i

EXPLORING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LEMONGRASS AND ORANGE

PEEL AS AN ALTERNATIVE DISHWASHING LIQUID AS PERCEIVED BY
GRADE 11 STUDENTS

Oneza, Maria Consuelo D.

Matanguihan, Marcus Huan L.
Garcia, Mia Amberlinn M.
Alcantara, Shaine Schenley M.
Collao, Athena Mureign M.
Sevillo, Rose Nicole O.

GRADE 11 – ASTEROIDS
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Strand

A paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Practical Research I

under Mr. Mark Justine Del Rosario, LPT

Second Semester, S.Y. 2024-2025

MARCH 2025
ii

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
The group of researchers for this research study came from Grade 11 Asteroids
in the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) strand of Calamba
Institute, Halang. The purpose of this research is to provide and explore the prominent
issue of the growing chemicals in cleaning products, especially dishwashing liquid, that
can cause more harm than good. The researchers aimed to promote a better
understanding of eco-friendly and natural cleaning products, paving the way for a more
sustainable future. They believed their study would reveal the benefits of adopting
organic dishwashing products that are better for the environment. Through hard work
and determination, the researchers delved deeply into their investigation, carefully
gathering data and analyzing their findings.

Shaine Schenley M. Alcantara, the eldest daughter of Sonny and Cheryl

Alcantara, was born on April 20, 2008. She resides in Brgy. Maunong, Calamba City,
Laguna. She completed her primary education at Maunong Elementary School and is
currently pursuing her secondary education at Calamba Institute on Chipeco Avenue,
Halang, Calamba City, Laguna. Enrolled in the STEM strand, she aspires to become a
pediatrician in the future.

Athena Mureign M. Collao is the youngest child of Alex and Melani Collao.
She was born on November 19, 2008. She resides at 387 Sitio Lote, Barangay Lecheria,
Calamba City, Laguna. She completed her elementary education at Lecheria Elementary
School and continued her secondary education at Calamba Institute, in Chipeco Avenue,
Halang, Calamba City, Laguna. Currently, she is enrolled in the senior high school
department of the same institution. With a deep interest in medicine, she aspires to
become a nurse in the future.

Mia Amberlinn M. Garcia is the eldest daughter of Romeo Garcia and Marian
Garcia. She was born on January 23, 2008, and is a current resident in Blk 47 Lot 49
Milwaukee Street Landmark Subdivision, Parian Calamba City, Laguna. She completed
her primary education at St. Peter Academy, located in Landmark Subdivision, Calamba
City, Laguna, and she continues her secondary education at Calamba Institute. She is
currently a STEM student at the same institution, as she sets her heart and mind on
becoming a pharmacist someday.

Marcus Huan L. Matanguihan is the eldest son of Lea Matanguihan and Allan
Matanguihan. He was born on July 17, 2008, and lives on Purok 9, Bunggo, Calamba
City, in the province of Laguna. He graduated from primary school at Nuestra Señora
iii

De Bunggo Learning Center as an honor student. He then studied and graduated from
Calamba Institute’s Junior High School as an honor student as well. He is now pursuing
his senior high school at the same school. With overflowing passion and commitment,
he aspires to be a pediatrician in the near future.

Maria Consuelo D. Oneza is the youngest daughter of Michael Oneza and

Arlene Oneza. She was born on April 23, 2008, with her current residency being Block 2,
Lot 31, Phase 2B, Mahogany Villas, Barangay Looc, Calamba City, in the province of
Laguna. She finished her elementary education at Jose Rizal Memorial School, then
pursued her junior high school at Calamba Institute’s Junior High School Department.
She is now enrolled in the same institution, but in the senior high school department. In
the future, she aspires to be a criminal defense lawyer.

Rose Nicole O. Sevillo, the youngest child of Reynaldo Sevillo and Rosanna
Sevillo, was born on January 16, 2008, and currently resides in Barangay Bañadero,
Calamba City, province of Laguna. She began her academic journey at Jose Rizal
Memorial School for elementary education before moving on to Calamba Institute’s
Junior High School Department. Presently, she is continuing senior high school at the
same institution. With a strong passion for medicine, Nicole is determined to pursue a
career as a doctor in the future.
iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This research could not have been completed without the support of various
individuals. Their contributions, whether big or small, played a crucial role in the success
of this paper. The dedication and assistance of these individuals have truly made a
difference in the outcome of this study. Therefore, the researchers would like to extend
their heartfelt thanks to the following people who contributed to this paper.

First and foremost, the researchers would like to thank Almighty God for giving
the researchers the dedication and guidance to fully conduct this research with
credibility, poise, and authority. His unwavering support gives strength to each
researcher through ups and downs, from choosing a topic to the final manuscript of the
research. For giving the researchers a healthy body and mind in order to finish the
research study. The researchers would not be able to finish the study without His
strength and wisdom throughout the entire process.

To the parents of each researcher, whose unwavering support has been a pillar of
strength throughout this journey. The researchers extend their heartfelt gratitude to their
parents for their unconditional love, support, and encouragement. Their understanding
has been invaluable, especially during moments of doubt and challenges faced in
completing this study. The researchers are deeply appreciative of the sacrifices their
parents have made, allowing them to fully dedicate themselves to this research.

The researchers would like to express their gratitude to their esteemed instructor,
Mark Justine Del Rosario, who has been instrumental in their study journey. With his
guidance and support, the researchers were able to conduct the study effectively. His
knowledge, insights, and expertise were crucial in every aspect of creating the research
paper. Therefore, the researchers wish to extend their deepest appreciation for his aid
and mentorship throughout this process. Without him, the researchers would not have
been able to initiate or complete the study.

To the admirable principal, Carmelo Placino, the dedicated adviser, Maria Regina
Hinggan, and the entire faculty of Calamba Institute Senior High School, the researchers
would like to express their heartfelt gratitude for their guidance, encouragement, and
support. Despite facing challenges, the researchers were able to overcome them with the
assistance of the wonderful people at this institution. Additionally, the researchers wish
to extend their appreciation to the school itself. Without its exceptional teaching, they
would not have gained the knowledge necessary to conduct this research.
v

To the researchers’ classmates, friends, special loved ones, and fellow

researchers, the researchers extend their gratitude. Their unwavering support,
cooperation, and encouragement have been crucial in the completion of this study. The
valuable insights, assistance, and contributions they provided have greatly enriched the
findings of this research, making this journey more meaningful and fulfilling.

Last, but certainly not least, the researchers extend their deepest gratitude to the
students who generously contributed to the findings of this study. Without their time,
participation, and willingness to share their insights, the researchers would not have been
able to gather the necessary data for this research. Their perspectives and valuable input
have played a crucial role in the success of this study.
vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Page
TITLE PAGE i
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF APPENDICES ix
ABSTRACT xi

I INTRODUCTION 1
Background of the Study 1
Statement of the Problem 5
Significance of the Study 7
Objectives of the Study 11
Scope and Limitation of the Study 12
Definition of Terms 14
Date and Place of the Study 19

II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 20

AND STUDY
vii

Synthesis 49

III METHODOLOGY 52

IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND 62

INTERPRETATION OF DATA

V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND 97

RECOMMENDATIONS

LITERATURE CITED 108

APPENDICES 114

LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Number of Respondents from Grade 11 STEM students at 58
Calamba Institute
2 Number of Respondents from Grade 11 ABM students at Calamba 58
Institute
3 Students’ Perspective on Comfort in Using Alternative Dishwashing 67
viii

Liquid
4 Influence of Grease Removal of Alternative Dish Soap on Students’ 76
Willingness to Use
5 Appreciated Qualities of Lemongrass and Orange Peel-Based 82
Dishwashing Soap
6 Challenges in Preparing and Storing Natural-Based Dishwashing 86
Liquid
7 Benefits of Using Lemongrass and Orange Peel as an Alternative 89
Dishwashing Liquid
8 Situations Where Students Prefer Commercial Dishwashing Liquid 92
Over Natural Alternatives for Greater Benefit

LIST OF FIGURES
ix

Table Page
1 Insights of Grade 11 Students Regarding the Consistency of the 63
Lemongrass and Orange Peel Dishwashing Liquid
2 Grade 11’s Insights about the Bubble Effect of the Alternative 65
Dishwashing Liquid

3 Perspective of Students toward the Effectiveness of Lemongrass 69

and Orange Peel as an Alternative Dishwashing Liquid
4 Students’ Insight on Grease-cutting Ability of Organic Dishwashing 71
Liquid Compared To Commercial Dishwashing Liquids
5 Effectiveness of Grease Removal from Lemongrass and Orange 74
Peel Dishwashing Liquid
6 Utilizing Lemongrass and Orange Peel Dishwashing Liquid in 79
Students' Daily Dishwashing Routine
7 Ease of Obtaining Natural Dishwashing Liquid 83
8 Percentage of Respondents Willing to Recommend Lemongrass and 94
Orange Peel as an Alternative Dishwashing Liquid

LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES

x

Appendi Page
x
xi

1 Respondents’ Grade and Section 114

2 How would you describe the consistency of the lemongrass 114
and orange peel dishwashing soap? Is it thick, watery, or
somewhere in between? (Paano mo ilalarawan ang
pagkakapare-pareho ng lemongrass at orange peel na
panghugas ng pinggan? Ito ba ay makapal, matubig, o nasa
gitna?)
3 What observation do you have about the amount of bubbles 117
the soap produces when in use? (Anong mga obserbasyon ang
mayroon ka tungkol sa dami ng mga bula na nagagawa ng
sabon kapag ginagamit?)
4 Is the natural dishwashing soap comfortable to use? If yes, 119
explain. If not, how does the orange peel and lemongrass
dishwashing soap feel on your hand? (Komportable bang
gamitin ang natural na sabon na panghugas ng pinggan? Kung
oo, ipaliwanag. Kung hindi, ano ang pakiramdam nito sa
iyong kamay?)
5 Can you share your experience using this natural dishwashing 122
liquid to remove grease? Was it effective? (Maaari mo bang
ibahagi ang iyong karanasan sa paggamit ng natural na
dishwashing liquid na ito upang alisin ang mantika? Epekto ba
ito?)
6 How does the grease-cutting ability of this natural soap 124
compare to commercial dishwashing liquids you have used
before? Is it better or worse? (Paano maihahambing ang
kakayahan sa pagputol ng mantika ng natural na sabon sa mga
komersyal na dishwashing liquid na ginamit mo noon? Mas
mabuti ba o hindi?)
7 How well does the soap remove grease? Does it work well, or 126
do you see any drawbacks? (Gaano kahusay ang pag-alis ng
sebo? Gumagana ba ito nang maayos, o nakikita mo ba ang
anumang mga kakulangan?)
8 How does the grease removal of the alternative dish soap 128
influence your willingness to use it regularly? (Paano
nakakaimpluwensya ang pag-alis ng sebo ng alternatibong
sabon sa pinggan sa iyong pagpayag na gamitin ito nang
regular)
xii

9 After experiencing the natural-based dishwashing liquid, 130

would you use it in your daily dishwashing routine? Why and
why not? (Pagkatapos maranasan ang natural-based na
dishwashing liquid, gagamitin mo ba ito sa iyong pang-araw-
araw na paghuhugas ng pinggan? Bakit at bakit hindi?)
10 What qualities (e.g., foamy, moisturizing) of the lemongrass 133
and orange peel-based dishwashing soap do you appreciate
the most? (Anong mga katangian (hal. mabula, moisturizing)
ng tanglad at orange peel-based dishwashing soap ang
pinakapinahahalagahan mo?)
11 If you're going to make the alternative lemongrass and orange 135
peel dishwashing liquid, is it easy or difficult for you to obtain
the natural dishwashing liquid? Why or why not? (Kung
gagawa ka ng alternatibong tanglad at orange peel na
panghugas ng pinggan, madali ba o mahirap kumuha ng
natural na dishwashing liquid? Bakit o bakit hindi?)
12 What challenges (e.g., time consuming, hard to obtain 137
ingredients) do you think might rise in preparing or storing
this natural dishwashing liquid? (Anong mga hamon (hal.,
nakakaubos ng oras, mahirap makuha ang mga sangkap) sa
tingin mo ang maaaring lumitaw sa paghahanda o pag-iimbak
ng natural na dishwashing liquid na ito?)
13 What benefits (e.g., eco-friendly, gentler on the skin) have you 140
noticed while using natural-based dishwashing liquid? How
does it compare to commercial alternatives? (Anong mga
benepisyo (hal., eco-friendly mas marahan sa balat) ang
napansin mo habang gumagamit ng natural-based na
dishwashing liquid? Paano ito nakukumpara sa mga komersyal
na alternatibo?)
14 In what situations do you think commercial dishwashing 143
liquids might be more beneficial or effective than natural
xiii

alternatives? (Sa anong mga sitwasyon sa tingin mo ang mga

komersyal na dishwashing liquid ay maaaring maging mas
kapaki-pakinabang o epektibo kaysa sa mga natural na
alternatibo?)
15 Would you recommend natural-based dishwashing liquid to 145
your family and friends? Why or why not? (Irerekomenda mo
ba ang natural-based na dishwashing liquid sa iyong pamilya at
mga kaibigan? Bakit o bakit hindi?)

ABSTRACT

SHAINE SCHENLEY M. ALACANTARA, ATHENA MUREIGN M. COLLAO,

MIA AMBERLINN M. GARCIA, MARCUS HUAN L. MATANGUIHAN, MARIA
CONSUELO D. ONEZA, ROSE NICOLE O. SEVILLO. Calamba Institute, March
2025. Exploring the Effectiveness of Lemongrass and Orange Peel as an
Alternative Dishwashing Liquid as Perceived by Grade 11 Students

This qualitative phenomenological study examined the

effectiveness of lemongrass and orange peels as an alternative
dishwashing liquid, as perceived by Grade 11 students at Calamba
Institute. The researchers employed a naturalistic approach,
collecting data through structured questionnaires and product
trials with 30 respondents to gain insights into their real-life
experiences and perceptions. Findings revealed that a majority of
respondents found the organic dishwashing liquid effective in
grease removal and safe for skin use, attributing its cleansing
properties to the natural antibacterial agents found in lemongrass
and citrus peels. However, concerns were raised regarding
product consistency, bubble formation, and ingredient
accessibility. Some respondents noted minor differences in
performance compared to commercial products, while others
appreciated its eco-friendliness and chemical-free composition.
Notably, a portion of participants expressed willingness to adopt
natural dishwashing solutions, indicating a shift in consumer
xiv

preference toward sustainable cleaning alternatives. Overall, this

study provides valuable insights into the potential of natural-
based dishwashing liquids as a viable and environmentally
conscious alternative. The qualitative methodology facilitated an
in-depth exploration of students' perspectives on sustainability
and practical applications of plant-based cleaning solutions,
contributing to the broader discourse on eco-friendly household
products.
1

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

This chapter provides a comprehensive review of the study, detailing its

background, significance, and the evidence supporting the research problem.

Background of the Study

Dishwashing liquids are designed to effectively remove dirt, germs, and grease

from used utensils, ensuring thorough cleanliness and sanitation. They are a common

household item because they contribute to a clean and refreshing environment.

However, some traditional dishwashing liquids may contain harmful chemicals or toxins,

such as chlorine, ammonia, and phosphates, which can pose risks to both individual

health and the environment.

When it comes to cleaning utensils and ensuring that homes and establishments

are tidy, many people rely on commercial dishwashing liquids. Television commercials

often influence this reliance, which promotes these products as readily available

solutions. While traditional dishwashing soaps are affordable, accessible, and convenient,

their ingredients can negatively affect consumer health, the environment, and wildlife,

including marine and land animals.

2

According to Kenekar (2021), maintaining cleanliness in establishments like

restaurants, hotels, and cafes is essential for satisfying customers and fostering their

loyalty. However, many commercial dishwashing liquids contain harmful chemicals such

as triclosan, which inhibits bacterial growth, and formaldehyde, a colorless, strong-

smelling flammable substance. Although these chemicals can be effective cleaning

agents, they can also be extremely dangerous if not handled properly.

Additionally, chemicals like phosphates, ammonia, and chlorine are commonly

used in many dishwashing liquids to remove grease and grime. Unfortunately, these

substances can have adverse effects on individual health and the environment (The Dirty

Truth, 2024).

Phosphate is a commonly used chemical in dishwashing soaps because it

effectively breaks down grease and food particles. However, its use can have negative

effects on the environment, contributing to water pollution when it enters lakes, rivers,

and oceans. This can lead to the growth of harmful algae blooms, which can threaten

marine animals and aquatic life. Another chemical often found in traditional dishwashing

liquids is ammonia. While ammonia helps remove grease and grime, it can irritate the

eyes, nose, and throat. Prolonged exposure can even lead to respiratory problems.
3

Dishwashing soaps frequently contain chlorine, a chemical used to disinfect

surfaces and

kill bacteria. However, chlorine can be dangerous if ingested or inhaled, leading to

symptoms such as coughing, shortness of breath, and chest pain. If not treated promptly,

exposure to chlorine can result in more serious health issues.

Chemical-based dishwashing liquids can have harmful effects, which is why

natural-based alternatives are being recommended to reduce the negative impacts of

traditional dishwashing soaps on health and the environment. Dishwashing soap made

from lemongrass and orange peel is a good alternative to chemical-based products, as it

provides similar cleaning and grease removal benefits without exposing users to toxins.

According to Bradford and Rayome (2023), orange peels offer valuable

household benefits rather than simply being discarded as waste. While oranges are well

known for their delicious taste, their peels can be transformed into useful products, such

as dishwashing liquid. Orange peels contain D-limonene, a natural oil that enhances

surface shine, exhibits antibacterial properties, and effectively eliminates dirt, grime, and

stains. This oil is also found in the peels of grapefruit and lemons, with citrus peel oil

containing up to 95% D-limonene.

4

On the other hand, lemongrass, scientifically known as Cymbopogon citratus,

helps maintain a healthy balance of beneficial bacteria within dishwashers,

ensuring

optimal cleanliness (Cayabyab et al., 2024). According to Kurniawan (2024), lemongrass

can be converted into products such as hand sanitizer, liquid hand soap, and liquid

dishwashing soap. The study suggests that natural resources like lemongrass and orange

peel can support local farmers and contribute positively to the economy.

Natural-based dishwashing soaps are made from biodegradable ingredients that

are free from synthetic fragrances and artificial dyes. These soaps effectively clean

utensils and surroundings without leaving harmful residue, unlike commercial

dishwashing liquids. For example, dishwashing soap made with lemongrass and orange

peel has several positive effects on the community. It is healthier and safer for the

environment, better for cleaning dishes, cost-effective, and supports small businesses

(Dynamic Dreamz, 2023).

By choosing natural-based dishwashing soaps, individuals take a small but

significant step toward ensuring a healthier planet. Additionally, using these natural

resources can benefit the economy of the Philippines, as opting for local natural

products over chemical ones can create more jobs for local farmers. Moreover, it can
5

protect overall marine life, improve the physical environment, safeguard individual

health, contribute to economic growth, and generate more agricultural jobs.

This study aims to encourage individuals to choose organic dishwashing liquid as

a healthier and environmentally friendly alternative to chemical-based dishwashing

liquids. It will demonstrate that organic dishwashing soap can effectively compete with

chemical-based options in terms of cleanliness, grease removal, consistency, and

availability, all without the use of harmful chemicals.

Statement of the Problem

The increasing demand for cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternatives

to commercial dishwashing soaps has led to the exploration of natural ingredients with

cleaning properties. Many households, including students, struggle with purchasing

chemical-based dishwashing liquids that may contain harmful substances, posing

potential health risks and environmental concerns. For some Grade 11 students at

Calamba Institute, this problem is particularly significant, as they either experience

allergies or skin irritations due to harsh chemicals in dishwashing soaps or are simply

concerned about the impact of synthetic cleaning agents on the environment. Given

these concerns, there is a need to explore organic and biodegradable alternatives that are

both effective and safe for everyday use.

6

Lemongrass and orange peels have long been recognized for their natural

antibacterial and degreasing properties. Lemongrass contains citral, a compound

known

for its antimicrobial effects that help eliminate bacteria and grease, while orange peels

contain d-limonene, a natural solvent that effectively breaks down grease and stains.

Despite their known cleaning potential, there is limited research on their effectiveness as

an alternative to chemical-based dishwashing soaps, particularly among students who

seek affordable, skin-friendly, and eco-conscious cleaning solutions. This study aims

to

evaluate whether a dishwashing soap made from lemongrass and orange peel can be a

viable and sustainable alternative to commercial dishwashing liquids.

Specifically, this research will assess the cleaning effectiveness of the lemongrass

and orange peel-based dishwashing soap in terms of grease removal, antibacterial

properties, and overall usability. It will also examine whether this natural alternative

meets the needs of Grade 11 students at Calamba Institute, considering factors such as

affordability, accessibility, ease of preparation, and suitability for individuals with skin

sensitivities. Additionally, the study will explore students' willingness to adopt this eco-

friendly alternative, given their awareness of health and environmental concerns. By

7

conducting this study, the researchers hope to provide valuable insights into the

feasibility of using natural ingredients for dishwashing purposes, ultimately promoting a

safer, more sustainable, and cost-efficient solution.

This study seeks to answer the following:

1. What are the perceptions of Grade 11 students at Calamba Institute regarding

the effectiveness of lemongrass and orange peel-based dishwashing liquid in

terms of:

a. Consistency

b. Grease Removal

c. Usability

2. How accessible is the alternative dishwashing liquid to the Grade 11 students at

Calamba Institute?

3. What are the advantages and disadvantages that Grade 11 students at Calamba

Institute face using natural-based dishwashing liquid?

Significance of the Study

The research study aims to explore the effectiveness of using lemongrass and

orange peel as a natural alternative to traditional dishwashing soap for Grade 11 students
8

at Calamba Institute. This study seeks to provide a solution for a more sustainable future

by reducing reliance on chemical-based cleaning products. By assessing the efficacy in

terms of consistency, grease removal, and usability, the researchers believe that this study

will offer a new perspective to the respondents on eco-friendly cleaning products,

including dishwashing liquids. Consequently, the results of this study are expected to be

beneficial to the following groups and institutions:

Students: This study will provide students with insights into the effectiveness of

lemongrass and orange peel as a dishwashing liquid, allowing them to engage with the

concept of sustainability. By transitioning from chemical-based cleaning products to

more eco-friendly options, students will gain a deeper understanding of the importance

of sustainability. Additionally, this study will help them learn how to develop

cleaning

products from a greener perspective, offering an opportunity for them to adopt

sustainable practices in their own lives.

Parents: This study outlines the advantages and disadvantages of using a natural-based

product (lemongrass and orange peel), which can assist parents in supporting their

children's commitment to sustainability while also incorporating these practices into their

homes. Through the information presented in this study, parents can encourage their
9

entire family to adopt sustainable habits by using natural-based cleaning products instead

of chemically-based alternatives.

Teachers: This study will provide educators with the tools to encourage students to

embrace the adoption of sustainable products for a better future. By motivating students

to engage in research on eco-friendly alternatives, not only in cleaning products but

across all industries, educators can foster a culture of innovation. This approach will then

help shape the future of students, empowering them to contribute to sustainability and

drive positive change in their communities and beyond.

School: This study is significant to educational institutions as it promotes awareness

among students and faculty members about the importance of eco-friendly cleaning

solutions. By integrating the study’s findings into science and environmental education,

schools can encourage students to explore sustainable alternatives in daily life.

Additionally, it can serve as a reference for research projects and laboratory experiments,

particularly in chemistry and environmental science courses. Schools may also benefit

from adopting natural and non-toxic cleaning products, ensuring a safer and healthier

environment for students and staff.

10

Industry and Business: The findings of this study contribute to the cleaning product

industry by offering an alternative to conventional dishwashing liquids, which often

contain harmful chemicals. Manufacturers can use the study as a basis for developing

eco-friendly formulations that incorporate plant-based ingredients such as lemongrass

and citrus peels. The research also benefits businesses by addressing the growing market

demand for sustainable and organic cleaning products. Moreover, it provides

entrepreneurs and small businesses have an opportunity to engage in the production and

distribution of natural dishwashing liquids, supporting the rise of green businesses and

sustainable commerce.

Economy: This study can contribute to the economy by supporting local agricultural

sectors that supply natural ingredients such as lemongrass and orange peels. By

repurposing agricultural byproducts into valuable cleaning solutions, the study promotes

a circular economy and reduces waste. Additionally, the production of plant-based

dishwashing liquids can lead to job creation in local communities, particularly for small-

scale producers and farmers. The study also encourages cost-effective and

sustainable product development, reducing reliance on imported chemical-based cleaning

agents and fostering economic self-sufficiency.

11

Future Researchers: For future researchers, this study serves as a scientific foundation

for further investigations into natural cleaning agents, plant-based antimicrobials, and

sustainable product development. The research findings provide valuable data on the

effectiveness of lemongrass, citral, and citrus peels as antibacterial and antifungal agents,

paving the way for more innovative and eco-friendly solutions. Future studies may

expand on this research by integrating nanotechnology, advanced extraction methods,

and improved formulation techniques to enhance the efficiency of natural dishwashing

liquids. Additionally, interdisciplinary research combining environmental science,

chemistry, microbiology, and business development can further optimize sustainable

cleaning solutions for broader applications.

Objectives of the Study

The primary objective of this research is to explore the effectiveness of lemon

grass and orange peel as an alternative dishwashing soap, particularly for Grade 11

students at Calamba Institute. Many students face challenges when using chemical-based

dishwashing liquids, as some experience skin allergies or irritations due to harsh

ingredients, while others are concerned about the environmental impact of synthetic

cleaning agents. With the rising awareness of health and sustainability, this study seeks

to
12

determine whether a natural and eco-friendly alternative can serve as a viable substitute

for commercial dishwashing soaps. By evaluating the cleaning capabilities, antibacterial

properties, and overall usability of a dishwashing soap made from lemongrass and

orange peel, this research aims to provide a safer, more affordable, and environmentally

friendly option for student use.

Specifically, the study aims to:

● To explore and understand the perceptions of Grade 11 students at Calamba

Institute regarding the consistency, grease removal capability, and usability of

lemongrass and orange peel-based dishwashing liquid.

● To investigate the accessibility and availability of natural ingredients for

alternative dishwashing liquid among Grade 11 students.

● To identify and analyze the advantages and challenges experienced by Grade 11

students when using natural-based dishwashing liquid.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

13

This study investigates the views of Grade 11 students regarding the

effectiveness of lemongrass and orange peel as an alternative to dishwashing liquid. It

will be conducted at Calamba Institute, situated on Chipeco Avenue, Halang, Calamba

City, from February to March 2025. The study aims to evaluate the feasibility,

qualitative

acceptance, and perceived benefits of using lemongrass and orange peel as a largely eco-

friendly alternative to conventional dishwashing liquids.

The findings are intended to foster sustainable habits, reduce reliance on

chemically manufactured products, and enhance ecological awareness within the

school

community. The research will involve in-depth examinations of students' perceptions

regarding the scent, texture, cleaning ability, and overall appeal of the alternative

dishwashing liquid compared to traditional dishwashing liquid. Additionally, the study

will investigate students' willingness to use lemongrass and orange peel dishwashing

liquid at home, considering factors such as cost, accessibility, and perceived

environmental benefits.
14

The target respondents for this research are approximately 30 Grade 11 senior

high school students from various sections of Calamba Institute. Data will primarily be

collected through qualitative methods, including surveys and questionnaires,

supplemented by observational insights into the dishwashing performance of the

alternative solution.

The findings may not be generalizable to other schools, as this study specifically

targets the unique perspectives and experiences of Grade 11 students at Calamba

Institute. Furthermore, as the research relies predominantly on self-reported data, it may

be subject to biases arising from personal perceptions and experiences.

Definition of Terms

This section of the research paper clarifies specific terms to enhance readers'

understanding. It contains concise information that aids in grasping the essential points

and ideas of the research study. The defined terms include the following:

Antibacterial Agents – Substances that kill or inhibit bacterial growth, used in cleaning

products, medicines, and preservatives.

15

Antifungal – A substance that prevents or treats fungal infections by inhibiting the

growth of fungi.

Antimicrobial – A substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms,

including bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

Antioxidant – A compound that prevents oxidation, a process that can produce free

radicals and cause damage to cells and materials.

Bacterial Strains – Specific genetic variations or subtypes of bacteria that may differ in

characteristics such as resistance to antibiotics or virulence.

Bioactive Components – Chemical compounds found in natural sources (such as

plants) that have biological effects, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, or anti-

inflammatory properties.

Biodegradable – A substance that can naturally break down into harmless components

in the environment.

Biofilm – A complex community of microorganisms, such as bacteria or fungi, that

adhere to surfaces and produce a protective slime-like layer.

Citral – A key component of lemongrass essential oil, known for its antimicrobial and

antifungal properties.
16

Citric Acid – A natural organic acid found in citrus fruits, used as a preservative, pH

regulator, and cleaning agent.

Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) – A technique in electrochemistry used to study the

properties of chemical compounds by analyzing their electrical response to voltage

changes.

Eco-friendly – Refers to products or practices that do not harm the environment and

promote sustainability.

Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) – A technique used to determine the

elemental composition of a sample by analyzing X-ray emissions.

Essential Oils – Concentrated plant extracts that capture the natural scent and

beneficial properties of the source plant.

Fermentation – A biological process in which microorganisms convert organic

substances into simpler compounds, often used in food and chemical production.

Food-Borne Pathogens – Microorganisms that cause diseases when consumed in

contaminated food or drinks. Examples include Salmonella and E. coli.

Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) – A method used to identify

chemical compounds by measuring how they absorb infrared light.

Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria – Classifications of bacteria based on

their cell wall structure, which affects how they react to Gram staining. Gram-positive
17

bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer, while Gram-negative bacteria have an outer

membrane that makes them more resistant to antibiotics.

Green Chemistry – A field of science focused on designing environmentally friendly

chemical products and processes that reduce hazardous substances.

Heavy Metal Contamination – The presence of toxic metals (such as lead, mercury,

and cadmium) in water, food, or cleaning products, which can be harmful to human

health.

Limonene – A natural compound found in citrus peels, known for its degreasing and

antibacterial properties.

Microorganisms – Tiny living organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, that can

only be seen under a microscope. Some are beneficial, while others can cause diseases.

Nanoparticles – Extremely small particles, often between 1 and 100 nanometers in size,

used in various scientific and industrial applications.

Organic Compounds – Chemical compounds that contain carbon and are found in

living organisms; many organic compounds are used in eco-friendly cleaning products.

Oxidation – A chemical reaction that occurs when a substance reacts with oxygen, often

leading to spoilage or degradation in food and cleaning agents.

Parabens – Synthetic preservatives used in cosmetics and cleaning products, which have

been linked to potential health risks.

18

Pathogens – Microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses, that can cause disease.

Pharmaceutical Applications – The use of chemical compounds, natural extracts, or

synthetic substances in medicine and healthcare products to treat or prevent diseases.

Phosphates – Chemical compounds often used in detergents that can contribute to

water pollution by promoting excessive algae growth.

pH Regulator – A substance used to maintain or adjust the acidity or alkalinity of a

solution, commonly used in cleaning products and food preservation.

Polymicrobial Biofilms – Structured communities of multiple microbial species living

together in a protective layer, often resistant to cleaning agents and antibiotics.

Polyphenolic Compounds – Natural chemicals found in plants that have antioxidant

and antimicrobial properties.

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) – A technique that uses electron beams to

create highly detailed images of a sample’s surface structure at a microscopic level.

Sodium Laureth Sulfate (SLES) – A milder surfactant than SLS, used in soaps and

detergents to create foam and enhance cleaning performance.

Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) – A synthetic detergent and surfactant commonly found

in cleaning and personal care products, known for its foaming properties.

Surfactants – Compounds that lower the surface tension between two substances,

commonly used in cleaning agents to remove grease and dirt.

19

Sustainability – The practice of using natural resources responsibly to maintain

ecological balance and meet future needs.

Sustainable Sourcing – The process of obtaining raw materials in a way that minimizes

environmental impact and ensures long-term availability.

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) – A high-resolution imaging technique

used to analyze the structure and composition of very small particles, such as

nanoparticles.

Yeasts and Molds – Types of fungi; yeasts are single-celled organisms, while molds are

multicellular and grow in filaments. Both can be found in food and cleaning applications.

Date and Place of the Study

This study aims to explore the perceptions of Grade 11 students on the

effectiveness of lemongrass and orange peel as an alternative dishwashing liquid. The

research will take place at the Calamba Institute, located on Chipeco Avenue in
20

Halang, Calamba City. Data collection and experimentation will be conducted over a

two-month period, from February to March 2025.

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDY

This chapter offers a comprehensive review of existing local and foreign

literature and studies related to the topic, enhancing understanding and building

knowledge in the area of study.

21

Local Literature

Transition to eco-friendly alternatives in dishwashing liquids.

In the article by Hembra et al. (2020), the authors developed a natural-based

liquid soap aimed at combating Staphylococcus using Mangifera indica (mango). They

highlight the potential of eco-friendly cleaning products and the increasing demand for

alternative antibacterial agents. Traditional dishwashing liquids often contain hazardous

chemicals, such as phosphates, sulfates, and synthetic fragrances (Roxas, 2023). When

these substances enter our waterways, they can cause significant harm to aquatic life. In

contrast, eco-friendly dishwashing detergents prioritize sustainable ingredients that are

less damaging to the environment and less toxic to human health than conventional

dishwashing liquids (Baron, 2023). This underscores the necessity for a transition in

cleaning products—particularly dishwashing liquids—to ensure they do not harm the

environment.

A recent study by General et al. (2024) explored the use of a natural-based

alternative dishwashing liquid. The researchers incorporated Averrhoa bilimbi L. (kamias)

to provide a fruit extract as an additive to the cleaning product. This study reflects the

increasing interest in utilizing natural additives in household cleaning products to

22

promote sustainability and reduce the use of chemicals. Most naturally based products,

such as kamias, mango, lemongrass, and orange, often have antibacterial activities,

making them more suitable ingredients for cleaning products.

In their capstone project, Queriado et al. (2023) Developed an eco-friendly

dishwashing liquid using lemon extract and conducted a comparative analysis against a

commercial product, focusing on foam retention, foam stability, scent, and texture. The

results showed that the lemon-based formulation exhibited superior foam retention and

stability, effectively maintaining lather during dishwashing tasks. Sensory evaluations

revealed that participants favored its pleasant citrus scent, enhancing the overall user

experience.

Environmental impact of commercial dishwashing liquids.

Traditional dishwashing liquids include tons of chemicals that can be hazardous

to human health and the environment (Alec, 2024). That is why environmentally safe

and eco-friendly dishwashing liquids are needed. Consumers will be able to pay a higher

price

for organic dishwashing soap to protect their families and the environment. The

misconception that eco-friendly dishwashing liquids are less effective compared to

chemical-based dishwashing liquids can be one of the barriers for consumers to buy
23

organic dishwashing liquids. By using organic dishwashing liquids, consumers can

contribute to a healthier and more sustainable future (Jimenez, 2024). Eco-friendly

dishwashing liquids use fewer surfactants and plant extract as their primary ingredients.

The citric acid in lemon extract acts as a solvent, breaking down the grease and dirt on

dishes because of its antibacterial properties. Additionally, the citrusy scent provides a

pleasant aroma, making it a more enjoyable and relaxing experience. Lemon has

properties that make it a powerful ingredient for cleaning and disinfecting household

surfaces and utensils, like antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant.

Alocelja (n.d.) explores the development of an environmentally friendly

dishwashing liquid using orange peels, tea tree oil, and soap, conducted through three

experimental trials to create an effective alternative to conventional products. The

formulation process faced several challenges, particularly in determining the appropriate

ingredient ratio, as imbalances negatively impacted cleaning performance, scent, and

consistency. Achieving a well-balanced fragrance was difficult, with some mixtures

lacking a distinct orange aroma while others were overpowered by the scent of

the added
24

soap. Viscosity varied significantly across trials, with some formulations being too thin

for effective application and others too thick for easy use. Initial formulations also

struggled with insufficient foaming properties, a key factor in consumer perception of

cleaning effectiveness.

Lemongrass as a natural preservative and cleaning agent.

Cymbopogon citratus, commonly known as lemongrass, is a plant that thrives in

tropical and subtropical regions, including Asia, South America, and Africa. In the article

by Medenilla (2020), it highlights the medicinal benefits of lemongrass. Notably,

lemongrass oil is ranked as the second most effective oil against Staphylococcus, a bacteria

frequently found in dishes. This underscores the antibacterial properties of lemongrass

oil. That is why a study conducted by Romuga and Lizardo (2020) demonstrated that

lemongrass essential oil can serve as an antifungal agent against target microorganisms

that frequently exist in food systems, particularly within beverages. The lemongrass was

found to be particularly effective against yeasts that were analyzed in the experiment.

Throughout their research, the application of lemongrass essential oil in ready-to-drink

moringa beverages proved its effectiveness as a natural preservative by inhibiting the

growth of yeasts and molds present in the juice.

25

In addition to that, the study by Paloma (2024) emphasizes the growing attention

to lemongrass as a natural ingredient in cleaning products due to its antibacterial,

antifungal, and deodorizing properties. The study evaluates the effectiveness of

lemongrass as a key component in liquid laundry detergents and fabric softeners,

highlighting its potential as an eco-friendly alternative to conventional chemical-based

cleaners. However, the benefits of lemongrass extend beyond laundry detergents to

other cleaning products, such as dishwashing liquids. Lemongrass essential oil, known

for its

strong antimicrobial activity, is effective in eliminating bacteria such as Staphylococcus

aureus, making it a valuable addition to cleaning formulations. It also provides a fresh,

citrus-like fragrance that enhances the individuals' experience without the need for

artificial scents.

The study further demonstrates that lemongrass-based cleaning products are

highly acceptable in terms of appearance, scent, texture, and usefulness, receiving

positive feedback from both households and business owners. Additionally, its

compatibility with other natural ingredients, such as washing soda and borax, enhances

its cleaning efficiency while maintaining a biodegradable and non-toxic formulation. As

consumers move towards more eco-friendly and safe cleaning solutions, lemongrass-

based cleaning products offer a promising alternative for a sustainable future benefiting

both the environment and people.

26

The study further demonstrates that lemongrass-based cleaning products are

highly acceptable in terms of appearance, scent, texture, and usefulness, receiving

positive feedback from both households and business owners. Additionally, its

compatibility with other natural ingredients, such as washing soda and borax, enhances

its cleaning efficiency while maintaining a biodegradable and non-toxic formulation. As

consumers move towards more eco-friendly and safe cleaning solutions,

lemongrass-based cleaning products offer a promising alternative for a sustainable future

benefiting both the environment and people.

Local Study

The role of surfactants in dishwashing liquids.

According to Queriado et al. (2023), dishwashing liquids are important products

that are used both in homes and in business settings daily, and they contain solutions

that are made up of various surfactants, enzymes, and other active substances that are

mixed to clean the grease and food stains found in the utensils or on the surface.

Surfactants are the main ingredients in mostly commercial dishwasher liquids, as this

removes grease and debris from the dishes. Sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium laureth

sulfate are the two anionic surfactants that are mostly seen in commercial

dishwashing liquids. These are

27

two effective surfactants in terms of removing grease and dirt from the utensils;

however, they are harsh and irritating to the skin.

Application of lemongrass and citrus in cleaning products.

A research study conducted by Cayabyab et al. (2024) indicates that lemongrass

and citrus essential oils are commonly utilized in cosmetics, soaps, and pharmaceuticals

due to their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. The essential

oils derived from citrus fruits, mostly extracted from fruit peels, are economical to

produce.

Baking soda serves as a powerful cleaning agent and acts as a water softener.

Orange peels, which contain limonene, may help in cancer prevention and can function

as a natural cleaning agent. Research has shown that orange peels are rich in

polymethoxyflavones and limonoids, which could potentially guard against lung cancer

and other organ cancers. Furthermore, d-limonene found in orange peels may lower the

risk of squamous cell carcinoma, a severe form of skin cancer (Cayabyab et al., 2024).

Citrus essential oils, obtained from discarded peels, offer a cost-effective method for

producing essential oils.

28

Hence the study by Lucido (n.d.) investigates the potential of lemongrass as a key

ingredient in dishwashing liquid. The researchers aimed to create an affordable

alternative to commercial dishwashing liquids by harnessing lemongrass's inherent

antimicrobial properties. Their experimental findings indicated that the lemongrass-based

dishwashing liquid was more effective than a commercial brand in washing dishes. This

outcome is attributed to lemongrass containing citral and limonene, known for stifling

the growth of bacteria and fungi.

The study underscores lemongrass's broader utility, citing its use in herbal teas,

baked goods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals due to its antidepressant, analgesic, and

antiseptic properties. The research also highlights the presence of various chemical

constituents in lemongrass oil. This supports the exploration of lemongrass, alongside

orange peel, as an alternative dishwashing liquid, emphasizing its potential to provide

cleaning power and additional antimicrobial benefits. The study further mentions other

research findings, including lemongrass's antiviral and antifungal activities, reinforcing its

potential as a natural and effective ingredient in cleaning products.

Other than lemongrass, the usage of orange peel in cleaning products has

become popular. Arcilla et al. (2021) demonstrated that orange peel can be utilized for

producing citric acid. This acid serves as a natural preservative primarily

used to impart
29

an acidic taste, and over a million metric tons are produced annually through

fermentation. The research also indicated that in ancient times, essential oils extracted

from citrus fruits like oranges were employed for medicinal and aromatic purposes.

Today, they can be found in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and other related industries due

to their antispasmodic and antimicrobial properties.

Additionally, a study conducted by De Dios et al. (n.d.) investigated the potential

of using orange peels in the formulation of dishwashing liquid. The researchers

addressed concerns regarding the chemical components found in commercial

dishwashing products and emphasized the advantages of orange peels as a natural

cleaning alternative. This study highlights the cultural significance of dishwashing

practices and advocates for sustainability by transforming readily available waste

materials into useful products.

Siagan (2021) investigates an environmentally friendly dishwashing liquid made

from orange peels, tea tree oil, and soap through three experimental trials. The study

faced challenges in ingredient ratios, affecting cleaning performance, scent, and

consistency. Balancing fragrance proved difficult, with some mixtures lacking a distinct

orange aroma and others being overwhelmed by soap scent. Viscosity varied, with some
30

formulations too thin or too thick for easy use, and initial versions

had poor foaming

properties, impacting perceived effectiveness. Stability was also a concern due to the lack

of chemical preservatives, leading to ingredient separation and microbial growth.

Ultimately, the study optimized the formulation, improving consistency, cleaning

efficacy, foaming ability, and scent, indicating that orange peels have potential as a

sustainable ingredient, although further research is needed for stability and commercial

viability.

Foreign Literature

Rise of organic and plant-based cleaning products.

Chemical-based dishwashing liquids are formulated with alkaline substances

such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. These are alkaline degreasers

that are highly effective at breaking down grease and oil. (What is a degreaser, 2025).

That is why the increasing environmental concerns surrounding conventional

dishwashing liquids, which often contain harsh chemicals harmful to aquatic life and

human health, have led to a growing demand for eco-friendly alternatives (Palmar,

2024). The article emphasizes the importance of using biodegradable, non-toxic

ingredients to minimize environmental impact while maintaining effective cleaning

power. This context sets the stage for exploring natural alternatives such as lemongrass
31

and orange peel, which are known for their inherent cleaning properties and sustainable

sourcing potential. Both ingredients can serve as effective components in a dishwashing

liquid formulation, aligning with the principles of sustainability while avoiding harmful

chemicals like phosphates and parabens.

By leveraging the benefits of plant-derived ingredients, this article investigates the

effectiveness of lemongrass and orange peel as viable alternatives in creating eco-friendly

dishwashing solutions. These natural ingredients not only provide a safer cleaning option

but also contribute to a more sustainable household by reducing reliance on

conventional products laden with harmful substances (Palmar, 2024). As consumers

increasingly seek out environmentally responsible choices, understanding the potential of

these natural resources becomes crucial in promoting a healthier planet.

In the article by Xie (2023), he also emphasizes the growing demand for eco-

friendly and natural dishwashing liquids. This reflects the consumers' increasing

awareness of the environmental and health impacts of traditional cleaning products.

Unlike conventional dish soaps that contain harsh synthetic chemicals, eco-friendly

alternatives use biodegradable, plant-derived ingredients such as alkyl polyglucosides and

coco-glucosides, sourced from renewable materials like corn, coconut, and palm oils.
32

These formulations effectively clean while minimizing environmental harm. Additionally,

they replace synthetic additives with natural enzymes, plant-based fragrances, and milder

preservatives like potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate, making them a safer choice

for individuals with sensitive skin or allergies. As sustainability gains importance, the

shift toward plant-based dishwashing solutions promotes both a healthier lifestyle

and reduced ecological footprint.

The study by Mutamima et al. (2024) demonstrates the viability of producing an

eco-friendly dishwashing liquid using low-cost and biodegradable ingredients. Further

highlighting the need to transition into sustainable products. The formulation, consisting

of SLES, coarse salt, food-grade dye, and lime extract, complies with Indonesian

National Standards (SNI 4075-2:2017) for dishwashing liquid, ensuring safety and

effectiveness. Organoleptic tests revealed high consumer satisfaction, particularly in

terms of skin friendliness, foam production, and overall cleaning ability. Moreover, the

project highlights the potential for small-scale, environmentally responsible production

to provide economic benefits to communities affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. By

integrating sustainable chemistry with community-driven initiatives, this research

33

contributes to the growing movement toward greener household products while

promoting economic resilience.

The study by Thajudeen et al. (2022) also explores the potential of natural

alternatives, such as coconut oil and diluted lemon water, in comparison to commercial

dishwashing liquid as eco-friendly cleaning agents. Traditional dishwashing liquids often

contain synthetic chemicals that contribute to environmental pollution, prompting

researchers to investigate biodegradable and nontoxic alternatives. Coconut oil, known

for its surfactant properties, and lemon water, with its natural acidity, were tested

alongside dishwashing liquid to evaluate their effectiveness in cleaning applications.

Additionally, findings revealed that while dishwashing liquid remains the most

effective alternative, diluted lemon water demonstrated promising results as a natural

degreasing agent. Coconut oil, although eco-friendly, showed limited efficacy in

removing contaminants compared to the other two. The study highlights the potential of

using natural ingredients in dishwashing liquid formulations, reducing reliance on harsh

34

chemicals while promoting environmental sustainability. By integrating biodegradable

materials, the development of greener cleaning solutions can help mitigate pollution and

support eco-conscious consumer choices.

Maintaining hygiene in commercial kitchens, such as in restaurants, hotels, and

cafes, is essential for customer satisfaction and loyalty (Kenekar, 2021). However, many

traditional dishwashing liquids contain harmful chemicals like triclosan and

formaldehyde. While these chemicals are effective in grease removal, they have

been linked to skin conditions such as dermatitis, posing health risks to workers and

consumers alike.

In contrast, Kenekar (2021) also points out that organic dishwashing liquids,

made from plant-based ingredients, offer a safer and more eco-friendly alternative. These

organic products are free from harsh additives and harmful residues, ensuring effective

cleaning without compromising health. They are particularly effective in removing tough

stains and greasy residues without leaving toxic remnants on kitchenware, making them

an attractive option for busy kitchens handling stubborn messes like oil and burnt food.

One example of such a product is OB Care's thick natural formulation, specifically

designed for commercial use. It efficiently removes grime while minimizing its
35

environmental impact. By switching to organic dishwashing liquids, businesses safeguard

the health of their kitchen staff and contribute to better sustainability practices in

the workplace. This shift supports global efforts to adopt safer, more sustainable

practices in commercial kitchens.

Additionally, hygiene is really necessary for an individual's daily life (Struchtrup,

2021). Particularly in commercial dishwashing liquids, which are a wide range of

consumers since this is used in every household and other big establishments such as

restaurants and schools. Chaos begins behind the scenes at every restaurant (Cleaning

Excellence, 2023). Indicating that an effective dishwashing liquid must be used in larger

establishments. However, natural-based dish soap can still compete with the

conventional ones if studied thoroughly. Scruchtrup (2021) added that microbiological

testing was performed to see how microorganisms impact human health and the

environment. The surface checks of the dishes showed that the number of highly

contaminated items is significantly higher when using low temperatures and a low

chlorine amount in the detergent.

36

In addition to that, Khan's (2020) study emphasizes that lemongrass is an

excellent source of fiber, carbohydrates, and vitamins A, B, and C, all of which

contribute to overall physical strength. Furthermore, lemongrass contains essential

minerals such as selenium, which supports cognitive function and fertility, and zinc,

which is important for wound healing. Moreover, lemongrass offers numerous health

benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties, as well

as applications in

skincare. The extract derived from lemongrass showcases these beneficial effects.

Historically, lemongrass has also been used to alleviate anxiety, stress, and pain.

Other than that, the study conducted by Gbenga-Fubisiwa (2022) explored the

nutritional potential and health benefits of various fruit peels, including those from

oranges (Citrus sinensis), papayas (Carica papaya), pineapples (Ananas comosus), watermelons

(Citrullus lanatus), and bananas (Musa sapientum). These peels, often considered waste, can

be transformed into nutrient-rich products that are valuable for the food and

pharmaceutical industries. The authors emphasize that these ingredients are suitable

when it comes to cleaning products as they contain antibacterial properties. Thus, fruit

peels can be effectively utilized not only with the view of environmental management
37

but also as value-added raw materials in the formulation of functional foods,

nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and cleaning products.

Utilization of lemongrass in cleaning and food preservation.

A study conducted by Ofuani (2023) highlights the formulation of liquid soap

using lemongrass essential oil as a natural fragrance, emphasizing its suitability as a safe

and effective alternative to synthetic chemicals. The essential oil was extracted through

hydro distillation and analyzed for its physicochemical properties, confirming its high-

quality composition. Rich in citral and myrcene, lemongrass oil exhibits strong

antimicrobial activity, making it effective in eliminating bacteria and fungi while

providing a refreshing citrus scent.

The study demonstrates that lemongrass-based liquid soap offers multiple

advantages, including natural antibacterial protection, an eco-friendly formulation, and a

reduced risk of skin irritation compared to conventional soaps containing synthetic

fragrances. Additionally, its high compatibility with various cleaning agents makes it a

viable ingredient for household and industrial cleaning solutions. As consumer

preference shifts towards sustainable and non-toxic products, lemongrass essential oil
38

continues to emerge as a valuable component in the development of environmentally

friendly cleaning products.

Utilization of orange peels in cleaning and food preservation.

According to Bradford and Rayome (2023), orange peels possess remarkable

cleaning properties that make them a valuable household resource rather than mere

waste. These peels contain D-limonene, a natural oil commonly found in commercial

cleaning products. This compound not only enhances surface shine but also exhibits

antibacterial properties, making it effective in combating household germs. Instead of

relying on chemical-based cleaning agents, utilizing orange peels provides a cost-effective

and eco-friend alternative to maintaining cleanliness at home.

As highlighted by Bradford and Rayome (2023), there are several practical

applications for orange peels in home cleaning. For instance, the outer peel can be used

to polish kitchen appliances such as refrigerators and stoves, removing smudges and

restoring their shine. Additionally, placing orange peels in a bowl of water and

microwaving them for a minute can help loosen food residue while deodorizing the
39

microwave. A simple yet effective natural cleaner can also be made by soaking orange

peels in white vinegar for two weeks, resulting in a potent, chemical-free solution for

cleaning various surfaces, excluding wood.

Furthermore, orange peels contribute to deodorizing spaces prone to unpleasant

odors. The authors suggest that gratin orange zest or placing whole peels in

refrigerators, garbage disposals, or trash bins help neutralize unwanted smells. Mixing

dehydrated orange peel with baking soda further enhances its deodorizing effect.

Additionally, soaking glassware in warm water infused with citrus peels leaves them

sparkling clean, while rubbing coffee cups with fresh orange peels effectively removes

stubborn stains. Embracing these natural cleaning methods not only reduces reliance on

harsh chemicals but also promotes sustainability while filling the home with a refreshing

shrinathcitrus aroma.

Additionally, the study conducted by Shrinath et al. (2023) also highlights the use

of orange peels due to their powerful antioxidant properties, making them effective

natural ingredients in cleaning products. The research notes that the high concentration
40

of d-limonene, a potent natural solvent, makes orange peels effective degreasers and

antimicrobial agents, suitable for eco-friendly household cleaners. Furthermore, their

phenolic content provides antibacterial and antifungal properties, enhancing the

effectiveness of cleaning formulations while reducing the reliance on synthetic chemicals.

The use of orange peel-based cleaning products promotes sustainability by repurposing

citrus waste and offers a safer, non-toxic alternative to conventional chemical cleaners,

benefiting both environmental and human health.

Citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons, and limes are rich in bioactive compounds

that offer numerous health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and

cardioprotective properties (Ali et al., 2023). Their peels contain flavonoids, phenolic

compounds, and essential oils that support digestion, boost immunity, and aid in disease

prevention. Beyond their nutritional value, citrus peels serve as powerful natural cleaning

agents due to their antimicrobial and degreasing properties, primarily attributed to

limonene, a key component in citrus essential oils. This makes citrus-based cleaners

effective in breaking down grease, removing stains, and eliminating bacteria without the

use of harsh chemicals. Widely used in eco-friendly cleaning products, citrus-derived

solutions offer a biodegradable and non-toxic alternative to conventional household

cleaners, reducing environmental pollution while promoting sustainability.

41

Optimizing the lemongrass and orange peel ratio in dishwashing liquid.

In the natural-based dishwashing liquid, the amount of lemongrass should be

greater than that of orange peel. According to the article, How long does lemongrass

last? (n.d.), lemongrass can last up to 2 to 3 years depending on their storage, especially if

they are dried. Dried lemongrass can be boiled or used to make an essential oil that

prolongs the shelf life of a dishwashing liquid. In a dishwashing liquid, lemongrass

essential oil is crucial as it gives the right antibacterial properties that are suitable for

cleaning dishes. It can stay up to 2 to 3 years (Sissons, 2024). In the product of

Grounded, in their version of lemongrass dishwashing liquid, they have used the

antibacterial properties of lemongrass essential oil to effectively clean dishes. Their

product also provides an example of longer shelf life while using organic ingredients in

cleaning products.

According to Rob (2021), orange peel decomposes in an average of six months

or not more than four months, but if the process or different methods occur, it can

shorten the time of decomposing. 50% of oranges are usually transformed into juice, but

others, especially the peels, are being discarded. There are a lot of companies that sell
42

orange juice, but the orange peel remains behind and it takes a while to decompose it.

This shows that orange peel can decompose in a short period.

According to the article by Parkinson (2022), dried orange peel shelf life depends

on various factors, including the method of storage, the packaging, and the environment.

The author said that orange peel is widely used as a spice in cooking, to make tea, or

even in skincare products. It is rich in vitamin C, dietary fiber, and essential oils that give

it its unique aroma and flavor. He also said if orange peel was dried and stored

properly,

it could last up to one year. However, if it is not stored correctly, it can lose its flavor and

aroma and become stale. In his article, he further mentioned how to store the dried

orange and how to refresh the dried orange. He said that placing the dried orange peel in

a clean, dry skillet, heating it over low heat for 2-3 minutes, stirring occasionally, and

crushing the orange peel into smaller pieces can refresh its aroma and flavor.

Faheem et al. (2022) highlight lemongrass as a natural preservative that exhibits

notable antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. The article elaborates on the function

of lemongrass and its essential oil in the preservation of food. Lemongrass essential oil
43

(LEO) has the potential to address various challenges encountered by the food industry.

In various food types, the primary genera responsible for spoilage include Klebsiella,

Bacillus, and Pseudomonas. LEO helps maintain the sensory qualities of food and

inhibits microbial activity, thereby preventing food spoilage, preserving product quality,

and prolonging the shelf life of foods.

Microbial growth can take place during the cultivation of seeds or crops, during

post-harvest processing, as well as during distribution and storage (Deshpande et al.,

2021). The ability of Salmonella to survive differs on the surfaces of fruits, especially

between oranges and limes. The high moisture content in fruit juices encourages the

growth of microorganisms. Bhatta (2022) emphasizes green mold (Penicillium digitatum)

and blue mold (Penicillium italicum) are significant diseases affecting citrus after harvest,

leading to fruit rot rates ranging from 10% to 30% and up to 50% in extreme cases. P.

digitatum infects citrus fruit through mechanical injuries and various environmental

conditions, producing toxic mycotoxins. While P. italicum proliferates quickly in tightly

packed containers, infecting adjacent fruits even under refrigerated conditions.

Foreign Study

Lemongrass processing for cleaning agents and economic growth.

44

According to Kurniawan et al. (2024), the local community in Semoyo Village,

Gunungkidul, has identified lemongrass as a valuable agricultural resource that can be

processed into high-value products. The study highlights that by transforming

lemongrass into household essentials such as hand sanitizer, liquid handwashing soap,

and liquid dishwashing soap, local farmers can significantly increase their economic

opportunities. The initiative was developed to empower the community, particularly

women farmers, by equipping them with the necessary skills to produce these

lemongrass-based cleaning agents.

As stated by Kurniawan et al. (2024), a structured training program was

conducted for 30 women farmer group leaders to enhance their knowledge and practical

skills in processing lemongrass oil into commercial products. Before the hands-on

workshops, participants underwent technical training on lemongrass oil extraction and

were assessed through pre-tests and post-tests. The results showed a significant

improvement in understanding, with scores increasing from 62.86% before training to

79.05% afterward. This demonstrates that participants effectively absorbed the

45

knowledge and developed the confidence needed to produce lemongrass-based cleaning

products.

Furthermore, the initiative aims to promote sustainable agricultural practices and

economic self-sufficiency by utilizing surplus lemongrass crops for product

development. With the rising demand for hygiene-related products, particularly during

global health crises like COVID-19, this initiative offers a promising economic

alternative for local farmers. By combining traditional farming methods with modern

processing techniques, Semoyo Village can strengthen its agricultural sector, enhance

hygiene standards, and create new business opportunities for its residents. This research

highlights the potential of natural resources, such as lemongrass, in promoting

sustainable rural development and economic resilience.

Antibacterial and antifungal properties of lemongrass and citral.

In the study of Gao et al. (2020), they investigated the activity of lemongrass

essential oil and citral against dual-species biofilms, or a collection of two or more types

of bacteria that live together in a colony formed by Staphylococcus aureus and Candida

albicans species. They analyzed the chemical constituents of lemongrass essential oil.

Their investigations not only shed new light on the therapeutic significance of
46

lemongrass essential oil and citral but also uncovered the molecular impact of citral on

dual-species biofilms.

The experiment of Gao et al. (2020) shows that lemongrass essential oil and citral

could reduce both biofilm biomass and viability of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus

aureus dual-species biofilms. The data they collected demonstrated that both lemongrass

essential oil and citral could be used to eliminate dual-species biofilms to overall similar

levels of efficiency. However, there are some differences according to the species

composition of the fungal partners.

Lastly, they conclude that lemongrass essential oil and citral were highly effective

in eradicating the dual-species biofilms by hindering the interactions between Candida

albicans and Staphylococcus aureus and breaking the matrix compositions of biofilms. Given

their low cost and minimal risk to humans, lemongrass essential oil and citral hold

significant potential for pharmaceutical applications in the treatment of infections caused

by polymicrobial biofilms.
47

In the study of Shehata et al. (2021), they focused on optimizing the solvent

extraction of bioactive components from the peels of various local citrus fruits; they

evaluated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the sweet orange. They also

demonstrated the ability of orange peel extract to protect vegetable oils against oxidation

during storage, and its effect on the dietary value of oils was studied.

To confirm the antimicrobial potential of the freeze-dried citrus peel extracts,

they were tested against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacterial

strains as well as fungi (Shehata et al., 2021). The results of their experiment say that

citrus peel extracts have shown more impact on food-borne pathogens due to their

contents of phenolic compounds.

Lastly, they conclude that freeze-dried sweet orange peels are good sources of

antioxidant and antimicrobial flavonoids and other polyphenolic compounds, which can

effectively protect oils and other food products against oxidation and spoilage by food-

borne pathogens.
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‌According to Tshireletso et al. (2021), recent advancements in nanotechnology

have introduced an innovative and eco-friendly approach for synthesizing copper oxide

nanoparticles (CuONPs) using citrus peel extracts. This method is considered a safer

alternative to conventional chemical synthesis, making it a promising area of research.

The study focused on extracting bioactive compounds from various citrus peels, such as

oranges, tangerines, and lemons, using two different solvents: acetone and distilled water.

According to the researchers, the extraction process involved soaking the citrus peels in

the selected solvent, leading to the formation of CuONPs with distinct morphological

characteristics. It was observed that nanoparticles synthesized using acetone exhibited a

predominantly spherical shape, whereas those synthesized with distilled water had a rod-

like structure.

To confirm the successful formation of CuONPs, multiple analytical techniques

were employed. The authors include the technique of cyclic voltammetry to analyze the

electrochemical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles and ultraviolet-visible

spectroscopy (UV-Vis), which showed characteristic absorption peaks. Specifically,

acetone-extracted CuONPs displayed peaks between 280 nm and 293 nm, while distilled

water-extracted particles exhibited peaks around 290 nm. Additionally, transmission

49

electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provided detailed

visualization of nanoparticle size and morphology. Fourier-transform infrared

spectroscopy (FTIR) further confirmed the presence of cupric oxide structures in all

synthesized samples, indicating high purity. Furthermore, energy-dispersive X-ray

spectroscopy (EDS) revealed variations in nanoparticle composition depending on the

type of citrus peel and extraction solvent used.

The study also demonstrated the antibacterial properties of the synthesized

CuONPs. According to the findings, the nanoparticles exhibited significant

antibacterial activity against common pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Campylobacter

coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. This suggests potential applications in the medical field,

particularly in antimicrobial development, where bacterial resistance remains a

growing global

concern (Tshireletso et al., 2021). The green synthesis of CuONPs using citrus peel

extracts presents an environmentally sustainable alternative to traditional chemical

methods. As stated by the authors, this technique not only minimizes hazardous waste

but also holds promise for applications in pharmaceuticals and healthcare. Future

research should focus on optimizing the antibacterial efficacy of these nanoparticles

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while mitigating potential side effects. By harnessing naturally derived antibacterial

agents, scientists can develop innovative solutions to address antibiotic resistance and

improve global healthcare outcomes.

Roles of foam and consistency in a dishwashing liquid.

The consistency of the dishwashing soap must be balanced (Andersen, 2024).

This means that the thickness should always be balanced. In terms of foam, according to

Lowe (2022), foam does allow the wetting agents, detergents, and degreasers enough

time to do their jobs. Foam allows the cleaning detergent to sit on surfaces for longer,

helping to penetrate grease, oil, fats, and other caked-on grime. However, according to

Olson (2024), soap bubbles are merely a byproduct of the cleaning process. Dishwashing

liquids don't need bubbles to clean. He added that bubbles shouldn't be the only aspect

one should base on to know that the soap is cleaning effectively.

Synthesis

Commercial dishwashing liquids often contain harmful chemicals such as

phosphates, sulfates, ammonia, chlorine, and synthetic fragrances, which pose risks to

human health and the environment. A study conducted by Ofuani (2023) has shown that

these substances can cause skin irritation, respiratory issues, and even long-term health

problems with prolonged exposure. Additionally, when washed down drains, these
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chemicals contribute to water pollution, harming marine ecosystems and aquatic life

(The Dirty Truth, 2024). According to Alec (2024), the widespread use of chemical-

based dishwashing soaps exacerbates environmental degradation, necessitating a shift

toward safer alternatives.

In response to these concerns, there is a growing demand for natural and plant-

based dishwashing liquids that offer effective cleaning without harmful side effects (Xie,

2023). Researchers and consumers alike are exploring biodegradable, non-toxic

alternatives derived from natural sources. Studies by Palmar (2024) and Hembra et al.

(2020) highlight the increasing market preference for eco-friendly cleaning solutions,

with plant-based surfactants replacing traditional synthetic chemicals. These alternatives

not only minimize environmental damage but also offer health benefits, particularly for

individuals with skin sensitivities.

Due to this transition, natural-based products (kamias, mango, lemongrass, and

orange) have been used as suitable ingredients for cleaning products (General et al.,

2024). Research by Lucido (n.d.) found that lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) extract, rich

in citral and limonene, exhibits strong antimicrobial activity, making it a viable alternative

to commercial dish soaps. Medenilla (2020) and Paloma (2024) further emphasize
52

lemongrass’s role as a natural preservative and cleaning agent, with its effectiveness

comparable to chemical surfactants. Romuga and Lizardo (2020) also demonstrated the

infusion of lemongrass essential oil that has shown positive consumer acceptance, noting

its pleasant fragrance, antibacterial benefits, and ability to break down grease effectively.

Similarly, research on orange (Citrus sinensis) peel-based dishwashing liquids

supports their use as natural degreasers and disinfectants. Bradford and Rayome (2023)

highlight the cleaning potential of D-limonene, a compound found in citrus peels that

effectively removes grease and dirt while exhibiting antibacterial properties. Studies by

Arcilla et al. (2021) and De Dios et al. (n.d.) explore the use of orange peel extracts in

dishwashing solutions, demonstrating their effectiveness in breaking down oils and

eliminating food residues. However, challenges such as formulation stability and

fragrance retention were noted in some trials, indicating the need for further

optimization. Hence, Kurniawan et al. (2024) highlight the need for education regarding

the release of natural-based dishwashing liquids. He further explained that specialized

training must be used. Furthermore, Kenekar (2021) mentioned natural dishwashing

liquid can compete with conventional products if developed properly through

experimentation and research.

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In conclusion, the combination of lemongrass and orange peel in dishwashing

liquid formulations presents an opportunity for a highly effective and sustainable

cleaning solution (Cayabyab et al., 2024). Both ingredients provide antibacterial,

antifungal, and grease-cutting properties while being biodegradable and safe for human

use. As the demand for sustainable cleaning products grows, it paves the way for a

greener future for everyone. By understanding the harmful effects of conventional

dishwashing liquids, individuals can choose natural-based alternatives that are not only

effective but also contribute to saving the planet while utilizing an eco-friendly product.

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY

This chapter details the specific methods the researchers planned to use

throughout the study. It covers discussions on the research method, research design,

research approach, population and sampling methods, study respondents, and data

collection procedures. A thorough examination of the research process is conducted to

achieve the goals outlined in this research project.

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Research Method

This study will employ a qualitative research design to explore Grade 11 students'

perceptions of the efficacy of lemongrass and orange peel as a natural alternative to

conventional dishwashing liquid. Using a phenomenological approach, the research will

focus on participants' firsthand experiences and insights regarding the effectiveness,

usability, and environmental benefits of the alternative cleaning solution. According to

Alhazmi and Kaufmann (2022), phenomenology holds the view that human beings

extract meaning from the world through personal experience.

Participants will consist of Grade 11 students from Calamba Institute, selected

through purposive sampling to ensure they have direct engagement with the product.

Data will be collected through questionnaire responses, allowing students to share their

observations, challenges, and overall impressions of the dishwashing liquid. Open-ended

questions will guide the discussions, encouraging participants to describe their

experiences, compare the natural cleaner with commercial products, and reflect on its

potential as a sustainable cleaning alternative.

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The dishwashing liquid will be formulated using a standardized method,

incorporating lemongrass and orange peel as key ingredients. Participants will use the

product on kitchen utensils and evaluate its cleaning power, grease removal capability,

texture, and scent. Their insights will be examined through thematic analysis to identify

recurring patterns, perceptions, and attitudes toward the product. By focusing on

qualitative narratives, this study aims to provide a deeper understanding of user

experiences and the potential of plant-based dishwashing liquids in promoting

sustainable choices.

Research Design

This study employs a qualitative research approach, specifically utilizing a

phenomenological design, to explore students' thoughts, attitudes, and experiences with

natural dishwashing products. Phenomenology is a qualitative research method that

emphasizes the understanding and description of individuals' lived experiences regarding

a specific topic, as stated in the article of Phenomenological Research (2021). This

approach seeks to uncover the essence of these experiences and how respondents

interpret them in their everyday lives.

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By adopting a phenomenological approach, this study aims to provide a nuanced

understanding of the complex factors influencing students' preferences for natural

dishwashing products. The findings will be instrumental in developing more effective

strategies to promote sustainable behaviors among students. As highlighted by Delve

and Limpaecher (2022), phenomenological research design facilitates deep insights into

respondents' experiences, focusing entirely on their perspectives. This ensures that the

findings are grounded in the respondents’ lived experiences rather than the researcher's

assumptions.

Research Approach

This study will use a naturalistic inquiry approach to examine how Grade 11

students at Calamba Institute experience and perceive the use of lemongrass and orange

peel-based dishwashing soap as an alternative to chemical-based dishwashing liquids.

The aim is to understand how students engage with the product in their everyday

environment, focusing on its effectiveness, usability, and sustainability. The

naturalistic

approach will allow the study to capture real-world data without manipulating the

context, providing insights into students' lived experiences.

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Data will be gathered through observations and qualitative methods. Students

will be observed as they use both lemongrass and orange peel-based soap and

commercial dishwashing soap to clean kitchen utensils. The observations will focus on

key factors such as grease removal, antibacterial properties, and the overall usability of

the soaps. Additionally, students will participate in interviews and focus group

discussions to share their perceptions of the soap's affordability, accessibility, and

sustainability, as well as any concerns about skin irritation or sensitivity.

Population and Sampling Method

The participants of this study are Grade 11 senior high school students from

Calamba Institute, Halang, for the academic year 2024 to 2025. Out of the total

population of 247 Grade 11 students, a sample of 30 participants was selected using the

convenience sampling method. This technique ensures that every student in

the
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population can easily be accessed by the researcher to quickly obtain the data that is

needed for further analysis.

The goal of the convenience sampling method is to gather data easier and to

ensure that the respondents are readily available and they are willing to be a participant in

the study. This method involves participants who are chosen because of their availability,

selecting participants from the full list of Grade 11 students, ensuring that they are all

available and it is not complicated for their schedules. By utilizing this approach, the

study aims to gather insights that will show their different thoughts, opinions, and

perceptions of senior high school students regarding the use of eco-friendly dishwashing

liquids.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study are Grade 11 senior high school students from the

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) and Accountancy,

Business, and Management (ABM) strands at Calamba Institute for the academic year

2024–2025. A total of 30 respondents were selected, consisting of 25

students from
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STEM—distributed equally among the sections Asteroids (5), Betelgeuse (5), Cassiopeia

(5), Dione (5), and Equinox (5)—and 5 students from ABM, specifically from the Assets

section.

These respondents were chosen based on their familiarity and firsthand

experience in using dishwashing soap at home, ensuring relevant insights regarding the

effectiveness, efficiency, and sustainability of the alternative dishwashing liquid. Their

feedback will be gathered through structured questionnaires distributed by the

researchers, allowing them to share their perspectives, experiences, and evaluations of

the product.
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Table 1. Number of Respondents from Grade 11 STEM students at Calamba Institute

Grade 11 STEM Sections Population Number of Respondents

Asteroids 43 5

Betelgeuse 46 5

Cassiopeia 43 5

Dione 43 5

Equinox 42 5

TOTAL: 217 25

Table 2. Number of Respondents from Grade 11 ABM students at Calamba Institute

Grade 11 ABM Section Population Number of Respondents

Assets 30 5

TOTAL 30 5
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Instrument of the Study

The researchers will utilize a self-created questionnaire as the primary research

instrument to assess the effectiveness of a natural-based dishwashing liquid. This

questionnaire will be distributed to 30 Grade 11 students from the STEM and ABM

strands at Calamba Institute’s Senior High School Department. Comprising 14 open-

ended and closed-ended questions, it is designed to evaluate key factors such as

consistency, grease removal efficiency, usability, and accessibility. Additionally, it will

explore the advantages and disadvantages of using natural ingredients, particularly

lemongrass and orange peel, as alternative components in dishwashing liquid. The

structured format of the questionnaire ensures comprehensive data collection, enabling

the researchers to analyze the potential of these natural ingredients as sustainable and

practical substitutes for commercial dishwashing products.

Data Collection Procedure

This section of the study will follow a systematic approach to ensure accurate

and reliable results. The process begins with the research teacher approving three

questions from the statement of the problem. Then, the researchers will compile a total

of 14 open-ended and closed-ended questionnaires designed to gather relevant

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information. Once these questionnaires receive approval, the researchers will divide the

population of Grade 11 students into smaller groups. To maintain simplicity, only a

selected number of students from each section will participate and respond to the

questionnaires, ensuring a representative sample of five students from each section of

the student body.

Afterward, the researcher will ask the selected students if they are willing to

participate in the study, ensuring their comfort, availability, and privacy throughout the

process. If the respondents agree to participate, the researchers will conduct a live

demonstration showcasing how to use lemongrass and orange peel as alternatives to

traditional dishwashing liquids. Following the demonstration, the participants will receive

a questionnaire to collect data. To ensure their comfort, respondents will have the

autonomy to answer the questions at their own pace, with guidance available if needed.

This approach aims to make the respondents feel at ease while answering the questions.
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Collected responses will be systematically analyzed and organized. Throughout

the selection of respondents, the live demonstration, and the data collection process, the

researchers will prioritize students’ well-being, ensuring a conducive environment for

accurate and reliable data gathering.

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CHAPTER IV: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND

INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This section of the research paper provides the data gathered from the self-created

questionnaire. It presents an analysis and interpretation from the thirty (30) Grade 11

STEM and ABM students, focusing on their perceptions and understanding regarding

the lemongrass and orange peel dishwashing liquid as an alternative to commercial-based

dishwashing liquid. The gathered data will be presented through tables and figures based

on the questionnaire handed out on February 26, 2025.

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Data Presentation Analysis

Figure 1. Insights of Grade 11 Students Regarding the Consistency of the

Lemongrass and Orange Peel Dishwashing Liquid

The figure shown above illustrates the insights of Grade 11 students of Calamba

Institute and how they feel about the watery or viscosity of the alternative dishwashing

soap. It is important to consider the consistency of the dishwashing soap because,

according to the study of Xie (2023), viscosity, or thickness, is an essential factor in

determining the effectiveness of a dishwashing liquid. It influences the flowability,

stability, and cleaning performance of a product. It improves the usage experience,

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enhances penetration and cleaning performance, stabilizes storage and use, and

influences consumers' anticipation and preferences.

Based on the data provided by the thirty (30) respondents, twenty-two (22) find

the consistency of the alternative dishwashing soap between thick and watery, illustrating

that the product has the right consistency. Four (4) students mentioned that the

dishwashing soap was thick, and another four (4) said that it was watery. The right

consistency was achieved using mild surfactants, natural fragrances, and biodegradable

components. According to Xie (2023), eco-friendly dishwashing liquids use more

sustainable and biodegradable ingredients, such as plant-derived surfactants, which can

serve as alternatives to traditional surfactants, essential oils for fragrance, and

biodegradable preservatives that have minimal environmental impact.

The results indicate that many students believe the dishwashing soap made from

lemongrass and orange peel has a balanced consistency; it is neither too thick nor too

watery. The consistency of the dishwashing soap must be balanced; there is a delicate

balance to maintain (Andersen, 2024). This shows that the results are desirable. If the

dishwashing liquid becomes excessively thick, it can become challenging to pour or

dispense from the bottle. Moreover, he stated that the viscosity of dishwashing liquid
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plays a crucial role in its cleaning effectiveness. It enhances foam formation, facilitating

better distribution and removal of dirt and grease.

Figure 2. Grade 11’s Insights about the Bubble Effect of the Alternative

Dishwashing Liquid

Figure 2 shows how Grade 11 students of Calamba Institute perceive the

bubbling and foaming effect of the natural dishwashing soap. The bubbling effect can

influence the students’ perception of the effectiveness of the dishwashing soap.

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According to Lowe (2022), foam does allow the wetting agents, detergents, and

degreasers enough time to do their jobs. Foam allows the cleaning detergent to sit on

surfaces for longer, helping to penetrate grease, oil, fats, and other caked-on grime.

Based on the demonstration, nine (9) students said that the alternative

dishwashing soap can create many bubbles or is bubbly. Three (3) said that it is not

bubbly enough, seventeen (17) said it creates the right amount of bubbles, and one (1) of

the respondents did not answer the question. This shows that the majority of the

respondents said that it creates the right amount of bubbles. However, according to

Olson (2024), soap bubbles are merely a byproduct of the cleaning process. Dishwashing

liquids don't need bubbles to clean. He added that bubbles shouldn't be the only aspect

one should base on to know that the soap is cleaning effectively.

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Table 3. Students’ Perspective on Comfort in Using Alternative Dishwashing

Liquid

Question Common Responses Number of Responses

Is the natural dishwashing (Yes) The alternative 2

soap comfortable to use? If dishwashing liquid has a
yes, explain. If not, how moisturizing effect when
does the orange peel and used.
lemongrass dishwashing
soap feel on your hand? (Yes) It does not give any 5
sticky feel after using.

(Yes) The product does 3

not leave a strong scent
after using it.

(Yes) It feels comfortable 13

when used.

(Yes) It is milder on the 2

skin.

(Yes) It gives a soapy 1

feeling when used.

(Yes) It is the same as the 1

commercial dishwashing
liquid.

(No) It gives an itchy feel 2

after use.
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Table 3 shows the different answers of the students when asked about the

question, “Is the natural dishwashing soap comfortable to use? If yes, explain. If not,

how does the orange peel and lemongrass dishwashing soap feel on your hand?” It

indicates different perspectives of students regarding the comfort of using the product.

Two (2) out of thirty (30) respondents answered that it is moisturizing to the hands after

using it, five (5) stated that it is not sticky after experiencing it, three (3) have answered

that it does not leave any scent, thirteen (13) responded that it is comfortable to use, two

(2) concluded that it is milder on the skin than conventional dishwashing liquid, and one

(1) answered that it is soapy when used. However, another two (2) have said that it gives

an itchy feel after use.

According to Paloma (2024), lemongrass-based cleaning products are highly

acceptable in terms of appearance, scent, texture, and usefulness, receiving positive

feedback from both households and business owners. Its natural texture makes it

comfortable to use and keeps hands moisturized. Lemongrass has many health benefits,

often due to its antifungal, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties (Sissons, 2024).

However, lemongrass may irritate the skin and cause rashes if a person is allergic to the

ingredients used. Chemical-based dishwashing liquids are formulated with alkaline

substances such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. These are alkaline

71

degreasers that are highly effective at breaking down grease and oil. Even natural

dishwashing liquids do not have those chemicals; they can still break down oil and

grease, although not as quickly as chemical-based dishwashing liquids (What is a

degreaser, 2025).

Figure 3. Perspective of Students toward the Effectiveness of Lemongrass and

Orange Peel as an Alternative Dishwashing Liquid

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Figure 3 represents the experiences of the students when using the natural-based

dishwashing liquid in terms of its effectiveness. Twenty-seven (27) out of thirty (30)

respondents answered it was effective. Two (2) of them stated that it was not effective,

and one (1) had no answer.

According to Cayabyab et al. (2024), lemongrass and orange peel are the key

ingredients that can surpass the effectiveness of a commercial dishwashing soap. The

orange peel contains D-limonene, a naturally extracted oil found in oranges that

enhances the luster, cleanliness, and refreshing scent of various surfaces. It also has

antibacterial properties that help eliminate dirt, grime, and stains. Meanwhile, lemongrass

helps maintain a healthy balance of beneficial bacteria, ensuring optimal cleanliness, and

its natural antiseptic properties make it gentler on the skin. Moreover, it contains

antibacterial, antifungal, and deodorizing properties (Paloma, 2024). Together, these two

key ingredients create a more effective formula that can compete with other commercial

dishwashing liquids. Additionally, lemongrass essential oil serves as an antifungal agent

that can fight against the microorganisms that are commonly found in dishes (Romuga &

Lizardo, 2020).
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Figure 4. Students’ Insight on Grease-cutting Ability of Organic Dishwashing

Liquid Compared To Commercial Dishwashing Liquids

Figure 4 illustrates the perspectives of Grade 11 students regarding the efficacy of

natural dishwashing liquid in breaking down grease when compared to commercial

dishwashing liquids. The results show that most view it as equivalent to commercial

options, with eighteen (18) respondents expressing a preference for it. This indicates that

the majority of participants see no major differences in performance between the two

types.
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Four (4) respondents believe that natural dishwashing liquid is superior,

suggesting that they find it significantly better. Conversely, one (1) respondent assessed it

as worse, claiming that commercial dishwashing liquids are more efficient in grease

removal. Moreover, one (1) respondent indicated other preferences, which may point to

personal product choices.

Lastly, five (5) respondents did not provide an answer, possibly due to

unfamiliarity with the product or a lack of interest in the subject. Based on the findings,

opinions about the efficacy of natural dishwashing liquid are still influenced by personal

experiences and preferences, even though it is generally acknowledged as a good

substitute.

A study conducted by General et al. (2024) emphasizes the ingredients derived

from nature, such as kamias, mango, lemongrass, and orange, possess antibacterial

qualities, making them valuable cleaning products. Citric acid from lemongrass serves

as
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a natural solvent, effectively dissolving grease and dirt on dishes while also offering

antibacterial advantages.

In contrast, standard dishwashing liquids often have high levels of chemicals like

phosphates, sulfates, and artificial fragrances, which can be harmful to both human

health and the environment (Alec, 2024). These products utilize surfactants such as

sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and sodium laureth sulfate (SLES) to boost cleaning

efficiency. By decreasing the surface tension of water, these surfactants enable it to

spread and infiltrate grease, facilitating easier removal. Although Mutamima et al. (2024)

noted SLES is seen as a gentler option that helps avoid skin irritation and is safer than

many other surfactants, certain chemical ingredients in dishwashing liquids may still have

detrimental effects.

Choosing eco-friendly dishwashing liquids allows us to select biodegradable and

non-toxic alternatives to traditional household cleaners, thereby decreasing

environmental pollution while supporting sustainability.

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Figure 5. Effectiveness of Grease Removal from Lemongrass and Orange Peel

Dishwashing Liquid

Figure 5 indicated the data regarding the effectiveness of grease removal on the

use of lemongrass and orange peel as an alternative dishwashing liquid. Sixteen (16)

respondents agree that the product is effective. Additionally, two (2) respondents

mentioned that it works but requires improvement. Meanwhile, nine (9) felt that the
77

alternative dishwashing liquid is somewhat effective but not strong enough. Lastly, three

(3) respondents did not provide a response to the question.

The results indicate that sixteen (16) considered lemongrass and orange peel to

be effective alternatives to traditional dishwashing liquid, stating that it "works well.”

This finding aligns with the study conducted by Queriado et al. (2023), which reported

that lemon extract is perceived as an effective alternative dishwashing liquid.

Additionally, Romuga and Lizardo (2020) highlighted that lemongrass essential oil is an

effective antifungal agent. The results of this experiment demonstrate its effectiveness,

particularly against yeast, which can also be present in food when cleaning utensils.

Approximately nine (9) of the data indicates that the dishwashing liquid works

but is not strong enough, while two (2) suggest that it is effective but needs

improvement. This supports the findings of Kenekar (2021), who notes that chemical

dishwashing liquids are composed of multiple ingredients (triclosan, formaldehyde, and

phosphates). However, these ingredients can pose health hazards with prolonged

exposure. In contrast, natural-based dishwashing liquids may not be as strong as

conventional ones because they do not contain harmful chemicals. Nonetheless, natural-

based liquids can compete with conventional products if developed through thorough
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experimentation and research. For instance, as mentioned by Kenekar (2021), Organica

Biotech Dishwashing Liquid demonstrates that organic cleaning solutions can

be improved and may even surpass commercial dishwashing liquids in effectively

cleaning stubborn deposits on utensils.

Table 4. Influence of Grease Removal of Alternative Dish Soap on Students’

Willingness to Use

Question Common Responses Number of Responses

Respondents are 3
How does the grease influenced by the novelty
removal performance of of the product and are
the lemongrass and orange willing to try it.
peel-based dishwashing
soap affect your willingness Respondents noted that 4
to use it regularly? the soap effectively
removed grease, making
them more inclined to use
it.

The responses indicate the 13

appreciation towards the
natural and easy-to-find
ingredients.

Others felt that the 4

dishwashing soap needed
improvement before
incorporating it in their
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homes.

Some responses indicate 6

no opinion on the matter.

Table 4 presents the perspectives of Grade 11 students regarding how the

effectiveness of grease removal impacts their willingness to try an alternative

dishwashing liquid. The predominant factor in their decision-making appears to be the

preference for high-quality ingredients, indicating that thirteen (13) out of 30

respondents prioritize the composition of the product when exploring other dishwashing

options.

As for the six (6) respondents who left their answers blank, which may suggest

either indifference or a lack of familiarity with the subject. While four (4) respondents

recognized that the alternative dishwashing liquid is effective at removing grease,

highlighting its potential as a realistic choice. However, four (4) feel that the product

requires enhancements, indicating that although it is functional, there is still room for

improvement.
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Furthermore, three (3) expressed a willingness to experiment with new products,

demonstrating a degree of openness to alternatives. In summary, these insights imply

that although many students see the promise of alternative dishwashing liquids, their

willingness to embrace them is heavily influenced by their effectiveness and the quality

of ingredients.

According to Baron (2023), organic dishwashing liquids focus on sustainable

ingredients that have a reduced impact on both human health and the environment

when compared to traditional dishwashing products. Consumers may be inclined to

spend more to ensure both safety and environmental sustainability to protect their loved

ones. These eco-friendly dishwashing liquids utilize surfactants and depend largely on

plant-based extracts as their main ingredients. For example, citric acid derived from

lemon extract effectively cuts through grease and grime on dishes thanks to its

antibacterial characteristics. Additionally, the presence of lemon provides antimicrobial,

antifungal, and antioxidant benefits, enhancing its effectiveness as a natural cleaning

agent.

Furthermore, Romuga and Lizardo (2020) observed that lemongrass essential oil

functions as an antifungal agent against microorganisms typically present in food

81

systems. It is also recognized for its antimicrobial properties, which make it successful in

eradicating bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus, thus increasing its effectiveness in cleaning

formulations.

Moreover, both lemongrass and orange peel can be valuable ingredients in

dishwashing liquid formulations, aligning with eco-friendly principles while steering clear

of harmful substances such as phosphates and parabens. By incorporating biodegradable

components, it is possible to create greener cleaning solutions that help reduce pollution

and support environmentally conscious consumer choices. To foster a healthier and

more sustainable future, Jimenez (2024) highlighted that opting for organic dishwashing

liquids allows consumers to safeguard both their families and the planet.
82

Figure 6. Utilizing Lemongrass and Orange Peel Dishwashing Liquid in

Students' Daily Dishwashing Routine

Figure 6 illustrates students' perspectives on using lemongrass and orange peel

dishwashing liquid in their daily dishwashing routines. A majority of the students,

totaling twenty (20) respondents, expressed a willingness to incorporate this product

into their households. Additionally, five (5) respondents indicated that they might use

the natural-based dishwashing liquid on an occasional basis. Meanwhile, another five (5)
83

respondents stated that they would not consider using it in their daily dishwashing

routine.

Understanding the active ingredients and their functions in dishwashing liquids

can help consumers make informed decisions when selecting the best product for their

households (Xie, 2023). This is supported by the fact that twenty (20) of respondents

agreed, and five (5) sometimes used lemongrass and orange peel as alternatives for

dishwashing liquids in their homes. Xie also emphasizes the importance of choosing

cleaning products that are purely organic, as they are less likely to harm human health or

the environment. By selecting the right dishwashing liquid, individuals can ensure

effective cleaning of their dishes while also considering factors such as environmental

impact and skin sensitivity.

Table 5. Appreciated Qualities of Lemongrass and Orange Peel-Based

Dishwashing Soap

Question Common Responses Number of Responses

84

What qualities of the It is foamy when used. 12

lemongrass and orange

It creates enough bubbles 4
peel-based dishwashing
for a dishwashing liquid.
soap do you appreciate the
It has a pleasant smell 9
most?
when used.

It has its moisturizing 5

effect after use.

Table 5 illustrates the features that respondents valued the most in the alternative

dishwashing soap. Among the qualities, foam received the highest appreciation, with 12

respondents favoring it, indicating that the soap's ability to lather is a crucial factor in its

effectiveness. Smell followed with 9 respondents appreciating its fragrance, likely due to

the natural aroma from lemongrass and orange peel. Moisturizing properties are noted
85

by 5 respondents, suggesting that some users value the soap’s gentleness on the skin.

Meanwhile, bubble formation had the least appreciation, with only 4 respondents

prioritizing this characteristic.

The results suggest that for an alternative dishwashing soap to be well-received, it

should prioritize foam production and fragrance while also maintaining skin-friendly

properties. This insight is valuable for further formulation improvements in natural

dishwashing liquid production.

In their capstone project, Queriado et al. (2023) developed an eco-friendly

dishwashing liquid using lemon extract and conducted a comparative analysis against a

commercial product, focusing on foam retention, foam stability, scent, and texture. The

results showed that the lemon-based formulation exhibited superior foam retention and

stability, effectively maintaining lather during dishwashing tasks. Sensory evaluations

revealed that participants favored its pleasant citrus scent, enhancing the overall user

experience. Additionally, its texture was comparable to commercial alternatives, ensuring

user comfort and satisfaction. These findings suggest that incorporating natural lemon
86

extract into dishwashing liquid formulations can enhance foaming capacity and scent

while offering an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional products.

Figure 7. Ease of Obtaining Natural Dishwashing Liquid

Figure 7 presents the responses of individuals regarding the accessibility of

acquiring natural ingredients, specifically lemongrass and orange peel, for making an

alternative dishwashing liquid. Based on the data, sixteen (16) respondents indicated that
87

obtaining the necessary ingredients was difficult, while thirteen (13) respondents found it

easy. Additionally, one (1) respondent did not provide a definitive answer. The results

suggest that a significant number of individuals face challenges in sourcing natural

ingredients, which may be due to limited availability, accessibility, or other related

factors.

Apart from ingredient availability, several challenges may arise during the process

of making the product. These include the proper extraction of essential oils from

lemongrass and orange peel, ensuring the right formulation for effective cleaning

properties, and maintaining the stability and shelf life of the final product. Additionally,

the process may require specialized equipment or techniques that are not readily

accessible to everyone. Proper storage and preservation methods must also be

considered to prevent spoilage and maintain product effectiveness. This finding is

essential for research, as it highlights potential barriers to the production and widespread

use of natural dishwashing liquids, emphasizing the need to explore solutions for

improving ingredient accessibility and refining the production process.

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Siagan (2021) explores the development of an environmentally friendly

dishwashing liquid using orange peels, tea tree oil, and soap, conducted through three

experimental trials to create an effective alternative to conventional products. The

formulation process faced several challenges, particularly in determining the appropriate

ingredient ratio, as imbalances negatively impacted cleaning performance, scent, and

consistency. Achieving a well-balanced fragrance was difficult, with some mixtures

lacking a distinct orange aroma while others were overpowered by the scent of the added

soap. Viscosity varied significantly across trials, with some formulations being too thin

for effective application and others too thick for easy use. Initial formulations

also struggled with insufficient foaming properties, a key factor in consumer perception

of cleaning effectiveness. Additionally, the absence of chemical preservatives posed

stability concerns, leading to ingredient separation and microbial growth over time.

Despite these challenges, the study successfully optimized the formulation, resulting in a

dishwashing liquid with improved consistency, cleaning efficacy, foaming ability, and a

more pleasant scent. These findings suggest that while orange peels show promise as a

sustainable ingredient for dishwashing liquid production, further research is needed to

enhance formulation stability and ensure commercial viability.

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Table 6. Challenges in Preparing and Storing Natural-Based Dishwashing Liquid

Question Common Responses Number of Responses

It is time-consuming when 16
What challenges do you
making the alternative
think might arise in
dishwashing liquid.
preparing or storing this

natural dishwashing The ingredients are hard-to- 4

liquid? obtain, such as biodegradable

surfactants.

The responses indicate that 1

they are not aware of the

proper proportion when

making.

It can decay over time. 3

Some responses indicate no 6

opinion on the matter.

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Table 6 suggests potential concerns regarding the convenience and efficiency of

using homemade or natural alternatives compared to commercially available options.

Specifically, sixteen (16) indicated that it is time-consuming, affecting the students daily

schedule when making the dishwashing liquid. Four (4) respondents expressed concerns

about the difficulty in obtaining the necessary ingredients, indicating a possible barrier to

consistent production and accessibility. This highlights the importance of ingredient

availability in students' decision-making related to natural products. Furthermore,

concerns about achieving the proper proportions are noted by one (1) respondent,

pointing to possible learning difficulties in attaining the desired consistency or

effectiveness of homemade products. Additionally, a smaller proportion of three (3)

respondents worried about the stability of the dishwashing liquid, revealing concerns

about potential degradation over time. Notably, six (6) respondents did not provide any

answers to these concerns, which could indicate either a lack of familiarity with the

process or an absence of perceived challenges related to homemade alternatives.

These results resonate with the findings of Kurniawan et al. (2024) that highlight

the practicality and benefits of utilizing lemongrass as a sustainable resource in

producing household cleaning products, including dishwashing liquids. Their study

emphasizes that local communities, such as those in Semoyo Village, Gunungkidul, can

transform
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lemongrass into commercially viable cleaning agents, significantly improving the

economic opportunities for local farmers, especially women. This initiative directly

connects to the respondents’ feedback about the challenges of sourcing ingredients, as it

highlights the potential for local communities to streamline access to naturally derived

raw ingredients, thereby mitigating the accessibility issues highlighted by survey

respondents.

The structured training program conducted by Kurniawan et al. (2024) for 30

women farmer group leaders equips participants with the essential skills to produce

lemongrass-based cleaning products. Before the training, participants had a baseline

understanding of 62.86%, which increased to 79.05% post-training, demonstrating that

effective educational programs can effectively build confidence and knowledge in natural

product formulation. This aligns with the concerns raised in the survey regarding the

proper proportions and effectiveness of homemade alternatives, as improved training

can empower students to create reliable and safe cleaning products that meet their needs.
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Table 7. Benefits of Using Lemongrass and Orange Peel as an Alternative

Dishwashing Liquid

Question Common Responses Number of Responses

What benefits have you It is gentler on the skin 10

noticed while using when used.

natural-based dishwashing
It is more practical than 1
liquid?
commercial dishwashing

liquid.

It works well for grease 2

removal when used.

The ingredients are eco- 13

friendly and natural.

It has a pleasant smell. 3

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Table 7 illustrates the most frequently cited benefit of the alternative dishwashing

liquid based on the students’ perspective. Ten (10) participants believed it was gentler

on

the skin than conventional dishwashing liquid when used. Additionally, one (1) indicated

that it is more practical to use natural-based dishwashing liquid. While two (2) of the

respondents have said that the grease removal ness of the product works well when

used. Furthermore, thirteen (13) stated that it is more beneficial since it has ingredients

that are eco-friendly and natural. This finding shows that students are becoming more

aware of environmental issues and prioritizing eco-friendly products. And lastly, three (3)

of them added that the product has a pleasant smell.

Supporting this point, the study by Mutamima et al. (2024) demonstrates high

consumer satisfaction regarding skin friendliness and cleaning efficacy, a criteria that

align with the respondents' preferences for products that are gentle on the skin, as

indicated by 34.5% of the respondents while still being effective. Furthermore, Xie

(2023) highlights the importance of replacing synthetic additives with natural enzymes

and plant-based fragrances, which enhances the environmental safety of dishwashing

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liquids. This aligns with the survey responses, where the eco-friendliness factor seems to

resonate with the desire for safer cleaning alternatives.

The mention of effectiveness in the context of sustainability is echoed by Palmar

(2024), who points out that the increasing demand for eco-friendly alternatives is largely

due to the environmental hazards posed by harsh chemicals in conventional dishwashing

liquids. This observation provides context for one (1) of the respondents who noted

that the natural-based dishwashing liquid is more practical, suggesting that ease of use

and performance are integral to consumer acceptance of eco-friendly dishwashing

options. Moreover, two (2) respondents affirmed that the alternative works well in terms

of its grease removal, reinforcing the notion that effective cleaning is crucial, even

among natural products.

Additionally, three (3) of respondents mentioned the pleasant fragrance of the

alternative dishwashing liquid, emphasizing that an appealing scent contributes positively

to the cleaning experience. This finding mirrors the insights from Mutamima et al.

(2024), which also note that organoleptic qualities, including fragrance, significantly
95

influence consumer satisfaction and can enhance user engagement with eco-friendly

products.

Table 8. Situations Where Students Prefer Commercial Dishwashing Liquid Over

Natural Alternatives for Greater Benefit

Question Common Responses Number of Responses

In what situation do you In restaurant use, it is more 3

think commercial beneficial to use

dishwashing liquids might conventional dishwashing

be more beneficial or liquid.

effective than natural

Different preferences exist 12
alternatives?
in households when using

dishwashing liquid.

It is more beneficial time- 7

wise.
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It removes grease quicker. 8

Table 8 illustrates the different benefits of commercial dishwashing liquid from

the students’ perspective. Three (3) of the respondents believe that it is more beneficial

to a commercial dishwashing liquid when it comes to establishments, like restaurants.

Chaos begins behind the scenes at every restaurant (Cleaning Excellence, 2023). This

indicates that a strong dishwashing liquid must be used at a faster pace. Twelve (12)

of

the respondents agreed that there are different preferences when it comes to each

customer, as everyone uses different practices when washing the dishes in different

households. For the seven (7) of the respondents, it is time-wise to use commercial

dishwashing liquid as one did not have to make it from scratch. Meanwhile, eight (8) of

them indicate that commercials remove grease quicker. Since conventional dishwashing

liquids contain harmful chemicals, they easily remove bacteria and grease (Xie, 2023).
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According to Struchtrup et al. (2021), hygiene is really necessary in individual

daily life, particularly in commercial dishwashing liquids, because a wide range of

consumers are affected since this is used in every household. Every gastronomic

establishment and kitchen for community catering, such as restaurants, canteens, nursing

homes, kindergartens, hospitals, and caterers, use commercial dishwashers. Dishwashing

liquids are one important means to prevent the spread of potential pathogenic

microorganisms that can be present on dishes and cutlery and to break the chain of

infection. Microbiological testing was performed to see how microorganisms impact on

human

health and the environment. The surface checks of the dishes showed that the number

of highly contaminated items is significantly higher when using low temperatures

and a low chlorine amount in the detergent. That is why many consumers preferred the

commercial dishwashing soap in terms of removing strong greases since it has chemicals

that are strong enough to remove any kind of grease, germs, and dirt.
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Figure 8. Percentage of Respondents Willing to Recommend Lemongrass and

Orange Peel as an Alternative Dishwashing Liquid

Figure 8 illustrates the percentage of respondents who would recommend lemongrass

and orange peel dishwashing liquid to their family and friends. A significant majority of

twenty-eight (28) participants expressed their willingness to recommend the product,

99

while a small fraction of two (2) participants provided no answer. Notably, no

respondents explicitly rejected the idea of recommending the product, indicating a highly

positive reception.

According to Cayabyab et al. (2024), lemongrass and orange peel include

antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. This suggests that the

overwhelming approval twenty-eight (28) of the alternative dishwashing liquid meets

consumer expectations in terms of its effectiveness, usability, and eco-friendliness. The

absence of explicit negative responses could imply that the formulation is well-received,

offering satisfactory cleaning performance and appealing sensory attributes, such as

fragrance and gentleness on the hands.

The two (2) respondents who did not respond may have chosen to abstain due

to personal preferences, uncertainty about the product’s long-term effects, or a lack of

familiarity with its full benefits. This minor portion does not significantly affect the

general trend of positive recommendations but highlights potential areas for further

inquiry, such as the need for wider product testing and consumer education.
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CHAPTER V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

101

This chapter of the research study presents an overview of the findings

compiled, analyzed, and discussed in the previous chapter. The researchers developed a

self-created questionnaire and conducted a live demonstration of the product to gather

insights and experiences regarding lemongrass and orange peel as alternatives for

dishwashing liquid. A total of thirty (30) Grade 11 senior high school students (from the

STEM and ABM tracks) shared their experiences with the product. The outcomes of the

investigation will be evaluated to determine whether the issues are addressed and the

objectives are met. Additionally, the research questions will be thoroughly discussed and

assessed, and the effectiveness of the research paper will be evaluated.

Summary

This part of the study contains the summarized findings gathered using

structured questionnaires that were answered by 30 Grade 11 students at Calamba

Institute. The researchers acquired the insights and perceptions of the respondents to

assess the effectiveness, usability, and feasibility of the lemongrass and orange peel

dishwashing soap as a natural and eco-friendly alternative to commercial dishwashing

soaps.
102

According to the interpretation of data regarding the performance of the natural

dishwashing liquid, twenty-two (22) of the respondents find the consistency of the

dishwashing soap balanced; this shows that the dishwashing soap is neither thick nor

watery. While the remaining eight (8) were divided into four (4) saying it is runny and

four (4) saying it is dense. Regarding the bubbling and foaming effect of the

dishwashing soap, nine (9) say it creates many bubbles, while seventeen (17) say that it

makes the right amount of bubbles. But this does not mean that everyone has a desirable

answer; three (3) of respondents say that it does not create enough bubbles. For

comfort, the majority of the respondents stated that it is comfortable to use; some of the

frequent responses are that it doesn't give a sticky feeling, it is milder on the skin, and it

has a moisturizing effect. While amidst this, a small group says that it is itchy and gives a

soapy feeling when used. Twenty-seven (27) of the respondents said that the

dishwashing liquid is effective in removing grease, while two (2) said it was not effective.

Additionally, sixteen (16) agreed that the natural dishwashing soap removes grease, and

nine (9) said it was not strong enough to remove grease. Furthermore, eighteen (18) of

respondents see no major difference in performance between commercial dishwashing

soap and natural dishwashing soap made from lemongrass and orange peel. While four

(4) believe that the natural dishwashing liquid is superior, and on the other hand, one (1)

assesses that commercial ones are better.

103

Many students’ willingness to use the dishwashing soap regularly was influenced

by the high-quality ingredients, while some say it needs improvements, and a small group

just wants to experiment and try new dishwashing liquids. Based on the findings, twenty

(20) of respondents are willing to include lemongrass and orange peel in their

everyday dishwashing practices, while five (5) choose to use it occasionally and five (5)

are unwilling to replace commercial dishwashing soap. This implies that although certain

students are open to change, others prefer to stick with what they are accustomed to. In

terms of the product's qualities, twelve (12) liked its foaming properties, followed by nine

(9) liking the natural fragrance from lemongrass and orange peel. While five (5) of the

students also noted that it was moisturizing, and four (4) appreciated its bubble

formation. This shows that the product possesses a range of attractive qualities, although

user preferences differ.

Furthermore, when it comes to acquiring natural ingredients—specifically

lemongrass and orange peel—for making an alternative dishwashing liquid, students

have varying experiences. While thirteen (13) of respondents find it easy to obtain the

ingredients, sixteen (16) struggle with accessibility. Apart from availability, sixteen (16) of

students consider the process time-consuming, three (3) are concerned about the

ingredients spoiling quickly, and one (1) find it challenging to determine the proper
104

proportions. This suggests that students face difficulties in sourcing and using natural

ingredients, which may stem from limited access, unfamiliarity with the process, or a lack

of perceived benefits.

Moreover, students possess varying perspectives on the benefits of using

lemongrass and orange peel as alternative dishwashing detergents, as thirteen (13) of

students perceived the benefits of using lemongrass and orange peel as an alternative

dishwashing liquid to be eco-friendly, while ten (10) found it gentler on the skin, three

(3) appreciated its natural aroma, two (2) found it effective, and one (1) considered it a

more practical option. In terms of the greater benefits of conventional dishwashing

liquid than natural-based ones, twelve (12) of the respondents believed in different

preferences in different households; eight (8) value its ability to remove grease quicker;

seven (7) believed its more beneficial time-wise, and three (3) preferred it more in

business industries, especially restaurants. Additionally, twenty-eight (28) of respondents

expressed a willingness to recommend the product to their families and friends. This

suggests that the alternative dishwashing liquid offers notable advantages, including ease

of use, effectiveness, and eco-friendliness, meeting consumer expectations in terms of

performance and practicality.

105

Conclusion

This study highlights how Grade 11 students at Calamba Institute feel about a

dishwashing liquid made from lemongrass and orange peels. By using the created

questionnaires, the researchers collected feedback from the students to understand their

thoughts on how the product works, how easy it is to use, and how accessible it is. The

students responded positively, appreciating its eco-friendly qualities and effectiveness.

However, they also highlighted some challenges, such as difficulty in finding the

ingredients and the complicated process of making it. This part brings together the main

points from the research, showing both the benefits and drawbacks of this natural

alternative compared to regular dishwashing liquids.

Grade 11 students at Calamba Institute generally have a positive view of the

lemongrass and orange peel-based dishwashing liquid, especially in terms of consistency,

grease removal, and usability. In terms of consistency, most students feel that the texture

is "just right," meaning it is neither too thick nor too watery, which makes it easy and

pleasant to use. This balance of consistency aligns all with their preferences for home use

and enhances their overall satisfaction. Furthermore, achieving an ideal texture has

heightened students’ expectations, making them more likely to choose this

product.
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Regarding grease removal, many students found the dishwashing liquid effective for

cleaning dishes, although some noted that while it works well, it may not be strong

enough to fully remove grease. The majority of students rated the product as effective,

with most responses indicating positive performance; however, some suggested that it

still requires improvement compared to conventional dishwashing liquids. Regarding

usability, students appreciate that the product is gentle on their hands, has a mild scent,

and is made from natural ingredients, which they see as a healthier and more eco-friendly

option compared to chemical-based products. Many students express a willingness to

recommend it to family and friends because it meets their cleaning standards and aligns

with their desire for environmentally friendly choices. Overall, while there is room for

improvement in certain areas, most students are satisfied with the product and its

performance.

The accessibility of the alternative dishwashing liquid to Grade 11 students at

Calamba Institute presents several challenges, primarily due to the difficulty in obtaining

essential ingredients such as lemongrass and orange peels and the labor-intensive process

required to extract essential oils and formulate the product effectively. Many students

perceive the preparation as time-consuming, with concerns about spoilage, particularly of

orange peels, further complicating its practicality. While some students find the
107

ingredients readily available, others struggle to acquire them, highlighting disparities in

accessibility. Nearly half of the respondents acknowledged that these challenges could

hinder the widespread adoption of the dishwashing liquid despite its effectiveness in

removing grease, grime, and germs. Overall, while the natural dishwashing liquid is a

promising alternative, its accessibility remains a significant concern due to ingredient

availability, preparation complexity, and potential spoilage.

The utilization of the alternative dishwashing liquid by Grade 11 students at

Calamba Institute comes with both advantages and challenges. The key benefits include

its eco-friendliness, gentle effect on the skin, and effectiveness comparable to

commercial dishwashing liquids. Students appreciated its moisturizing properties,

pleasant fragrance, and practical use, noting that it produced the right amount of bubbles

and had a comfortable consistency. However, several disadvantages were also identified,

primarily the difficulty in obtaining ingredients such as lemongrass and orange peel, the

lengthy and time-consuming preparation process, and concerns about the

product’s

stability and potential for spoilage. Additionally, some students noted that while the

dishwashing liquid was effective, its grease-cutting portion was not as strong as

commercial brands, and some found it slightly itchy or lacking in scent. Despite these

challenges, the findings suggest that with further improvements in formulation and
108

accessibility, the product has the potential to be a viable and sustainable alternative to

traditional dishwashing liquids.

Recommendations

This qualitative study explores the effectiveness of lemongrass and orange peel as

an alternative dishwashing liquid as perceived by the Grade 11 students of Calamba

Institute. The purpose of this research is to understand if natural and organic products

are effective in cleaning products. This study holds significant value in helping students

become aware of eco-friendly and sustainable products, especially cleaning products.

Based on the findings of this study, several recommendations are proposed to

enhance the formulations, effectiveness, and accessibility of the alternative dishwashing

liquid. These recommendations aim to improve the overall products’ sustainability and

cleaning performance while ensuring that it remains practical and an eco-friendly

alternative to chemical-based dishwashing liquid.

Students play a crucial role in promoting sustainability and eco-friendly practices.

They are encouraged to explore the benefits of using organic dishwashing liquid and

apply the knowledge gained from this study to their daily routines. Schools can integrate
109

topics on natural cleaning alternatives, sustainability, and environmental

responsibility

into science and research subjects to foster awareness among students. Additionally,

students should take an active role in advocating for and practicing sustainable consumer

habits, such as using eco-friendly cleaning products at home and in school laboratories.

Furthermore, it is important to involve parents and guardians in the conversation

about alternative dishwashing liquid. Parents are encouraged to consider switching to

organic dishwashing liquids as a safer alternative to chemical-based products. Since the

study has shown that lemongrass and orange peel-based dishwashing liquid is gentler on

the skin and free from harmful chemicals, parents should explore its use in household

cleaning to promote healthier and more sustainable living practices. Parents can also

educate their children on the benefits of using biodegradable and non-toxic cleaning

products and support initiatives that promote eco-friendly alternatives in the household.

Additionally, teachers are also encouraged to integrate lessons on sustainability,

organic alternatives, and environmental conservation into their teaching curricula. By

incorporating discussions on the impact of chemical-based products on human health

and the environment, educators can help students understand the importance of using
110

natural alternatives, such as the organic dishwashing liquid studied. Additionally, teachers

can encourage students to conduct further experiments on organic cleaning solutions as

part of their science and research projects, fostering critical thinking and scientific

inquiry.

Hence, the school should take the initiative to promote and adopt sustainable

practices, such as using organic dishwashing liquid in school laboratories, canteens, and

cleaning programs. School administrators can collaborate with student organizations and

STEM clubs to launch eco-friendly campaigns and workshops on natural product

formulation and environmental conservation. Additionally, schools can support research

projects focused on developing innovative organic cleaning products by providing

funding or laboratory resources.

Moreover, businesses, particularly those in the cleaning product industry, should

also explore the commercial potential of organic dishwashing liquids. Companies can

invest in sustainable product development by conducting large-scale production

feasibility studies on natural cleaning solutions. Businesses should also consider

partnerships with local farmers to source organic ingredients like lemongrass and orange
111

peels, promoting ethical and sustainable supply chains. Additionally, companies should

engage in consumer education campaigns to raise awareness about the benefits of

eco-friendly dishwashing products and encourage their adoption in households and

commercial establishments.

For the economy, the production and commercialization of organic dishwashing

liquid could contribute to economic growth and job creation, particularly in the

agriculture and manufacturing sectors. Encouraging the use of locally sourced organic

ingredients supports farmers and small businesses, reducing reliance on imported

chemical cleaning agents. Additionally, supporting eco-friendly businesses can drive

investments in green technologies and sustainable enterprises, promoting an

environmentally responsible economy. Policymakers should consider incentives for

businesses that develop biodegradable and organic products, as well as regulations that

encourage the transition from chemical-based cleaning products to safer, more

sustainable alternatives.

For future researchers, it is essential to explore ways to improve the formulation,

effectiveness, and stability of organic dishwashing liquids. Further studies should

investigate the potential of various organic materials, such as lemon, calamansi, guava,

and coconut extracts, to enhance their grease-cutting and antibacterial properties.

112

Researchers should also focus on natural preservation methods to extend the shelf life of

these organic products. Additionally, more extensive microbiological testing is needed to

assess the antimicrobial and degreasing effectiveness of organic dishwashing liquids

against common household bacteria.

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118

APPENDICES

Appendix Table 1. Respondents’ Grade and Section

Sections Number of Respondents

Asteroids 5

Betelgeuse 5

Cassiopeia 5

Dione 5

Equinox 5

Assets 5

Total 30

Appendix Table 2. How would you describe the consistency of the lemongrass and
orange peel dishwashing soap? Is it thick, watery, or somewhere in between? (Paano mo
ilalarawan ang pagkakapare-pareho ng lemongrass at orange peel na panghugas ng
pinggan? Ito ba ay makapal, matubig, o nasa gitna?)
Common Answers Number of Respondents
In between 2
Somewhere in between 2
119

The consistency was in between, not too 1

watery and not too thick.
It is watery and feel flat. But can do its 1
job.
The consistency was not too watery or 1
thick. It was somewhere in between.
Watery, however there is a little bit of 1
touch ng thickness

malapot, mabango, at mabula siya pag 1

nilagay na sa sponge
Ang pagkakapare-pareho ay nasa gitna 1
sakto lang siya
In between maganda yung texture nito 1
kumpara sa ibang dishwashing
In between. maganda yung pagka watery 1
nya kung iko-compare sa ibang
dishwashing liquid.
I would describe as watery the 1
consistency of dishwashing liquid is not
typical.
pwede na kung pangmadalian lang. 1
Gitna, katamtaman lang ang consistency 1
nito
it is thick 1
It has a thick consistency which is I really 1
liked about the dishwashing liquid.
A little bit of thick and watery. The 1
consistency is fine.
I will describe the lemongrass and orange 1
peel dishwashing consistency as
somewhere in between in watery and
thick
I’ll describe the consistency as somewhere 1
in between thick and watery
I think it is somewhere in between, but 1
I’m sure it has a consistency of a
dishwashing soap.
120

The consistency is thick and it is like 1

store-bought dishwashing soap.
It is bubbly and probably somewhere in 1
between, not watery. Just the right
consistency.
Watery 1
The consistency of the dishwashing soap 1
is somewhere in between.
It’s too thick and watery, good enough as 1
a dishwashing soap
At first, it seems thick at appearance in 1
the bottle but when dispensed, it lets out
a watery substance. I would say it’s
somewhere in between.
more likely, in between, not super thick as 1
regular dishwashing soap, not super
watery naman as water.
From What I see from the bottle its thick 1
Upon using it by hand it kinda feels like a
water based type “Watery”
Makapal naman ko ang produkto na ito 1
okay lang effective naman siya nung
ginamit
121

Appendix Table 3. What observation do you have about the amount of bubbles the
soap produces when in use? (Anong mga obserbasyon ang mayroon ka tungkol sa dami
ng mga bula na nagagawa ng sabon kapag ginagamit?)
Common Answers Number of Respondents

The bubbles were many just like other 1

dishwashing soap.

It have just enough not too bubbly or too 1

little

Mabula siya sa bawat hugas 1

sobrang bula pag ginamit siya at ginamit 1

pang hugas

Ang naobserbahan ko ay sakto lang ang 1

bula

Mabula siya 1

So many bubbles and ensuring the bubble 1

in dishwashing sponge.

there was a lot of bubbles 1

Sa pag huhugas ng plato ay mabula at 1

nalilinisan ng husto

Its the same amount of bubbles as a 1

normal one.

mabula sya, okay na sya para sa ken 1

It has the same amount of bubbles like 1

any other commercial dishwashing liquid.

It was fine for me. The bubbles were in 1

right amount.
122

My observation is that ut has so much 1

bubbles produce by it, just like the normal
soap.

The bubbles of the soap produced was 1

like the other normal dishwashing soap

I used it on my hands. It didn’t produce 1

as much bubbles compared to other
soaps.

It does have bubbles but not that bubbly 1

like a normal dishwashing soap.

It provides a decent amount of bubbles 1

suitable for removing grease.

The bubbles is marami when it was with 1

water.

it is so bubbly! Helps me feel liko those in 1

the “surf bubble man commercial”

The soap bubbles are okay 1

The amount of bubbles is just right 1

amount for the normal formulation of
dishwashing liquid.

It is the same with other dishwashing 1

soap

Ito ay maraming bula kagaya lamang ng 1

ibang sabong panghugas. Mas maraming
bula ang lumalabas nung ito ay nalagyan
ng Tubig.

base on the amount of bubbles the soap 1

produces a lot.
123

Bubbles inside the contains seemed to 1

almost occupy half of the bottle when in
use/shaked.

Saks lang yung amoy sa KAMAY butsa 1

plate nothing special.

Mid level lang siya di gaano ka foamy 1

when demonstr

Ang aking obserbasyon tungkol dito ay 1

mabula naman sya ket papaano.

No answer 1

Appendix Table 4. Is the natural dishwashing soap comfortable to use? If yes, explain.
If not, how does the orange peel and lemongrass dishwashing soap feel on your hand?
(Komportable bang gamitin ang natural na sabon na panghugas ng pinggan? Kung oo,
ipaliwanag. Kung hindi, ano ang pakiramdam nito sa iyong kamay?)
Common Answers Number of Respondents

Ano, depende sa tao pero para sakin ayos 1

naman siya gamitin sa paghuhugas.

Opo, comfortable po. Masarap sa 1

pakiramdam sa kamay. Pagkatapos
hugasan ang kamay, nagstay yung amoy
niya ang bango.

Oo, dahil ito naman ay mabula pag nasa 1

sponge, at pag nasa kamay naman ito ay
malabnaw.

Its comfortable to use kasi mabango sya 1

and maayos bumula.

Yes, organic sya, magandang gamitin and 1

pwede siyang ikumpara sa mga
dishwashing liquid. Also eco-friendly.
124

Yes, hindi siya tulad ng ibang dishwashing 1

na madulas sa kamay.

Yes, kasi hindi nag iiwan ng strong scent 1

na maaring maka apekto sa pagkain. Base
ren kanina nakakalines sya.

Yes, its comfortable the dishwashing soap 1

was not mahapdi sa skin.

Yes, sa tingin ko ay wala naman itong 1

pinagkaiba sa mga sabon na ginagamit
natin.

Yes, because not too strong the 1

consistency.

Yes, because it is not sticky. 1

Yes, because the natural dishwashing soap 1

smells good and it does not contain any
harmful chemicals.

Yes, because it is mild and it washes off 1

quickly which removes the soap and it is
comfy since it is a natural dish soap so it
is free from harm.

Yes, because i feel safe when im using 1

natural-based instead of chemical based.

Yes, it feels almost the same like a normal 1

dishwashing soap, kind of watery but at
the same time is thick.

Yes, it has a good fragrance into it and it 1

is so soapy and bubbly.

Yes, it is comfortable in the hand. 1

125

Yes, it is comfortable, it can deep clean 1

the plates.

Yes, just like any standard dishwashing 1

soap, it feels like washing your hands with
water.

Yes, since it is not sticky or like other 1

dishwashing soap,

Yes, the natural dishwashing soap is 1

comfortable to use. It can clean hands
and dishes.

After washing the plate my hands feel 1

soft, and yes it feels comfortable using the
dishwashing liquid.

It is lightweight and good for the hands. 1

It’s a little uncomfortable because after 1

using it my hands feel a little itch.

It was comfortable to use, however, it left 1

an itchy feel.

It gives a moisturizing quality especially 1

because it’s all organic.

It was comfortable indeed as if I was only 1

rubbing water between my hands.

Smooth, and also feels refreshing on the 1

skin.

The natural dishwashing soap was 1

comfortable to use.

It left an itchy feel on my hand. 1

126

Appendix Table 5. Can you share your experience using this natural dishwashing liquid
to remove grease? Was it effective? (Maaari mo bang ibahagi ang iyong karanasan sa
paggamit ng natural na dishwashing liquid na ito upang alisin ang mantika? Epekto ba
ito?)
Common Answers Number of Respondents

Ang aking karanasan patungkol dito ay 1

nagtaka aku ng pwde pala sya gamitin sa
paghuhugas ng mga platito at iba pa. Para
sakin effective naman sya.

Base kanina na nakakatangal naman ng 1

grease

Effective naman 1

Effective naman siya, pero kailangan 1

gamitin ng matagal.

Hindi po, mas gusto ko pa rin kasi yung 1

mga ibang sabon.

Mabilis nya natatanggal ang mantika 1

nalilinis din ito ng ayos.

Muka naman effective nung akin nakita. 1

Nakakaalis siya ng grease sa plato, and pag 1

binanlawan mo siya, mabango at
kumakapit siya sa pinaghugaan na naging
dahilan ng mabangong effect.

Opo 1

Sa tingin ko po eto ay epektibo. 1

Yes, effective naman. 1

Mas effective yung mga joy. 1

127

Yes, but must use a lot of it to remove 1

grease.

Yes, the dishwashing liquid was effective 1

the plate was squeaky clean.

Yes, it is effective. It works just like every 1

other dishwashing liquid.

Yes, it is effective in removing stain in my 1

lunchbox and it makes satisfying when
you rub it.

Yes, it was effective. The researcher 1

demonstrated the dishwashing liquid by
using it to wash the dishes.

Yes, it is effective. 1

Yes, it’s effective on removing grease. 1

Yes, it was effective and good enough to 1

remove grease.

Yes, very effective even in the super 1

greasy ones. And would leave it not
slippery or oil.

I watched Lorenz use it on his lunch 1

container, it removed the grease.

It actually remove the dirt and the smell is 1

pleasant.

It is effective and didn’t leave a smell on 1

my hands.

It is was satisfying and effective. 1

128

It was effective. The plate was not greasy 1

anymore after washing it with the
dishwasher.

It was surprisingly effective, not only did 1

it removes grease but also made the
utensils/dish shiny.

It is very effective. It is faster to use 1

especially with removing grease.

It is unlikely to other soaps because its is 1

more natural and the scent is different
from the other dishwashing soap.

No Answer 1

Appendix Table 6. How does the grease-cutting ability of this natural soap compare to
commercial dishwashing liquids you have used before? Is it better or worse? (Paano
maihahambing ang kakayahan sa pagputol ng mantika ng natural na sabon sa mga
komersyal na dishwashing liquid na ginamit mo noon? Mas mabuti ba o hindi?)
Common Answers Number of Respondents

Mabuti naman siya dahil eco-friendly siya, 1

magandang gamitin and parang katulad
siya ng mga dishwashing liquid na
binebenta sa mga palengke/grocery store.

For me commercial dishwashing is better 1

or me commercial dishwashing is better
kasi hindi enough ang evidence na
epektibo siya.

I think it is better than other commercial 1

dishwashing liquids I used before.

It is almost identical which is amazing 2

since it is all natural and the smell too
which is great.
129

It was better , plus there was no smell of 1

the dishwashing soap. The strong type of
smell.

Same lang ng nasa commercial, parehas 6

mabisa.

The commercial product is more thick 1

than to natural dishwashing soap.

It’s not as consistent as the commercial 1

one.

No answer 5

I can say that the effectivity of this 1

product is in between. Because
commercial dish soaps is a lot better due
to chemicals. However, if you are looking
for sustainable soaps, this good as it
reduces/ removes grease from the plates.

I cannot say that it’s better or worse 1

because for me it’s the same. Maybe the
longevity to remove the grease.

It is better and organic for a dishwashing 1

soap and helps to keep an eco-friendly
and budget-friendly cleaning product.

Para sa akin, mas mabuti pa rin ang sabon 1

sa mga komersyal dahil sa tingin ko ay
mas ligtas ito gamitin.

For me, it is similar to commercial 1

dishwashing soaps when it comes to
cleaning. However, it is better since it is
natural.
130

It removes the grease however, it can not 1

be sure it is truly cleaned by the natural
soap.

Mahahambing ko siya parehas sila 1

nakakatanggal ng sebo.

Based on the texture and foam of the 1

dishwashing soap, it can really remove the
grease, I prefer natural soap to chemical
soap.

You need to scrub properly for the grease 1

to remove not better nor worse.

Pwede na mukhang nakaka-tanggal lagkit. 1

For me commercial dishwashing is better 1

kasi mas madali sila mag tangal ng lansa
ang tumatagal ang paggamit

Appendix Table 7. How well does the soap remove grease? Does it work well, or do
you see any drawbacks? (Gaano kahusay ang pag-alis ng sebo? Gumagana ba ito nang
maayos, o nakikita mo ba ang anumang mga kakulangan?)
Common Answers Number of Respondents

For me in between kasi I see na it take 1

some time at di nagtagal hugasan bago
mawala ang grease.

It worked well for me and I did not see 3

any drawbacks.

It removes grease very well, smells good 1

but a little itch to hands.

It removed the grease easily. 1

Opo, it work well po. Tanggal ang sebo 6

131

Less thick, I think more strong smell to 1

over power the bad smell.

The plate I washed doesnt have any 1

grease but I think it would remove grease
on any plate.

It works well. The plate was shiny clean 1

afterwards.

It works really well in removing greases in 1

used lunch box.

I would say that it works well 2

It’s difficult to remove grease but can 2

remove dirts in dishes. It works but it is
not that strong

Yes it works well, no drawbacks at all and 1

it smelled good.

The texture is fine, it removes grease, for 1

me, the only thing that needs to be
change is the smell.

It is just the same as other dishwashing 1

soap.

I think, it works well naman. Mabula siya 1

at sa tingin ko enough lang yung ganong
amount for the soap to be removed.

On the scale of 1-10, 7. It did work. 1

No answer 4

Gumagana naman sya kaso kailangan 1

kong tagalan ang paggamit nito.
132

Appendix Table 8. How does the grease removal of the alternative dish soap influence
your willingness to use it regularly? (Paano nakakaimpluwensya ang pag-alis ng sebo ng
alternatibong sabon sa pinggan sa iyong pagpayag na gamitin ito nang regular)
Common Answers Number of Respondents

It influenced my willingness to use it 1

regularly because of its effectiveness to
remove the grease . The effectiveness of it
as dishwashing liquid can influence people
to use it.

It makes me want to use it frequently 1

since it’s natural and healthy to the
environment.

it cleared the plate well just like other 1

dishwashing soap. The smell was nice and
it was made with natural ingredients.

Mabilis matanggal ang sebo. 1

its pleasant smell and have a good texture. 1

Less chemical and not too strong dish 1

washing liquid

Because of its pleasant smell 1

The fact that it’s made from lemongrass 1

and orange peel makes it different from
other dishwashing

Tama lang din mabango naman at 1

nakakatanggal lagkit.

Sa pagiging practical nito at effective. 1

Since it’s a Natural dishwashing liquid I 1

guess i could switch and use it as regular
dishwashing liquid.
133

The fact that it’s made from lemongrass 1

orange peel makes it different from other
dishwashing liquid and works like it too
make me want to use it regularly

It influenced my willingness to use It 1

regularly because of its effectiveness to
remove the grease. The effectiveness of it
as dishwashing liquid can influence people
to use it.

I’ll be more willing to use it for grease 1

removal.

It is a good idea and can help use 1

ingredients for their good use and needs
improvement for stronger use.

It encouraged me to use your product 1

rather than the other dishwashing liquids
since it provides the same effect with the
commercial liquids.

It allows me to find the alternative dish 1

soap that is also effective as commercial
soap. I can use this when I wasn’t able to
find soap at all.

influence me to use it maybe everyday 1

nga, since me and my family are trying
some alternative formula for dishwashing
soap, and this can be it.

Because of the texture 1

i would say, it is a good alternative to 1

commercial soap since it uses natural
ingredient that could easily be done at
home at convenient and practical way.
134

It influence my willingness to use it but 1

not regularly since it cannot assure that it
could clean.

Hindi ako masyadong nainfluence upang 2

gamitin ito, pero sa tingin ko ay pwede rin
itong ipalit as an alternative dishwashing
soap sa mga natural na ginagamit natin.

It influence me to use but not regularly. 1

No Answer 6

Appendix Table 9. After experiencing the natural-based dishwashing liquid, would you
use it in your daily dishwashing routine? Why and why not? (Pagkatapos maranasan ang
natural-based na dishwashing liquid, gagamitin mo ba ito sa iyong pang-araw-araw na
paghuhugas ng pinggan? Bakit at bakit hindi?)
Common Answers Number of Respondents

Yes, the product was proven to be 1

effective in removing grease, so I would
include this in my dishwashing routine.

Yes, if it was made available in the market 1

since it is good for both human and
environment.

Yes, I would use it in my daily 1

dishwashing routine because of its foamy
and easy to use quality.

Yes, because of smell. 1

Yes for me it is the the in dishwashing 1

soap we’re use

Yes, I would. As long as it works ans 1

washes off the grease, it’s fine by me.
135

Yes, I would use it on my daily life 1

because of its good qualities and benefits
in use

Yes because it is easy to use & create. 1

Addition to that, I guess it is less cheaper
than the other soaps.

I would due to its easy and cheap 1

production and comfortability,
enironment-friedly and efficiency in
washing kitchenware.

Yes, cause it’s effective in removing 2

grease

Yes I will use it regularly, apart from 1

foamy and effective, it is safe to use,
especially for those who are allergic to
strong chemicals like me.

Yes, because it prefer like other 1

dishwashing soap that makes it practical
and prevent irritation in my skin

I would say yes because the quality of the 1

natural-based dishwashing liquid is similar
to the store-bought dishwashing.

Oo, dahil ito ay kasin effective lang din ng 1

ibang commercial na dishwashing liquid.

Opo, kasi naging effective siya nung 1

sinubukan ko

Opo, dahil mabango 1

Need pa po ng more 1

Yes, but not daily 1

Maybe, mabula naman sya 1

136

Not daily but sometimes, I tend to try 1

new ones, but I may use it daily
depending on the making process interval

No, I would still prefer the commercial 1

dishwashing soap but this study is good
and needs improvement.

No, because soaps with more scientific 1

proved ingredients is better.

yes 1

Hindi ko masasabing magagamit ko sa 1

pang araw-araw pero ito ay nag improve
sa pag gawa pwede ko ito gamitin.

yes pricey kasi ang branded. 1

No, because I didnt see much of the 1

effect of dishwashing soap than the
standard one.

Hindi, mas prefer ko parin ang 1

dishwashing liquid na ginagamit namin
dahil tama lang ang amoy at bula nito.

sometimes. 1

Kung pang mabilisan na gawa gaya sa 1

resto ma okay gamitin ang chemical na
dishwashing liquid at kung sa bahay
lamang mas recommend ko ang natural
based na dishwashing
137

Appendix Table 10. What qualities (e.g., foamy, moisturizing) of the lemongrass and
orange peel-based dishwashing soap do you appreciate the most? (Anong mga katangian
(hal. mabula, moisturizing) ng tanglad at orange peel-based dishwashing soap ang
pinakapinahahalagahan mo?)

Common Answers Number of Respondents

The smell and foamy qualities. 1

i really like the smell of it, the lemon smell 1

was just mellow and not strong.

The qualities like foamy and moisturizing 1

are what I appreciate the most because
those are one of the important things in a
dishwashing liquid.

Smell and yung pahkafoamy niya 1

The smell 2

The bubble effect 1

For me, foamy kasi mas nakakalinis ito. 1

Muka nman maganda gamitin at 1

naappreciate ko namn ang example nito.

Amoy 1

I Appreciate the moisturing, because it 1

dont dry my skin and it feels smooth

I really liked how foamy it is when i 1

squeeze the sponge

The smoothness of my hand after using it. 1

It’s also moisturizing and a little bit
foamy.
138

I appreciate its foamy quality because its 1

so soapy and so much bubbles

The moisturizing quality is what i 1

appreciate the most

I like its natural smell and its natural wa of 1

the bubbles and it doesn’t leave any odor
in my hands.

I would say that the scent and 1

moisturising effect are the qualities I
appreciate the most

Its foamy. 1

Its foaminess and bubbleness, especially 1

the smell, so good for my sinuses while
washing.

The formulation of it by not being sticky 1

and removing greases.

It is moisturizing 1

I appreciate the texture of the soap 1

foamy and its scent 1

I appreciate the most its trait of the 1

watery feel it gives when used, ensuring
comfortability and easy-to-use experience
for the user.

sa tingin ko ay ang bula nito pati yung 1

amoy.

Mabango, Naturalistic sya, mabula hindi 1

sya nakakadry ng skin
139

Pros- medyo may good smell, medyo 1

foamy
Cons- di ko alam yung process
Overall- Mid level sya

No definitive answer 1

Appendix Table 11. If you're going to make the alternative lemongrass and orange peel
dishwashing liquid, is it easy or difficult for you to obtain the natural dishwashing liquid?
Why or why not? (Kung gagawa ka ng alternatibong tanglad at orange peel na panghugas
ng pinggan, madali ba o mahirap kumuha ng natural na dishwashing liquid? Bakit o bakit
hindi?)
Common Answers Number of Respondents

Yes, the ingredients can be found easily in 2

grocery

Easy, kasi makikita mo sya kahit saan 1

Easy because of natural ingredients 1

Easy because they are natural and easy to 1

reproduce

It will be difficult since we don’t have any 1

accessible lemongrass plant.

Yes, I think it will be difficult especially I 1

do not know the steps in order for me to
make one.

For me, I think it’s easy to obtain the 1

lemongrass and orange peel but hard to
make if I would guess.

Yes, because those materials are very 1

accessible because it is all natural product.
140

Nope, these ingredients are easily 1

obtained, specifically if I ran out in the
house I can just make it.

Easy, since it is just the same step as how 1

commercial dishwashing liquid are done I
made.

It is easy to obtain because the ingredients 1

are easy to obtain

It’s not difficult because plant-based is 1

more easier that chemical based.

It would be east to obtain, since the 1

materials can be grown.

Definitely, as the ingredients are easy to 1

purchase or obtain near my area. Since the
product seems to be water-based, the
dishwashing liquid could be easy to
produce at home.

Mahirap, kasi it take some time and effort 1

Hindi po, kasi minsan yung nahahanap at 1

nakikita natin hindi siya natural.

It’s not kasi minsan wala or mahirap at 1

minsan madali makakuha ng ingredients

Mahirap. Dahil sa mga prosesong 1

kailangan gawin.

Para sakin, hndi madili kumuha ng natural 1

na panghugas ng pinggan dahil limitado
lang ito

Mahirap 1
141

Hindi, dahil wala naman akong karanasan 1

sa pag gawa ng sabon kagaya nito

It is difficult for me because of the lack of 1

resources

I think no because it could work like 1

other dishwashing liquid

No, it’ll be a fun diy for students and can 1

also help recycle wastes from the orange
and lemongrass.

It is kind of a hassle/inconvienient 1
because it will take time and effort just to
make a natural dishwashing liquid.

Difficult. At come point yes because of 1

the ingredients

I would say that there are also similar 1

dishwashing liquids available in the
market.

Hindi ko po alam, pano nyo sya ginawa, 1

so no

No Answer 1

Appendix Table 12. What challenges (e.g., time consuming, hard to obtain ingredients)
do you think might rise in preparing or storing this natural dishwashing liquid? (Anong
mga hamon (hal., nakakaubos ng oras, mahirap makuha ang mga sangkap) sa tingin mo
ang maaaring lumitaw sa paghahanda o pag-iimbak ng natural na dishwashing liquid na
ito?)
Common Answer Number of Respondents

Time consuming ang sa akin. 1

142

Challenges like the preparation for natural 1

dishwashing, it can be time-consuming,
and the availability of tools needed to
make the dishwashing liquid soap.

It would be time-consuming since the 1

goal of commercial dishwashing is to
make life easier therefore this will
consume time and take additional effort.

The preparation time would be time- 1

consuming.

No Answer 6

I think might arise in preparing or storing 1

this natural dishwashing liquid preparing
the ingredient like getting the lemongrass
and peeling the orange.

The ingredients long lasting storage. 1

Ito ay masyado time-consuming 1

Hard to obtain ingredients 1

I think the only challenge is the time to 1

make this because i have experience of
making dishwashing liquids.

Time-consuming 1

I think its time-consuming in preparing its 1

ingredients like extracting its juices and
using its peels.

I would say the process, it might be time- 1

consuming.
143

I think its the fact that the ingredients 1

lemongrass and orange peel can decay and
may affect the performance of the
dishwashing liquid itself.

It is time consuming. 2

It is hard to find ingredients that is 1

suitable for the products.

Maybe the proper portions when making 1

the formula. Other than that there is no
other problems.

It might be hard to make (time duration) 1

since it is much convenient if you will buy
instead.

Maybe the waiting time for the 1

components to combine.

It’s expiration date. 1

The biggest challenge that may arise 1

would definitely would be the creation of
the product would be time-consuming, as
I have almost and barely any idea about
the ingredients and the process of making
the product.

sa tingin ko ay ang ma achieve ang natural 1

na bula ng natural na sabon pati na rin
yung mga ingredients na kailangan.

Yes, it may consume time to make it 1

because you may have to wait for the
initial waiting time.

Time consuming and need alot of effort 1

144

to have natural dishwashing liquid.

Appendix Table 13. What benefits (e.g., eco-friendly, gentler on the skin) have you
noticed while using natural-based dishwashing liquid? How does it compare to
commercial alternatives? (Anong mga benepisyo (hal., eco-friendly mas marahan sa balat)
ang napansin mo habang gumagamit ng natural-based na dishwashing liqud? Paano ito
nakukumpara sa mga komersyal na alternatibo?)
Common Answers Number of Respondents

Eco-friendly and hindi siya matapang sa 1

amoy.

It is eco-friendly and it does not use any 1

chemicals. It is foamy unlike other
commercial soaps that need more than
one pump for it to be foamy.

Its all natural and smells good. Because on 1

the commercial ones they use two many
critical materials that could affect its meal
and usability.

The natural dishwashing soap is gentler 1

on the skin than other dishwashing soap.

Saktu lang dulas, soft sa hand, di katulad 1

sa ibang brand medyo madula sa kamay.

eco -friendly sya 1

The smell and the bubbles are the 1

benefits.

The smell and it’s bubble effects 1

It smells better and more bubbles come 1

out, showing its benefits.

Ito ay madali gawin kung alam lang natin 1

kung ano proseso. Pero time-consuming
145

nga lamang.

Ito ay eco-friendly ingredients. 1

It feels smooth and don’t dry my hands 1

compare to the commercial alternative it
feels dry on the skin.

It’s advantage or benefits are is eco 1

friendly and less toxic.

It is indeed gentler on the skin and eco- 1

friendly. After using it, my hand feels
smooth and soft. I think it’s a bit less
concentrated compared to commercial
alternatives.

In my experience in using it, it feels gentle 1

to my hands, in make my palm fragrant.

Unlike commercial alternatives the 1

natural-based dishwashing liquid was
gentler on the skin.

Its pretty good and quite unexpected. It 1

works for me but i would still prefer the
commercial dishwashing liquid.

It is safer to use and it is safer for the 1

environment.

It is gentle and didn’t have any skin 1

reaction due to its eco-friendly
ingredients. However, comparing to dish
soaps, it looks the same because ain’t feed
any allergic reaction when using a
commercial act.

Compared to those in commercial, this 1

one doesn’t give my hand rash/ peeled
146

skin. Instead made it smoother and

aromatic.

It is more practical and convenient to use 1

as well as more gentle to skin since is uses
natural ingredient compare to commercial
dishwashing liquid that uses chemical
substance.

It is eco-friendly and mild-sented 1

compared to commercial alternatives
which has an amount of chemicals.

It’s eco - friendly and its more affordable 1

especially nowadays.

Eco-friendly and good for the skin. 1

Compared to other alternatives, it seems 1

were eco-friendly as it was less ingredients
create waste and uses no harmful
chemicals to the surrounding
environment.

It is eco-friendly that is beneficial for our 1

environment.

eco-friendly. 1

Ang benepisyo nito ay hindi nakakadry ng 1

balat kumpara sa kemikal na dishwashing
liquid.

more or less identical to the commercial 1

alternatives but may pose on weakness to
this product.
147

Ecofriendly and hindi siya mata pang sa 1

amoy unlike sa commercial na full of
chemical.

Appendix Table 14. In what situations do you think commercial dishwashing liquids
might be more beneficial or effective than natural alternatives? (Sa anong mga sitwasyon
sa tingin mo ang mga komersyal na dishwashing liquid ay maaaring maging mas kapaki-
pakinabang o epektibo kaysa sa mga natural na alternatibo?)
Common Answers Number of Respondents

Yes, mas epektibo ang commercial. 1

In situations, where you really need a 1

dishwashing soap unlike the natural where
you have to make it yourself. The process
can be time-consuming.

In terms of availability and less time 1

consuming and acquiring.

The commercial dishwashing soap 1

contains chemicals that can remove grease
more faster.

No response 2

In dishwashing are, like kitchens. 1

In situation where people are washing. 1

I think in long lasting effect to secure the 1

smell of plates or etc.

In situations where it can be used as to 1

wash plates that are more often to make
the smell more pleasant.
148

Mas pipiliin ko na lang ang commercial 1

dishwashing.

Pang hugas sa mga kawali. 1

If you wash only pans. 1

Because commercial ones are really made 1

to clean, with cleaning chemicals it have, i
think it;s much more effective.

If you will wash only pans, i think it’s 1

better to use commercial alternatives since
they have been used for a long time now
and they are made for it.

It contains chemicals that are very 1

effective in killing microorganisms and
very effective substances to remove
stains.

I think the customer preference. As 1

commercial dishwashing liquids are more
trusted in performance to remove grease.

It removes greases a lot quicker than 1

natural dishwashing liquid and has a lot of
bubbles.

It can be more beneficial to use in terms 1

of convenience and accessibility.

Commercial dish liquids can able to 1

remove intense stain, and it is convenient
to consumers as it they could not take
time to do the process.

In restaurants/ larger dishwashing 1

area(24hrs resto) where strong soaps are
more efficient to use and less consuming
149

time.

Time wise, commercial dishwashing soap 1

is more beneficial.

It will be beneficial in terms of certainty 1

of cleanliness.

I think when it comes to scent. 1

everyday use. 1

Commercial dishwashing liquids would be 1

more beneficial in a time of desperate
need where people require an immediate
product to use. They are crucial time
where individuals have no ingredients as
money to create the suit product.

sa pag-alis o pagpatay ng mga germs. 1

Joy dahil ito ay gamit na gamit ng madla 1

mapa resto man o bahay.

Medyo maganda sya pang hand soap but 1

not sure about the effects of it.

Mas epektibo ito sa pamamaraan na kahit 1

malansa ay madali itong mawala at nasasa
iyo un kung thick or watery ang gustong
consistency.

Appendix Table 15. Would you recommend natural-based dishwashing liquid to your
family and friends? Why or why not? (Irerekomenda mo ba ang natural-based na
dishwashing liquid sa iyong pamilya at mga kaibigan? Bakit o bakit hindi?)
Common Answers Number of Respondents

yes, dahil organic, mabango, nakatatanggal 1

ng sebo/mantika, eco-friendly and natural
150

base ang sangkap na ginamit

Yes, Para mas ma observe namin kung 1

gaano ka epektibo.

Yes since its better and much healthier 1

and beneficials to the environment

Yes. The grease was removed when using 1

natural-based, plus it is gentler on the
skin.

Yes, because it is safer to use and it does 1

not contain any harmful products.

Definitely, it’s not only cheap and easy to 1

make at home, but it is also a simple yet
big contributor to lessening waste and
environmental degradation in society.

Yes, it’ll be a fun experiment that 1

everyone can use and try at home.

Yes, since it’s eco-friendly and good for 1

the skin.

Oo, irerekomenda ko ito sa iba dahil 1

epektibo ito sa paghuhugas ng pinggan

Yes of course, the product offers lots of 1

beenefits, from environment to health
factors. Smells good too!

Yes because it is effective. 1

Yes, of course because it is safer to use. 1

Yes. dahil wala naman itong pinagkaiba sa 1

mga sabong ginagamit natin sa panghugas.
151

Oo, sakto lang. 1

Yes, because it did not irritate my skin 1

and more practical while also performing
like commercial dishwashing soap.

Yes, maganda naman yung bula and 1

maayos sa feeling so effective

Yes I would. Because it’s eco-friendly and 1

works just like commercial alternatives.

Yes, because it has its good qualities that 1

is the same as those dishwashing liquids.

Yes, because it is eco friendly and also 1

effective.

Yes, maganda siya bilang alternative at 1

mabango ito

Yes, knowing my family, they will love its 1

texture and smell.

Yes, my family wants a new dishwashing 1

liquid.

Oo, dahil mas maganda itong gamitin para 1

sakin

Mairerekomenda ko ito sa pamilya ko at 1

sa kaibigan.

Yes, I recommend it because it is natural- 1

based and it is also effective and has great
qualities a dishwashing liquid can possess.

Opo, feeling ko po magugustuhan ng 1

matatanda.
152

Yes, it is eco-friendly and gentle for hand 1

wash use.

Yes, effective naman po siya. 1

No Answer 2