Extracted Text from GE03 DISCUSSION.

pptx

Slide 1
THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE
SYSTEM

Slide 2
GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM?

Global Interstate system is an institutional arrangement of

governance that addresses regional or globalized issues that
go beyond the scope of a nation-state (Chase-Dunn, 1981)

Slide 3
WHAT IS AN INTERSTATE SYSTEM?

Chase-Dunn defines an interstate system as a "system of

unequally powerful and competing states in which no single state
is capable of imposing control on all others. These states are in
interaction with one another in a set of shifting alliance and wars
and changes in relative power of states upsets any temporary set
of alliances, leading to a restructuring of the balance of power"
(Chase-Dunn, 1981:20).

Thus, an interstate system is the form of governance for a

globalization (Chase-Dunn, 1981).

Slide 4
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON
GOVERNMENTS

As the world becomes more interconnected through politics,

trade, and communications, the role of nation-states and
government are also shifting. Thus, national and local policies are
not only based on local context but also international and global
realities. One example of a global treaty is the Montreal Protocol
on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.

Slide 5
MONTREAL PROTOCOL ON SUBSTANCES
THAT DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYER
+ aims to phase out the production of numerous
substances responsible for ozone depletion,
signed in August 26, 1987 with 46 country ‘Chuan |
signatories (US EPA, 2017). peal SE HS

0 PROTECT OZONE}

lt Sip nd oer Boe Pat

+ definitive evidence of the Montreal Protocol's

success was discussed by NASA and projected
that ozone levels will return to 1980 levels by
2032 (Watts, 2018).

+ This is an example of how international

‘agreements and efforts could fight borderless
challenges and issues specifically by S
domesticating international norms.

Slide 6
HOW DOES GLOBALIZATION NEGATIVELY AFFECT
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES?

Alocal government would like to attract major global investors in their

community by setting up for instance their manufacturing firm in the area.
This could create jobs for the local people and generate income for local
businesses.

However, it entails converting tracks of agricultural land into an industrial

zone. Farmers will be displaced and agricultural production of the area will
be affected.

The global corporation is also demanding lower taxes and lower income
wage in order to finalize their investment in the area. They argue that they
will create more jobs and more income from the local community and
government.

Slide 7
CONTEMPORARY
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

=
Slide 8
Global Governance

Global governance pertains to a way for

different countries and organizations to work
together to solve big problems that affect the whole
world. It resembles a large group effort where
everyone participates in finding solutions. Global
government enables us to collaborate more
successfully, whether it is managing diseases that
are spreading across continents or establishing
standards for fair trade between nations.

Slide 9
Importance of Global

Governance

Since a single nation cannot effectively

address many of the problems facing us today,
such as terrorism, pandemics, and climate
change, having global governance is important.
To solve these problems, we must collaborate
and unite our efforts globally.

Slide 10
Global governance involves cooperation among various actors to
address challenges that go beyond national borders.

* International Governmental Organizations (IGOs) - set the rules and make sure
countries play fair.

+ Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) - are groups of regular people who

work on specific problems like human rights, the environment, or poverty. NGOs
keep an eye on everyone and make sure they're doing the right thing.

« Transnational Corporations (TNCs) - bring money, technology, and jobs, but they
also need to be responsible for their impact on people and the planet.

Slide 11
INSTITUTIONS THAT GOVERNS INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS AND AFFAIRS.
United Nations
+ With 192 member states
- Seen as a facilitator of global governance

+ Has regional commissions composed of officials from

different countries in charge of making certain laws that
promulgate certain rights for economic and social
development.

Slide 12
INSTITUTIONS THAT GOVERNS INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS AND AFFAIRS.
World Bank (WB)

+ An international financial institution that provides loans to

countries of the world for capital projects

+ Established during the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944.

Slide 13
OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION

International Organization Key Role/s

{International Monetary Fund (IMF) + looks at the stabilty ofthe international

monetary system by monitoring global
‘economy, lends to countries, and provides:
policy and technical advisory functions to
members (Maverick, 2019),

World Trade Organization (WTO) + regulates international trades, ensures

smooth flow of trade, and provides a
forum for negotiations for rade
agreements among countries and regions
of the world (Intemational Monetary Fund,
2018)

Slide 14
OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION

International Organization Key Role/s

World Heaith Organization (WHO) + responsible for global researches on

medicines and vaccines including the
‘Word Health Report and Survey.
Organization for Economic Cooperation + thiry five member countries aim to

and Development (OECD) stimulate economic progress and world

trade by providing a platform to compare
policy experiences and identify good
practices in domestic and international
economic policies and programs of ts
members

Slide 15
OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION

International Organization Key Role/s

International Labor Organization (ILO) deals with labor problems and

international labor standards and social
protection for workers

Food and Agriculture Organization of leads international efforts to defeat

the United Nations (FAQ) hunger, eliminate food insecurity and

malnutrition, and increase resilience of
livelinoods and food

Slide 16
OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION

International Organization Key Role/s

UNESCO * contributes to peace and securily by

promoting intemational collaboration
through educational, scientific, and
cultural reforms

International Civil Aviation Organization + for regulations of international air

(ICAO); Intemational Maritime transport shipping and prevention of
Organization (IMO); Intemational pollution at sea; developing standards on
Telecommunication Union (ITU); The JET Intemational mellectial property
World Intellectual Property Organization “9M! standards

(WIPO)
Slide 17
GLOBALISM VS. INTERNATIONALISM

GLOBALISM INTERNATION:

+ Isan ideology based on the belief > Defined as political, economic, and
that flow of people, goods, and cultural cooperation between nations.
information should flow freely across. (Roudometof 2005).
national borders. (Roudometof 2005),

iSM

+ Focuses more on the economic + Emphasizes diversity and celebrates

aspect of the exchanges among ‘multiculturalism, while globalism
countries and society. (Sargent focuses more on the economic
(2008) aspect of the exchanges among

countries and society. (Sargent

(2008)

Slide 18
Benefits of Global

Governance:
+ Addressing Global Challenges/Solving Big
Problems
+ Promoting Peace and Security
+ Facilitating Trade and Economic Growth/Making
Trade Easier

+ Protecting Human Rights.

+ Fostering Innovation and Collaboration

Slide 19
Challenges of Global

Governance:
+ Diverse Opinions
+ Power Imbalances/Some Have More Power
+ Complexity and Fragmentation
+ Lack of Enforcement Mechanisms/ Not Enough
Rules
* Sovereignty Concerns

Slide 20
The uncertainty of Sovereign fe

Territorial State or Non-State /

Since the end of the Cold War, the world is heading

toward a less centralized form of governance. As the

United States is facing serious setbacks in the wars in
lraq and Afghanistan, many emerging powers such as
China, Russia, and Brazil have formed regional alliances

to create a multipolar and anti-hegemonic order,

Slide 21
The Uncertainty of Sovereign / eo
Gar
Territorial State or Non-State ys Tia

MULTIPOLAR - Consider a pole as a stronghold or source of authority.

‘A multipolar world is one in which some powerful and prominent

nations or groups control many of the decisions made.

ANTI-HEGEMONIC ORDER - is a system where power is distributed

evenly among different countries or groups, promoting a more equal

and cooperative approach, avoiding the dominance of one group.

Slide 22
The Uncertainty of Sovereign
Territorial tate or Non-State

This is in stark contrast to the kind of political entity that

determined our lives: the sovereign territorial state or
“nation-state.” Most Westem countries have lived under this
kind of state since the late 18th century or possibly earlier. This
Kind of state has become the universal framework of social
development.

However, after centuries of serving as an example to

most, if not all sovereign countries, this kind of state is entering

a phase of uncertainty.

Slide 23
The notion of "nation-state" hasthe <_

following element:

+ Continuous and broken territory (preferred): This means that the land
belonging to a nation-state is connected and not scattered,
* Sovereign territory: Sovereign territory refers to the idea that a

nation-state has full control over its own land.

+ The state has the monopoly both of law and of the powers of coercion:
\f
This means that the nation-state is the only authority allowed to create. \ ) J

and enforce laws within its borders. (ean

Slide 24
The notion of "nation-state" has the

following element:

+ The national state rules its citizens or subjects directly and not through

intermediate authorities; In a nation-state, the central government

governs its people directly, without any other groups or organizations in |

|
between. ) x
KS
+ Direct government and administration of inhabitants by the central
authorities of the "nation-state": The central government of the
nation-state is responsible for directly managing and administering its

people,

Slide 25
The notion of "nation-state" hasthe

following element:
+ The state is considered to represent the people and the people serve

5 a source of sovereignty or at least give the state legitimacy: In a

nation-state, the government is seen as speaking for its citizens and
derives its power and authority from them.

+ The citizenry was or ought to form a homogenous population: The

people living in the nation-state are expected to share common

characteristics such as culture, language, and identity.

Slide 26
Non-State Actors

‘Anon-state actor is a group or individual who is not

associated with, directed by, or supported by a government.
Non-state actors have the ability o manage massive political
and geographical power, and also participate in and act on
international issues. Non-state actors have considerable

power to influence and effect change throughout the world.

Slide 27
The Rise of Non-State Actors

—~ The increasing number of non-state actors has resulted in more diversity

~ ‘among potential stakeholders and partners. The proliferation of players

genuinely representing stakeholders and making concrete contributions to

\ ‘current global issue resolution indicates that we have come a long way from
} traditional international relations’ state-centric approach.

OF NON-STATE ACTORS:

+ Business Magnates,
* Corporations

Ff, HERE ARE SOME COMMON AND INFLUENTIAL CLASSES

+ Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs)

Slide 28
THE UNITED NATIONS

The UN is one important example of a non-state actor, an international

government organization (IGO) playing a vital role in the world's affairs. The
United Nations seeks to maintain peace, protect human rights, provide

humanitarian help, promote sustainable development, and acknowledge

international law.
The United Nations plays an important role in dealing with global issues and
developing global relations,

Slide 29
Five Branches of The United Nations

THE UN GENERAL
ASSEMBLY

THE UN SECURITY
COUNGIL

THE INTERNATIONAL
COURT OF JUSTICE

the main decision-making and representative assembly and is

responsible for upholding the principles of the UN through its
policies and recommendations,

can authorize the deployment of UN member states’ militaries,

can mandate a cease-fire during conflicts, and can enforce
penalties on countries if they do not comply with given
mandates,

can settle, according to international law, legal disputes between

States and give opinions, mostly advisory, on legal questions

brought to it by UN organs and agencies,

Slide 30
Five Branches of The United Nations

THE ECONOMIC _2ssists the UN General Assembly in promoting economic and

SOCIAL JUSTICE social development, as well as cooperation of member states.
headed by the Secretary-General, provides studies, Information,
and other dates when needed by other UN branches for their
meetings.

THE SECRETARIAT

Slide 32
Introduction

In the 1980s, the Brandt Line was developed as asWay of showing

how the world was geographically split intogfelatively richer and
poorer nations. Richer countries are_alfmost all) located in the
Northern Hemisphere, Poorer coufitres are mostly located in
tropical regions and in the Southern Hemisphere.

The terms the North ania , when used in a global context,

are alternative .désignations for “developed” and “developing”
countries. Thé North-South divide is broadly considered a socio-
economié and political divide.

Slide 33
Global North

South Korea
HongKong

New Zealand

Global South

Slide 34
1/4 of the world's

4/5 of world's ineo ° +1/[Link] world’s income

Ae
Average life expectancy thoresthan 70 years Average life expectancy of 50 years
—
Most people have enough ‘to eat 1/5 of more'suffer from hufiger and mabautrition

Most people are educated 1/2 of the people have little c

Over 90% of the world's manufacturing industry less than 10% of the world's manufac! ring
industry
About 96% of the world's spending on research and | 4% of the world's research and
development
development

Slide 35
Global North

The Global North (one quarter of the world

population) refers to developed societies of Europe
and North America, which are characterised by
established democracy, wealth, technological
advancement, political stability, aging population,
zero population growth and dominance of world
trade and politics.

Slide 36
Global North

PROBLEMS

- OVERCONSUMPTION AND FOOD WASTAGE

- WIDESPREAD POVERTY (IRELAND AND UK

SPECIFICALLY)

- EXPENSIVE HEALTHCARE

- INCREASING RATE OF MENTAL HEALTH

PROBLEMS

Slide 39
The Divide

However economic development is not the only

way to measure progress per Human
Development index, there are other factors too
such as: life expectancy and education.

Reasons for development gap:

Environmental factors:

Historical:
Wars
Socio economic
Globalization

Economic Difference
Between North and:
South

North- Industfial Revolutionized,

they opposed slavery.

South- Was a lot more rural,

plantations and small farms,
slavery.

UN addressed this by developing program

Lack of trade dedicated to narrowing) the divide through its

‘Abundance of Debt Millennium Development Goals through
Neo-colonialism improving health care, promoting gender
Lack of aid equality and ensuring — environmental

sustainability

Slide 40
Reasons why our world is so
unequal today:

1. Colonialism

2. Trade

3. Debt