STS — TEP
LESSON 1: LESSON 2:
INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS
SCIENCE CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE
➢ Latin word:
● SCIENTIA —SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA—
➢ knowledge
MAYA CIVILIZATION
➢ a systematic body of knowledge ➢ works in astronomy and astrology
based on careful observation and incorporated into their temples and
experimentation. other structures.
➢ 165 Gods
TECHNOLOGY ➢ Eclipse prediction
➢ Greek words: ➢ Astrological cycles in planting and
● TECHNE harvesting
➢ art, craft, or skill. ● TEMPLES
● LOGOS ➢ highest point where the Mayan
➢ to speak of; to imply the Civilization observes the state of
practical application of astronomy.
techne. ● HIEROGLYPHICS
➢ Mayan Civilization’s writing system.
SOCIETY
➢ Latin word: INCA CIVILIZATION
● SOCIETAS ➢ known for being artistic.
➢ noun socius - comrade, ➢ Engineering and Architecture.
friend, ally; adjectival form
socialis. ● ROADS
➢ stone building that surmounted
➢ is a grouping of individuals, which is earthquakes and other disasters.
characterized by common interest
and may have distinctive culture and ● QUIPU
institutions. ➢ a system of knotted ropes to keep
records.
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND ➢ 1st suspension bridge.
SOCIETY STUDIES (STSS) ➢ Inca textiles
➢ study of how society, politics, and ➢ “a thread that speaks”
culture affect scientific research and
technological innovation, and how AZTEC CIVILIZATION
these, in turn, affect society, politics ● MEXICA
and culture. ➢ people of Azlan
● AZLAN
➢ where Aztec flourished.
● MANDATORY EDUCATION
STS — TEP
➢ the future is based on the parent’s ➢ considered as the founder of
work. mathematical analysis.
● CHOCOLATES CHINA
➢ only for the Gods. ● HERBAL MEDICINE
➢ using cacao beans to produce new ➢ used to create medicines and teas.
foods.
➢ considered as valuable compared to ● SEISMOLOGICAL DETECTOR
gold. ➢ to identify if there is any movement
on the surface of the Earth.
● CHINAMPA (Agriculture)
➢ are rectangular areas created by the 1. EPICENTER
people of Aztec, to grow crops on ➢ surface impact
the shallow lake beds in the valley of
Mexico. 2. HYPOCENTER
➢ underground impact
● CANOE
➢ used as main way of transportation 3. INTENSITY
for the troops and resources/supplies. ➢ severity of the damages
— SCIENCE IN ASIA— 4. MAGNITUDE
➢ can be measured through the
INDIA use of the Richter Scale.
● AYURVEDA
➢ are herbal medicines that are used as ● ACUPUNCTURE
alternative medicines. ➢ insertion of thin/small needles in the
body.
● SUSRUTA SAMHITA ➢ to release tension, stress, and spasms.
➢ surgical procedure. ➢ increase blood flow.
➢ tried to standardize measurement of
length. ● GUNPOWDER
➢ designed a ruler. ● PRINTING TOOLS
● IRON PLOUGH
● ARYABHATA ● WHEELBARROW
➢ introduced several trigonometric ● PROPELLER
formulas, tables, and techniques as ● DIFFERENT MODELS OF
well as algorithms of algebra. BRIDGES
● DRY DOCK FACILITIES
● BRAHMAGUPTA
➢ suggested that gravity was a force of MIDDLE EAST
attraction. ➢ science experiment rather than
➢ opposite attracts. thought experiment.
➢ the heavier, the more force / pull of ➢ uses scientific methods to prove
gravity. something; through empirical
evidences.
● MADHAVA
STS — TEP
● IBN AL HAAYTHAM ➢ used to prevent disease and heal our
➢ father of optics body.
➢ medicinal and therapeutic properties
● MUHAMMAD IBN MUSA AL of plants
➢ Khwarizmi gave his name to the
concept of algorithm. —SPANISH ERA—
● ALGEBRA ➢ growth of science and technology.
➢ al-jabr ➢ developed the knowledge.
➢ formal education and scientific
AFRICA institution.
● LEBOMBO BONE ➢ sanitation and more advanced
➢ used in mathematical operations. methods of agriculture were taught.
➢ established colleges and universities.
● THREE TYPES OF CALENDAR:
1. LUNAR ● UNIVERSITY OF STO. TOMAS
2. SOLAR ➢ oldest school in the Philippines that
3. STELLAR was established by the Spaniards.
● EGYPTIANS PYRAMID ➢ agriculture
● EARLY DAM ➢ study of medicine was given priority.
● DEVELOPMENT OF ➢ biology was given focus.
GEOMETRY ➢ galleon trade
➢ Christianity
—PRE-SPANISH ERA—
—AMERICAN PERIOD—
➢ pre-colonial
➢ they survive depending on the ➢ science during this time was inclined
environment they live in. towards agriculture, food processing,
➢ knowledge = natural resources forestry, medicine, and pharmacy.
➢ natives already had practices linked ➢ due to free trade policy, development
to science and technology of industrial technology was not
➢ metal tools focused.
➢ developed existing knowledge.
● PRESERVING FOODS:
—POST COMMONWEALTH—
1. SALT
➢ to ferment and preserve food. ➢ government support in scientific
research and invention.
2. SUN ➢ laws and own identity.
➢ drying foods. ➢ science and technology flourished.
3. ROCK
➢ creating fire.
● LEAVES
STS — TEP
LESSON 3: ➢ it weighs the cost and benefits of an
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION action before deciding to act upon or
abandon impulses.
➢ period of enlightenment.
➢ developed the field of mathematics, ● EQUILIBRIUM
physics, astronomy, biology, and ➢ balances the demands of the ID and
chemistry transformed the views of the moral rules of the SUPEREGO.
society and nature.
➢ scientific experiments and 3.SUPEREGO
philosophical writing became “in” or ➢ moral principle
trendy. ➢ developed in early childhood.
➢ develops around 5 or 6.
INTELLECTUALS: ➢ a child internalizes the moral of
society.
● SIGMUND FREUD ➢ fights with the ID.
— FREUDIAN REVOLUTION ➢ urges to do things that are morally
right.
● PSYCHOANALYSIS
➢ study that explains human behavior. ● CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY
➢ understand the mind through this. — GEOCENTRISM
➢ there are many conscious and ➢ the earth is the center of the universe.
unconscious factors that can
influence behavior and emotions. ★ GEO - Earth
➢ environment can affect our emotions, ★ CENTRISM - center
attitudes, and personality.
● NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
THREE CONFLICTING ELEMENTS: — HELIOCENTRISM
➢ the sun is the center of the universe.
1. ID
➢ most basic part of the personality. ➢ refuted the proposed concept of
Ptolemy.
● PLEASURE PRINCIPLE ➢ was rejected at first but eventually
➔ includes our desire for food accepted by the people which was
and sex. then called the: BIRTH OF
MODERN ASTRONOMY
● EVIL SIDE
➔ born with it. ● CHARLES DARWIN
— DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
➢ sexual energy ➢ most controversial intellectual
➢ fights with the superego. revolution of all time.
2. EGO ● THEORY OF EVOLUTION
➢ reality principle ➢ postulated that populations pass
➢ develop in childhood. through a process of natural selection
in which only the fittest would
survive.
STS — TEP
● EVOLUTION
➢ organisms have the ability to adapt to
their environment and would
gradually change into something that
would be more competitive to
survive.
FACTORS OF NATURAL SELECTION:
➢ is the process in which organisms
adapt and change.
➢ is the ability to adapt.
1. VARIATION
➢ those organisms with heritable traits
better suited to the environment will
reach maturity and will survive.
2. OVERPRODUCTION
➢ more organisms are produced that
can actually survive.
3. SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST
➢ “It is not the strongest of species that
survive, nor the most intelligent, but
the one most responsive to change.”
➢ the most adaptive and responsive to
change will survive.
➢ environment will dictate if you
survive or not.
➢ environment is a factor for the
survival of organisms.
4. HERITABILITY
➢ change in the organisms brought by
the environment will be inherited by
their offsprings.
➢ to reproduce and pass down those
traits to their offspring.
STS — TEP
LESSON 4: full implementation of the Food and
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND Drug Administration.
NATION BUILDING 2. Creating an education council
dedicated to standardization of
GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON S&T pharmaceutical services and care.
➢ introduced and implemented 3. Empowering food and drug agencies
programs, projects, and policies to to conduct evidence-based research
boost science and technology. as proof of information.
4. Allocating two percent of GDP to
NATIONAL COUNCIL OF THE research.
PHILIPPINES (NCRP) 5. Legislating a law supporting human
genome projects.
CLUSTER 1: Social Sciences,
Humanities, Education, International CLUSTER 4: Biological Sciences,
Policies and Governance (Basic Agriculture and Forestry
Education)
1. Protecting and conserving
1. Integrating ASEAN awareness in biodiversity by full implementation
basic education without adding to the of existing laws.
curriculum. 2. Use of biosafety and standard model
2. Emphasizing teaching in the mother by ASEAN countries.
tongue. 3. Promoting indigenous knowledge
3. Developing school infrastructure and systems and indigenous people’s
providing for ICT broadband. conservation.
4. Local food security. 4. Formulation of common food and
safety standards.
CLUSTER 2: Physics, Engineering, and
Industrial Research, Earth and Space Department of Science and Technology
Sciences and Mathematics (Tertiary) (DOST):
1. Emphasizing degrees, licenses, and 1. Providing funds for basic research
employment opportunities. and patents
2. Outright grants for peer monitoring. 2. Scholarship for undergraduate and
3. Review of R.A. 9184 (Procurement graduate studies students
Act) 3. More branches of PSHS
4. Harnessing science and technology 4. S & T parks
as an independent mover of 5. Balik Scientists Program
development. 6. National Science Complex and
National Engineering Complex at UP
CLUSTER 3: Medical, Chemical, and
Pharmaceutical Sciences (Researchers) Philippine-American Academy of Science
and Engineering (PAASE):
1. Ensuring compliance of
drug-manufacturing firms with 1. National Centers of Excellence
ASEAN - harmonized standards by 2. Manpower and Institutional
Development Programs (ESEP)
STS — TEP
3. Regional Centers ➢ scientist in marine science.
4. S & T Business Centers
5. Strengthening Science Education 9. WILLIAM PADOLINA
➢ president of National Academy of
RESEARCH: Science and Technology (NAST)
Philippines
1. Use of alternative and safe energy
2. Harnessing mineral resources 10. ANGEL ALCALA
3. Finding cure for various disease and ➢ marine science.
illness
4. Climate change and global warming
5. Increasing food production
6. Preservation of natural resources
7. Coping with natural disaster and
calamities
8. Infrastructure
10 FAMOUS FILIPINO SCIENTISTS:
1. RAMON CABANOS BARBA
➢ tissue culture in Philippine Mangoes.
➢ uses ethrel and potassium nitrate.
2. JOSEFINO CASAS COMISO
➢ Antarctica's characteristics using
satellite images.
3. JOSE BEJAR CRUZ JR.
➢ famous in the field of Electrical
Engineering.
➢ an officer of IE.
4. LOURDES JANSUY CRUZ
➢ sea snail venom.
5. FABIAN MILLAR DAYRIT
➢ herbal medicine.
6. RAFAEL DINEROS GUERRERO
III
➢ tilapia culture.
7. CAESAR A. SALOMA
➢ internationally renowned physicist.
8. EDGARDO GOMEZ
STS — TEP
LESSON 5: 4. CLASSIFYING PLANTS AND
INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND ANIMALS INTO FAMILIES AND
TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES GROUPS BASED ON CULTURAL
PROPERTIES
➢ during the early times, Filipinos tried
to invent tools that will help them in 5. PRESERVING AND SELECTING
everyday life. GOOD SEEDS FOR PLANTING
➢ they developed alternative ideas in
explaining various phenomena and 6. BUILDING LOCAL IRRIGATION
explaining the world around them. SYSTEMS
INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE / 7. CLASSIFYING DIFFERENT
SYSTEM TYPES OF SOIL FOR PLANTING
➢ the foundation of INDIGENOUS BASED ON CULTURAL
SCIENCE. PROPERTIES
➢ is the understandings, skills and
philosophies developed by societies 8. PRODUCING WINES AND
with long histories of interaction JUICES FROM TROPICAL
with their natural surroundings. FRUITS
➢ their parents and other older folks
served as their first teachers and their PHILIPPINE TRADITIONAL AND
methods of teaching are very ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE:
effective in transmitting cultural
knowledge in their minds. 1. HILOT / MANGHIHILOT
➢ acts as a midwife, a chiropractor or
PRACTICES: massage therapist to promote health
and healing.
1. PREDICTING WEATHER
CONDITIONS AND SEASONS 2. ALBULARYO
USING KNOWLEDGE IN ➢ a general practitioner who uses a
OBSERVING ANIMALS’ combination of healing modalities
BEHAVIOR AND CELESTIAL that may include prayers,
BODIES incantations, mysticism, and
➢ SHINING MOON with a rainbow herbalism. Albularyos claim to draw
encircling or a bloody red sunset healing powers from supernatural
➢ during new year, when the cow or sources.
horse eat grass, wail, it meant
drought. 3. TAWAS / MANGTATAWAS
➢ when goats repeatedly wail, there ➢ this practitioner uses alum, candles,
will be landslides. smoke, paper, eggs and other
mediums to diagnose the cause of
2. USING HERBAL MEDICINES illness associated with prayers and
incantations.
3. PRESERVING FOODS
4. FAITH HEALERS
STS — TEP
➢ a practitioner who claims divine b. Comparing
power bestowed by the HOLY c. Classifying
SPIRIT or GOD. A patient is d. Measuring
required to have faith and believe in e. Problem solving
divine powers to effect healing. f. Inferring
g. Communicating
INDIGENOUS SCIENCE: h. Predicting
➢ is part of the indigenous knowledge
system practiced by different groups 2. is guided by culture and community
of people and early civilizations values such as the following;
(Gribbin, Mkapa and Sibisi). a. the land is a source of life. It
➢ provides the basics of astronomy, is a precious gift from the
pharmacology, food technology or creator.
metallurgy, which were derived from b. the Earth is revered as
traditional knowledge and practices. “Mother Earth.” It is the
➢ provides the basics of astronomy, origin of their identity as
pharmacology, food technology or people.
metallurgy, which were derived from ➢ nature is a friend to human beings –
traditional knowledge and practices. it needs respect and proper care.
1. PAWILEN 3. indigenous science is composed of
➢ explained that indigenous science traditional knowledge practiced and
knowledge had developed divers valued by people and communities
structures through interplay between such as ethno-biology,
the society and environment. ethno-medicine, indigenous farming
methods, and folk astronomy.
2. OGAWA
➢ claimed that indigenous science is LAWS AND STRATEGIES IN THE
collectively lived in and experienced PHILIPPINES IN CONSERVING
by the people of a given culture. INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE:
➢ science is a part of culture and how 1. EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 247
science is done largely depends on OF 1995
the cultural practices of the people. ➢ prescribing guidelines and
(Laccarino, 2003) establishing a regulatory framework
➢ developmental stages of most for the prospecting of biological and
sciences are characterized by genetic resources, their by-products,
continual competition between a and derivatives, for scientific and
number of distinct views of nature, commercial purposes; and for other
each partially competition between purposes.
roughly compatible with the dictates
of scientific observation and method 2. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8371
(Kuhn, 1962) ➢ an act to recognize, protect, and
promote the rights of indigenous
1. uses science process skills such as: cultural communities/peoples,
a. Observing creating a national commission on
STS — TEP
indigenous peoples, establishing
implementing mechanisms,
appropriating funds therefore, and
other purposes.
3. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8423
➢ an act creating the Philippine
Institute of Traditional and
Alternative Health Care to accelerate
the development of traditional and
alternative health care in the
Philippines, providing for a
traditional and alternative health care
development fund and for other
purposes.
4. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9168
➢ an act to provide protection to new
plant varieties, establishing a natinal
plant variety protection board and for
other purposes.
5. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9147
➢ an act providing for the conservation
and protection of wildlife resources
and their habitats, appropriating
funds therfor and for other purposes.
