in 1916 as its member parties
supported the war efforts of their
respective states
Managed to re-establish in 1951 but its
influence remained primarily confined
to Europe
Communist International (Comintern),1919-1943
- Product of the Bolshevik Party
victory in Russia (Russian
Revolution-1917) which led to
Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics
- Vladimir Lenin’s tool to promote
revolution
- Central body for directing all
Communist Parties across the
world
- Dissolved in 1943 by Joseph
Stalin to appease Allied Powers
since the Soviet Union joined
them in 1941
The Comintern and the Third World
Lenin: “Monopolies, oligarchy, the striving for
domination and not for freedom, the exploitation of
an increasing number of small or weak nations by a
handful of the richest or most powerful nations — all
these have given birth to those distinctive
characteristics of imperialism which compel us to
define it as parasitic or decaying capitalism.”
Ho Chi Minh:“ You must excuse my frankness, but I
cannot help but observe that the speeches by
comrades from the mother countries give me the
impression that they wish to kill a snake by stepping
on its tail. You all know today the poison and life
energy of the capitalist snake is concentrated more in
the colonies than in the mother countries… Yet in our
discussion of the revolution, you neglect the colonies,
while capitalism uses them to support itself, define
itself and fight you.”
Communist Information Bureau (Cominform)
- Established by Stalin after
the WWII
- Soviet Union took over
the countries in Eastern
Europe
- Helped direct the various
communist parties that
had taken power in Eastern
Europe
Major Challenge to
Internationalism: Fascism
Hitler saw both variants
of internationalism as
an attack to the nation
Fascists believed in the
primacy of ethnic
majorities
Fascists believed in
regional spheres of
influence
The United Nations (1945- Present)
- Created to preserve peace after
the war
- Reinforced principles of
sovereignty and non-intervention
- Reflected the postwar balance of
power
Security Council – to maintain
peace and security
Permanent 5 have veto power
(vestiges of the Concert)
- Took over the duties of the
League
- Grew larger than the league
because of decolonization (2015)
Internationalism and the colonized world
Colonized world were largely
ignored
Concert-era international
lawyers did not believe that
colonies were part of the same
legal terrain
Wilson’s self-determination
did not seem to include
colonies
Second international did not
support anti-colonial struggles
For a while, only Communists
paid attention to issues of
imperialism and
decolonization
Decolonization after the war
Imperial powers were in ruin
and could not maintain
colonies
Wartime defeats exposed
the weakness of imperial
powers
Wartime heroes in the
colonized world became
prominent
The Third World

After WWII, Cold War divided the world into:

First World: NATO and the Western Alliance
Second World: Communist countries
Third World: Those caught in between the
superpowers
The Bandung Conference (1955)
29 countries participated
Established to combat
colonialism and
neocolonialism by either the
US or the USSR
Birth of the non-aligned
movement
A Mazinnian internationalism
for decolonizing countries
Indonesian President Sukarno
at Bandung
We are often told "Colonialism is dead." Let us not
be deceived or even soothed by that. I say to you,
colonialism is not yet dead. How can we say it is
dead, so long as vast areas of Asia and Africa are
unfree.
And, I beg of you, do not think of colonialism only
in the classic form which we of Indonesia, and our
brothers in different parts of Asia and Africa,
knew. Colonialism has also its modern dress, in the
form of economic control, intellectual control,
actual physical control by a small but alien
community within a nation. It is a skilful and
determined enemy, and it appears in many guises.
It does not give up its loot easily. Wherever,
whenever and however it appears, colonialism is
an evil thing, and one which must be eradicated
from the earth. . . .
Legacies of Bandung
Third world solidarity
Developing World, Global South

Cementing the emphasis on national

development against “neocolonial intervention.”
G22 and the anti-globalization movement

Regionally-driven internationalism
Let’s Strengthen It

Conduct a debate in your chat

group on the impact of
globalization on the nation-state.
Let’s Test Yourself
ANALOGY. Analyze the relationship of the analogy to figure out the answer
needed in the other set of analogy. Write your answers on the spaces
provided. (10 points)

1. Bangsamoro : ____________________________
Republic of the Philippines : State

2. Golden Straightjacket : States are forced into policies that

suit the companies
____________________________ : Companies swiftly move their money
and resources to countries adaptable to their demands
Let’s Test Yourself
3. Treaty of Westphalia : Ended the 30 years European wars of
religion
____________________________ : Restore Europe after the
French Revolution

4. Napoleonic Code : Napoleon Bonaparte

International Law : _______________________________

5. Nationalist Internationalism : Republican Government

____________________________ : Global Government
Let’s Test Yourself
6. ____________________________ : Owners of factories, companies, and
other means of production
Proletariat Class : Does not own means of production and worked
only for the other class

7. Communist International : Vladimir Lenin

____________________________ : Joseph Stalin

8. First-World : _____________________________________
Second-World : Communist Countries
Let’s Test Yourself

9. Immanuel Kant : Common international principles

_____________________________ : Global democracy and self-
determination

10. State : Coercive authority over a specific territory

Nation : _________________________________________
My Realization

How to maintain world peace? How will you educate your

neighbours about peace?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
References
Claudio, Lisandro E. and Patricio Abinales. 2018. The Contemporary World. C &
E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City.
Steger, Manfred B., Paul Battersby, and Joseph M. Siracusa, eds. 2014.The SAGE
Handbook of Globalization. Two volumes. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
Saluba, Dennis J., Carlos, Abigeil F., Cuadra, Jovy F., Damilig, Angelita D., Corpuz,
Raizza P., Endozo, Maria Lorena A., Pascual, Marilou P., Hermogenes, Michael
C., and Capacio, Jocelyn G. 2018. The Contemporary World. Panday-Lahi
Publishing House, Inc. Muntinlupa City.
Hobsbawm, Eric J. 1996. “The Future of the State.” Development and Change
27(2): 267–278.
Mazower, Mark. 2006. “An International Civilization? Empire, Internationalism
and the Crisis of the Mid-Twentieth Century.” International Affairs 82(3): 553–
566.