● The revolutionary government was ● The Cabeza of the Población or town
initially established by the Katipunan proper -> the Vice President
with outbreak of the Philippine ● The Delegate for Justice and Civil
Revolution in 1896, as the Katipunan's Registry -> as the Secretary
Supreme President Andres Bonifacio.
The Provincial Chief or Governor and three
● The Spanish government and the Councilors were elected by the town chiefs, in
revolutionaries signed a truce, the Pact consultation with the Popular Assembly
of Biak-na-Bato on December 1897.
● In April 1898, at the outbreak of the ● The Provincial Chief
Spanish–American War ● The chief of the Capital of the Province
● On May 1, 1898, the United States ● The three Councilors constituted the
defeated the Spanish in the Battle of Provincial Council
Manila Bay. Emilio Aguinaldo decided
to return to the Philippines to help Mabini though that there should be a
American forces defeat the Spaniards. Revolutionary Congress.
● Aguinaldo issued a decree formally
establishing his dictatorial government He included in the June 18 decree provision
on June 18, 1898. stating that each province should elect its
● Aguinaldo issued another decree, this delegates to Congress.
time replacing the dictatorial
government with a revolutionary To propose...measures concerning the
government (and naming himself as preservation of internal order and external
president) on June 23, 1898. security of these islands...
The Administration of Justice
LOCAL GOVERNMENT REORGANIZED
Decree of June 20, 1898
June 18, 1898
- Mabini prepared the decree which provided Mabini provided for the administration of
for the reorganization of the government in justice in areas under the Filipino government.
the provinces that were already taken from The Spanish Penal Code was adopted except
the Spaniards. for those provisions which were contrary to the
decrees of the Filipino government.
Right to Vote
Revolutionary Government
Was given to men of high moral character and
good standing in his community. established by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo on June
23, 1898; upon the advice of Mabini, Aguinaldo
They were the ones who would elect the Town changed the form of government from
head, the cabeza of each barrio, the delegate Dictatorial to Revolutionary.
for police and internal order, the delegate for
justice and civil registry, and the delegate for Aims: to struggle for the Philippine
taxes and property. Independence until foreign countries including
Spain will recognize the Philippines. the future
All these, the town and barrio chiefs establishment of the real republic.
constituted the Popular Assembly
The Revolutionary Government
● The Town Chief -> acted as President of
the Assembly
On June 23, again upon Mabini's advice, major Following the provisions of the decrees of June
changes were promulgated and implemented: 18 and 23, Aguinaldo called the congress to
meet at Barasoain church in Malolos, Bulacan.
● change of government from Dictatorial
to Revolutionary Aguinaldo appointed 50 delegates to congress
● change of the Executive title from to represent provinces that were experiencing
Dictator to President unstable conditions because of peace and order
● Establishment of four major issue. 92 delegates came 55 delegates were
departments including that of foreign elected 57 were appointed
affairs, navy and commerce
● war and public works agriculture and The majority of these were educated and rich.
manufacture industries Lawyers, physicians, and businessman made up
● Appointment of delegates to the 59%.
Revolutionary Congress from the non-
liberated provinces. The Malolos Constitution
Government On September 15, 1898, the revolutionary
Congress was convened in Malolos, Bulacan,
On June 15, 1898, Aguinaldo appointed his first Mabini prepared a draft of the constitution
cabinet Baldomero Aguinaldo as secretary of called, “Constitutional Plan of the Philippine
war and public works, Leanardo Ibarra as Republic,” and submitted it to Congress. But,
secretary of the interior and Mariano Trías as the congress did not like it because it was
secretary of finance; the secretaryship of based on the statutes of Universal Masonry.
foreign relations, marine, and commerce was
provisionally left in the charge of the Felipe G. Calderon
presidency.
a descendant of a Franciscan friar of Santa
On September 23, the cabinet was reorganized Ana, Manila prepared his version of the
to six departments. constitution with the advice of Cayetano
Arrelano, a brilliant lawyer.
On January 2, 1899 Cayetano Arellano would
not accept the role of secretary of foreign They borrowed from the constitution of many
relations, the role fell to Apolinario Mabini. countries like:
Mabini had to that time been Aguinaldo's
principal advisor and he was also named the ● Costa Rica
president of the cabinet. ● Guatemela
● Mexico
● Belgium
● France
● Brazil
The Malolos Congress approved the draft
Constitution on November 29, 1898.
The Malolos Congress
It was returned by President Aguinaldo on A battle between American forces lead by
December 1, 1898 for amendments, which General Wesley Merritt, and Commodore
were refused. George Dewey against the remaining
Spaniards lead by Governor General Fermin
President Aguinaldo finally approved the draft Jaudenes.
constitution on December 23, 1898.
> The battle killed 6 Americans & 49 Spaniards.
It was formally adopted by the Malolos
Congress on January 20, 1899. >The battle was a pre-arranged battle by the
generals from both sides, days before the
And finally, promulgated on January 21, 1899.. battle.
AND on January 23, 1898 the first democratic AUGUST 13, 1898 - THE MOCK BATTLE OF
constitution was established, the first republic MANILA
of the Philippines; THE MALOLOS REPUBLIC.
The Spanish and American peace commissioners
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CONSTITUTION signed the treaty of Paris & by this treaty,
Spain turned over the Philippines to the United
The Malolos Constitution was the first States for the sum of 20 000 000 dollars as
important state document that the filipino payment.
people had ever produced.
Agoncillo, submitted a memorandum to the
According to this constitution, the government senate entitled, Memorial to the Senate,
that was established was “popular, stating the reason Spain had no right to
representative, and responsible.” transfer the Philippines to the United States.
3 BRANCHES Many Americans were also against the treaty
and even established the Anti-Imperialist
● The Executive League, which was very vocal against the
● The Legislative move of United States to colonize the
● The Judicial Philippines.
The Malolos Constitution is unique for 3 DECEMBER 10, 1898 – TREATY OF PARIS
reasons:
JANUARY 2, 1899 – Aguinaldo Reorganized
First, the assembly or the legislative branch the Cabinet.
was more powerful than the executive or the
judicial branch. This cabinet was also called the “Council of
Government.”
Second, it provided that when the assembly
was not in session, a permanent commission , JANUARY 23, 1899 – The First Philippine
composed if members of the assembly would sit Republic ( Malolos Republic)
as a legislative body.
Aguinaldo took his oath of office as President
And third, the constitution established a of the Republic.
unicameral legislative.
Apolinario Mabini
He was known as the “Brains of the General Elwell Otis
Revolution” and the “Sublime Paralytic."
● Did not publish the full text of
Mabini reached Aguinaldo’s camp on June 12, McKinley's proclamation for
1898, and soon became one of the general’s fear of arousing the anger of
primary advisers. the Filipinos.
● He changed some words to
He wrote most of Aguinaldo’s presidential soften the language of the
decrees. proclamation so as not to
antagonize the people.
He also molded policy on the organization of
the provinces, the judicial system, and the JANUARY 05, 1899
police, as well as property registration and
military regulations. Aguinaldo issued a strongly worded
proclamation saying that
“ my government is disposed to open hostilities
The Philippine Flag if the american troops attempt to take forcible
possession of the Visayan Islands.”
Designed by Aguinaldo and sewn in Hongkong
by Mrs. Marcela Agoncillo with the help of
Delfina Herbosa and Lorenza Agoncillo.
The Shot That Started the War
It was officially hoisted for the first time to the
accompaniment of the "Marcha Filipina" February 01, 1899
- A group of American engineers was
arrested by Filipino Troops.
The Philippine - American War (1899-1902)
February 04, 1899
The "Benevolent Assimilation" Proclamation
- Private Willie W. Grayson shot a
PRESSURE GROUPS Filipino Soldier on the corner of Sociego
and Silencio Streets in Santa Mesa,
● The American businessmen whose Manila.
interests included the Philippines
● The Military and Naval pressure group The American Drive to the North
● The Religiuos pressure group
The American troops easily captured town
President McKinley issued the so-called after town in what is now Rizal province.
"Benevolent Assimilation" Proclamation.
Earlier in the North of the Manila, the
● McKinley officially announced the Americans won victories in the BATTLE OF LA
American policy regarding the LOMA, near the Chinese cemetery, where
Philippines. Major Jose Torres Bugallon died in combat.
● It clearly indicated the intention of the
United States to exercise sovereignty
over the entire Philippines, making it a
United States colony.
BATTLE OF PULO - March 25, 1899 THE ASSASINATION OF LUNA
The Filipino troops repulsed General Llyod General Antonio Luna
Wheaton in the battle and killed an American
colonel. ● The Most Brilliant among the Filipino
Military officers
BATTLE OF SAN MATEO - December 18, 1899 ● Belonging to an educated and a
wealthy family of Ilocos, Norte
General Licerio Geronimo's group defeated the
● Luna was born in Manila, in the
Americans under General Lawton in the battle.
General Lawton was killed in the battle. district now known as San Nicolas
● He studied pharmacy in Manila and
THE FALL OF THE MABINI CABINET in Spain.
● He had one defect, which the
MABINI members of the Luna family had in
common;
● The next Most Powerful Man in the ● he was short-tempered He was
Philippines, after Aguinaldo. exiled to Spain by the colonial
● The President of Cabinet and, Government and on his way back to
● A Prime Minister the Philippines in 1898, he passed
● A Secretary of Foreign Affairs by Hong Kong
He was for the independence of the He asked Felipe Agoncillo, a family friend,
Philippines. He would not accept anything to give him a letter of recommendation to
less than independence. However, his General Aguinaldo. Aguinaldo gave him
enemies like Pedro A. Paterno, Ambrosio the necessary recommendation and
Rianzares Bautista, Felipe Buencamino, and revolver.
many others who belonged to the
wealthy and powerful, opposed him. They Aguinaldo recognized his brilliance and
believed that autonomy would be good appointed him to a high position in the
for the Filipinos. army. Luna saw that the army had no
discipline. So he tried to instill discipline in
MAY 07 the army, but the common soldiers
particularly the Kwait regiment did not
Aguinaldo informed Mabini that Paterno was like him for it.
forming a new cabinet. Mabini knew that what
it meant. So he sent the registration for the When the Philippine-American war broke
entire cabinet he was heading. Mabini spent
out, Luna was chiefof the military zone
his last years in his armchair writing articles
against the Americans, and his memoirs of the
that included many provinces of Central
Philippine struggle for the independence. Luzon. He made enemies because of his
short-temper. He slapped Felipe
Buencamino, who disagreed with his
strong opposition to any negotiation, or
compromise with the Americans. He also
used to slap soldiers due to their
inefficiency or if they failed to meet his
standard.
While he was in Bayambang, Pangasinan warfare under the command of General
inspecting the defenses against the Arcadio Maxilom and Leandro Fullon. It
advancing Americans, he received a took some time and much effort for the
telegram from Cabanatuan saying that he Americans to completely subdue the brave
was wanted there. So he went there with Cebuanos.
his aide, Colonel Francisco Roman, and
some soldiers. On March 1, Otis issued an order providing
for the creation of a military district to
JUNE 05, 1899 include Panay, Negros, and Cebu. This was
known as the Visayan Military Service.
He reached Aguinaldo's headquarters in
Cabanatuan and did not find the president The Negrenses were allowed to meet in an
there, he got angry. Then he heared a convention to frame a constitution. Known
rifle shot, rushed downstairs, cursed the as the Negros constitution. It was
soldiers, and and slap one of them. submitted to president McKinley for
approval. The American President,
A captain named Pedrong Kastila from however, did not take it seriously and
Cavite, hacked Luna with a bolo. Luna nothing came out of it.
drew his revolver but he fall outside the
convent and died saying "Coward! The Kiram-Bates Treaty
Assassins!." He died with more than fourty
wounds in his body and his head. DATU KIRAM
The Conquest of the Visayas -The Sultan of Jolo, insisted that the
Americans must not be allowed to occupy
Meanwhile, Otis instructed Miller to invade any other part of Sulu except the town
Iloilo. To millers demand that the Filipino proper of Jolo. Furthermore, the Sultan
troops surrender the Visayan Patriots insisted in collecting customs duties in
under the leadership of General Martin places that were not occupied by the
Delgado decided to fight instead. Americans.
on August 20, 1899
FEBRUARY 20, 1899 - an agreement was signed by
General Bates representing the
- the American landed with full force United States, and the Sultan of
and Jaro fell, followed by Santa Jolo and his datus, representing
Barbara, Oton, and Mandurriao. the Sulu Sultanate. Known as the
Bates Treaty.
FEBRUARY 22, 1899
- The Americans sent an
expeditionary force to Cebu, the
city surrendered to the enemy.
"sovereignty of the united states over the
The Cebu Patriots, however, did not give whole archipelago of Sulu and its
up so easily. They resorted to guerilla dependencies is declared acknowledged"
and that "the rights and dignities of His Aguinaldo was no longer an effective
Highness, the Sultan and his datus shall be leader at this stage of the war. Instead,
fully respected." local military leader sustain the war.
Through surprise attacks or ambushed, and
with the support of the townspeople
including many of the elites, the war
The Battle of Pasong Tirad lasted more than expected.
Aguinaldo ordered his trusted general, Faced with the effective guerrilla warfare,
Gregorio Del Pilar, to remain behind as Americans used cruel methods to persuade
they continued to advance. Del Pilar was the Filipinos to cooperate with them.
to intercept the Americans who were
tracking them. ● They used the " water cure " on
many Filipinos to punish or extract
Del Pilar, after the departure of information from them. (This form of
Aguinaldo, chose to delay the enemy at torture was done by forcing water
Pasong Tirad, a narrow pass of 4,500 feet into the stomach of a person until it
high where he had a good view of the gets filled, then the person would
surrounding country. There was only one be made to lie on his back and an
trail leading to it. So narrow was the trail American soldier would jump on his
that only one man at a time could climb it. stomach.)
It was in this place that Del Pilar and sixty ● Placing a rope around a person's
loyal soldier positioned themselves. neck and twisting it to choke him.
● Beating the victim until he became
In the morning of December 02, 1899
blue in the face.
March and his well-armed proceed toward
In Samar, the American also resorted to
Del Pilar's position. The Filipino troops
massacre to avenge the deaths of there
guarding the narrow pass fired at the
comrades who were killed by the Filipino
Americans who had no recourse but to
guerrillas under the command of General
retreat. Unfortunately, an Igorot guided
Vicente Lukban. The Americans also burned
the Americans to a secret trail leading to
down the whole town of Balangiga and
Del Pilar's men.
killed all men even boys over ten years old.
The Americans slowly and quietly went up
the trail and surprised the Filipino troops.
A fierce battle ensued and Del Pilar was
killed by a bullet that passed through his
neck. The American soldiers rushed to the
dead body of the young general and
looted his personal belongings for
souvenirs. The American left the body
there and for two days it remained The Capture of Aguinaldo
unburied. On the third day, the Igorot
buried his remain ina shallow grave. The End Guerrilla Warfare
The Stage of Guerrilla Warfare
On February 27,1902, they captured
General Vicente Lukban in Samar.
Upon Aguinaldo's capture many people
field commanders surrendered. However,
there were a few Filipino generals who
refused to give up the fight like Simeon Ola
in Bicol, Roman Manalan in Pangasinan and
Zambales, Manuel Tomines in Isabela, and
many more. General Miguel Malvar of
Batangas took over the leadership of the
Filipino Government and fought the enemy
in running battles.
On April 16, 1902, General Malvar
surrendered in order to save his people
from the brutality of the enemy and from
hunger.
Macario Sakay, patriots refused to
surrender, but at this point, their effect on
the Americans was negligible. The guerrilla
warfare was crushed
