Aliaga Senior High School

PRACTICAL
RESEARCH 2
Ms. Maureen P. Lustre
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

General Background Statement of the Research

Information Problem Objectives

Research Significance of the Scope and

Hypothesis Study Delimitations
GENERAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION

• Introduces the study and signifies its

importance to create an interest and
intense desire on the reader to know
more about the investigation.
GENERAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION

• Context - situation or circumstances

within which your topic was
conceptualized.
GENERAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION

• Justify the need to conduct the

study.

• Research Gap - unexplored area of a

topic that requires further
exploration.
GENERAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION

• Research Gap can be in a form of

other variables, conditions,
population, methodology, or test
subject.
GENERAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION

• What is already known about the topic?

• What is not known about the topic?
• Why do you need to address those
gaps?
• What is the rationale of your study?
GUIDELINES IN WRITING
GENERALBACKGROUND
INFORMATION
1.START BROAD, THEN NARROW DOWN

• Begin with the general introduction to the

topic.
• Provide context by discussing key concepts,
theories, or historical developments.
• Gradually focus on the specific problem your
study addresses.
2. ESTABLISH THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

• Clearly define the gap in the knowledge or issue

that needs investigation.
• Explain why this problem is significant in your
field of study.
• Use statistics, reports, or past studies to highlight
the urgency of the problem.
3. REVIEW RELEVANT LITERATURE

• Summarize key studies related to your research

topic.
• Identify trends, gaps, or contradictions in previous
research.
• Explain how your study will contribute to existing
knowledge.
4. JUSTIFY THE NEED FOR THE STUDY

• Answer why your study is important and how it

will benefit academia, society, or industry.
• Link your research to real-world issues, policies,
or theories.
• Mention potential implications for future
research.
5. STATE YOUR RESEARCH QUESTIONS OR
OBJECTIVES
• End the background by introducing your
research questions or objectives.

• This creates a smooth transition to the

statement of the problem section.
6. USE CLEAR AND CONCISE LANGUAGE

• Avoid jargon unless necessary; explain

technical terms when needed.
• Keep paragraphs focused and logically
structured.
• Write in academic yet engaging research
style.
7. SUPPORT WITH EVIDENCE

• Use credible sources like scholarly journals,

books, and government reports.

• Cite sources properly using the required

citation style (APA).
STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM

Research problems serve as crucial

stepping stones for groundbreaking
discoveries and advancements.
STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM

It is used in research work as a claim that

outlines the problem addressed by a
study.
GOALS OF A STATEMENT OF
THE PROBLEM?

The ultimate goal of a Writing a statement of the

statement of the problem is problem should help you
to transform a generalized clearly identify the purpose
problem into a targeted, of the research project you
well-defined problem. will propose.
KEY CHARACTERISTICS
A good research problem should have the following characteristics:

1.It should address a gap in knowledge.

2.It should be significant enough to
contribute to the existing body of research
3.It should lead to further research
KEY CHARACTERISTICS
A good research problem should have the following characteristics:

4. The problem should render itself to

investigation through collection of data
5. It should be of interest to the researcher and
suit his/her skills, time, and resources
6. The approach towards solving the problem
should be ethical
EXAMPLE:

“The increasing prevalence of obesity in children is a

growing public health concern. Despite the availability of
information on healthy eating and physical activity, many
children are still not engaging in healthy lifestyle behaviors.
The problem this study addresses is the lack of
understanding of the barriers and facilitators to healthy
lifestyle behaviors in children.”
RESEARCH
FRAMEWORK
• It illustrates the structure or blueprint of
the research plan.

• It consists of the key concepts and assumed

relationships of the research project.
RESEARCH
FRAMEWORK

• It can be presented using visual (diagrams,

chart, etc.) and narrative (paragraph stating
the concepts and relationships of the study)
forms.
THEORETICAL AND
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Theoretical Framework Conceptual Framework

commonly used for studies refers to the actual ideas, beliefs,
that anchor on time-tested and tentative theories that
theories that relate the specifically support the study. It
findings of the investigation is primarily a conception or
to the underpinning relevant model of what is out there that
theory of knowledge. the researcher plans to study.
SIMILARITIES OF THE THEORETICAL AND
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

1. Provide an overall view of the research study;

2. Anchor a theory that supports the study;
3. Guide in developing relevant research questions/objectives;
4. Help justify assumptions/hypothesis;
5. Aid in choosing appropriate methodology;
6. Help in gathering and interpreting data and
7. Guide in identifying possible threats to validity
CONCEPT MAP/RESEARCH PARADIGM

a visual representation of information that helps

show the relationship between ideas. Concept maps
begin with the main topic and then branch out into
sub-topics, reflecting the connection of all the
elements in the study. It can also provide and
organize new ideas.
VARIABLES

Independent Dependent
Variables Variables
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

• is the “presumed cause” of the research

problem.
• It is the reason for any “change” or difference in
a dependent variable.
• It can be purposely manipulated by the
researcher, depending on the focus of the
study
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

For example, a psychology researcher may

develop an experiment to understand how
early childhood attachment influences
anxiety in adults.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
Example,
The researchers want to understand how
the medication affects the subject's health,
and their health depends on the influence
of the medication.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
Example,
The human resources department notices that employee
productivity declines at a certain time each day, they
plan to conduct an experiment to see if implementing a
short, structured break period at the same time each
afternoon improves employee productivity.
DEPENDENT VARIABLES

• is the “presumed effect” of the research

problem.
• It is usually the problem itself or the element
that is being questioned.
• This variable is altered as a resultof
experimental manipulation of the independent
variable or variables.
DEPENDENT VARIABLES

For example, a psychology researcher may

develop an experiment to understand how
early childhood attachment influences
anxiety in adults.
DEPENDENT VARIABLES
Example,
The researchers want to understand how
the medication affects the subject's health,
and their health depends on the influence
of the medication.
DEPENDENT VARIABLES
Example,
The human resources department notices that employee
productivity declines at a certain time each day, they
plan to conduct an experiment to see if implementing a
short, structured break period at the same time each
afternoon improves employee productivity.
Identify whether the variables given
are independent or dependent

1. Exploring How Varying Sleep Durations

Influence the Academic Achievement of
Senior High School Students
Identify whether the variables given
are independent or dependent

2. A Comparative Study on the

Growth of Tomato Plants Using
Organic and Synthetic Fertilizers
Identify whether the variables given
are independent or dependent

3. Analyzing the Relationship Between

Music Genre Played During Workouts
and the Intensity of Physical Activity
Among Adults
Identify whether the variables given
are independent or dependent

4. Investigating the Influence of

Environmental Temperature on the
Longevity of Lithium-Ion Batteries in
Mobile Devices
Identify whether the variables given
are independent or dependent

5. Study Time Allocation and Its

Association with Performance in
Standardized Mathematics
Examinations
MODERATING VARIABLES

• is an independent variable which

influences the direction and the
strength of the connection between
independent and dependent variables.
MODERATING VARIABLES

• For example,

work experience and salary

MODERATING VARIABLES

• For example,

sleep quality and academic achievement

MODERATING VARIABLES

• For example,

Gender stereotypes and Career Choices

MEDIATING OR
INTERVENING VARIABLES
• is an element that exists between the
independent to the dependent variable.
• A mediator (or mediating) variable is an integral part
of the cause-effect relationship and helps us to
understand the effects of the independent
variable on the dependent variable
MEDIATING OR
INTERVENING VARIABLES
• Example

Socio-economic status and reading ability

Physical health and dietary habits
Work-life balance and employee burnout
Employee training and Job performance
CONTROL VARIABLE

• a factor in a research study that is kept

constant to prevent it from influencing
the relationship between the
independent and dependent variable
COMMON EXAMPLES OF
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

IV-DV IPO
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE-
DEPENDENT VARIABLE (IV-DV)
THE INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT
(IPO)
• This approach is seated on the premise
of acquiring essential information by
converting inputs into outputs through
the required processing steps in
obtaining the result.
THE INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT
(IPO)
• Input - is usually the independent variable of the
study.
• Process - the intervention or solution consist of the
instruments and analyses used to acquire the result.
• Output - the findings or outcome of the
interventions being made to solve the identified
problem
THE INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT (IPO)
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

• foundation of any research project.

• They provide a clear direction and purpose for

the study, ensuring that you stay focused and
on track throughout the process.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

specific, measurable, and

achievable goals that you aim to
accomplish within a specified timeframe.
(SMART)
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

Use action verbs such as “investigate,”

“examine,” “analyze,” and “compare” to
describe your research aims and
objectives. This makes them more
specific and measurable.
COMMON PITFALLS TO AVOID

1.Being too broad or vague.

2.Being too narrow and
specific.
3.Being too ambitious.
COMMON PITFALLS TO AVOID

4. Lack of alignment.

5. Lack of feasibility
COMMON PITFALLS TO AVOID

6. Failing to consider ethical

considerations.

7. Failing to involve all stakeholders.

State the general objective first,
followed by the specific
objectives.
EXAMPLES:
This study aims to examine how gender-based and social
stereotypes shape the way Home Economics students view
themselves (self-perception) and how these perceptions
influence their career choices and aspirations. Additionally, the
study will investigate whether such stereotypes lead students to
limit or redirect their career preferences based on what is
socially expected or accepted, rather than their personal
interests and abilities.
EXAMPLES:

Specifically, it aims to:

• <objective 1>
• <objective 2>
• <objective 3>
• <objective 4>
RESEARCH
HYPOTHESIS
HYPOTHESIS

• a tentative statement about the relationship

between two or more variables.

• It is a specific and testable prediction on

what you expect to happen with the
variables in your study.
HYPOTHESIS

• Hypothesis formulation is employed when

conducting correlational, ex-post facto,
quasi-experimental, and experimental
studies.
TYPES OF
HYPOTHESIS
1. NULL HYPOTHESIS (H0)

• It exist when you consider that there is no

relationship between the independent and
dependent variables or that there is an
insufficient amount of information to claim a
scientific hypothesis.
2. ALTERNATIVE
HYPOTHESIS (HA)

• it is an alternative statement expressed to

be tested in order to generate the desired
output when the empirical or working
hypothesis is not accepted. In an attempt to
disprove a null hypothesis, you tend to seek
an alternative hypothesis.
EXAMPLES
Ho = The amount of text highlighted
in the textbook has no effect on exam
scores.
Ha = The amount of text highlighted
in the textbook has an effect on exam
scores.
EXAMPLES
Ho = Daily meditation does not
decrease the incidence of
depression.
Ha = Daily meditation decreases the
incidence of depression.
EXAMPLES
Ho = There is no difference in the salary
of factory workers based on gender.

Ha = Male factory workers have a higher

salary than female factory workers.
EXAMPLES

There is a relationship between height and

shoe size.

There is no relationship between height and

shoe size.
GUIDELINES
IN WRITING
HYPOTHESIS
1.Before writing your specific
hypothesis, spend more time
researching about the topic you
are interested in. Focus on
information and previous studies
related to your topic.
2. Your independent variable
and dependent variable must
be included in your
hypothesis.
3. The relationship of your
variables must be reflected
in your hypothesis.
4. Your hypothesis should be
simple and specific as
possible. If your hypothesis
is vague and complicated, it
would be difficult to find the
answer to your question.
5. Your hypothesis should be
concise and comprises clear and
simple language. Make it short and
simple for it to be easily understood
and avoid any misconceptions or
misunderstandings.
6. Your hypothesis should be testable
without violating ethical standards. It
means that it could be investigated
and measured through a scientific
methods such as statistical analysis
and data interpretation.
7. Your hypothesis must be falsifiable. It
means that your hypothesis can be proven
wrong through experiments or empirical
data. There are no absolute answers to
research questions, but there is a possibility
of validating the hypotheses to be true
beyond a reasonable doubt.
SCOPE AND
DELIMITATION
OF THE STUDY
SCOPE
SCOPE
• Specifies the coverage of your study
such as variables, population or
participant, and timeline.
EXAMPLE:
This study focuses on the Effects of Depression
to the Academic Performance of Senior High School
Students in Nabua National High School. The data
collection will be conducted to 100 randomly selected
students in Senior High of Nabua National High
School S/Y 2019-2020 who will represent the
population.
EXAMPLE:
This study focuses on evaluating the impact of
financial literacy programs on the financial management
skills of high school students. The research will be
conducted among Grade 11 students enrolled in the
Accountancy, Business, and Management (ABM) strand
in five selected high schools in Metro Manila during the
academic year 2024-2025.
LIMITATIONS
VS.
DELIMITATIONS
LIMITATIONS
Limitations reflect the shortcomings of
your study, based on practical or
theoretical constraints that you faced.

It also relates to the validity and reliability

of the study.
EXAMPLE:
This research will not extend to the advanced factors that
affect engine condition and performance, such as, the
complex parts of the engine and the special features car
manufacturers put in their engine design. However, the basic
structure of the design of the engine will be covered. It will
also show the relation of the factors with one another.
EXAMPLE:
This study will not cover other problems that are not consider as
one of the stressors and depressants. Each of the respondents is
given the same questionnaires to answer. The results of this study
will be applicable only to the respondents of this study and will not
be used as a measure to the effects of depression to the
academic performance of the students who do not belong to the
population of this study. The main source of data will be the
questionnaire, which is prepared by the researchers.
DELIMITATIONS
Delimitations reflect the choices that you
made in terms of the focus and scope of
your research aims and research
questions.
EXAMPLE:
The study focused and limited only on the Senior High School
students at The Light Christian Academy, about the rate of the
students who are satisfied to the K-12 curriculum. The level of
satisfaction on K-12 curriculum where categorized based on the
given survey questionnaires. The research instruments were only
administered among the selected Senior High School students
from the five strands under the Academic and Technical
Vocational track at The Light Christian Academy. This study will
last until the end of the school year.
EXAMPLE:
The study is a correlational research focusing on the
association between the use of social media and attention span
and 50 senior high school students of De La Salle Araneta
University under the Humanites and Social Sciences strand in the
first term of the academic year, 2017-2018.
Furthermore, the study delimits itself to attention span in
class and will not be limited to the use of social networking sites
and exclude the use of the internet by the respondents for
educational purposes.
COMPONENTS OF SCOPE AND
DELIMITATIONS:
• Topic of the Study
• Objectives or Problems to be Addressed
• Time Frame
• Locale of the Study
• Characteristics of the Respondents
• Method and Research Instruments
ACTIVITY

• Directions: Read the sample scope and

delimitations and identify the boundaries
of the study by writing the corresponding
components on the table.
• Sample Scope and Delimitations of the Study
The main objective of this study is to provide information about
students' knowledge and perception of genetically modified foods and
their family health practices. The study also includes the student's
personal information and occupation of their parents and siblings.
This study is limited to the 120 Grade 12 Male and Female enrolled in
the First Semester, School Year 2019-2020 of Gusa Regional
Science High School - X. Each of the respondents is given
questionnaire to answer. The students selected came from six
different sections to prevent subjective perceptions.
Components of Scope and Delimitations

• Topic of the Study

• Objective of the Study or
Problem to be Addressed
• Time frame in which the
study will be conducted
• Locale or area where the
study will be conducted
• Characteristics of the
participants of the study
THANK YOU