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SECOND TERM E – LEARNING NOTES

CLASS: SS 2
SUBJECT: Technical Drawing
FIRST TERM SCHEME OF WORK
WEEK TOPICS

THEME: PICTORIAL DRAWING

1. Revision of last term’s work.

2. Auxiliary Views of Geometrical Solids:

(a) Uses and types of auxiliary views: (i) 1st auxiliary view (ii) 2nd auxiliary view

3. Auxiliary Views of Geometrical Solids:

(b) Draw the 1st and 2nd auxiliary elevation and plans of shaped blocks

4. Auxiliary Views of Geometrical Solids:

(c) Draw the auxiliary views of geometrical solids; full and truncated hexagon,
pyramid, truncated cones, cylinders and prisms.

5. Computer Aided Drawing; Pictorial and Auxiliary Views:

(a) Use of the computer for isometric, oblique and perspective drawing of shaped blocks

6. Computer Aided Drawing; Pictorial and Auxiliary Views:

(b) Use of the computer for drawing shaped blocks

7. Computer Aided Drawing; Pictorial and Auxiliary Views:

(c) Use of the computer to draw the auxiliary elevations and plans of truncated geometrical
solids.

THEME: POINTS AND LINE IN SPACE

8. Traces of a Point and Line in Space: Projection of a point and a line in space.

9. True Lengths and Angles of a Line in Space: True lengths and angles of a line in space.

10. Planes and Views in Space: (a) Key terms in planes and views in space. (b) Line inclined to
horizontal and vertical planes.

11. Revision.
12. Examination.
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WEEK 1

REVISION OF LAST TERM’S WORK.

WEEK 2

CLASS: SS 2

SUBJECT: TECHNICAL DRAWING

TOPIC: Auxiliary Views of Geometrical Solids
CONTENT: (a) Uses and types of auxiliary views
(i) 1st auxiliary view
(ii) 2nd auxiliary view.

Sub-Topic 1: USES AND TYPES OF AUXILIARY VIEWS

Apart from the principal plans of projection - horizontal and vertical planes, other imaginary
planes which are not perpendicular to the principal planes can be introduced and used. This
aiding or helping planes otherwise called auxiliary planes, when placed at right angle to the
direction of view, in the same way that normal elevations and plans are at right angles to
the vertical and horizontal planes, helps the viewer to see clearly other sides of the object
not parallel to the principal planes. Such views projected to the auxiliary planes are called
auxiliary views. An auxiliary view projected from an elevation will give an auxiliary plan while
an auxiliary view got from the plan will give an auxiliary elevation.

Types of Auxiliary views:

(i) First auxiliary view.

(ii) Second auxiliary view. An auxiliary view projected from an auxiliary elevation is
called second auxiliary plan. A second auxiliary elevation can be projected also
from a first auxiliary plan.

Construction
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The auxiliary Plane

Note that the auxiliary plane can be at any angle to the vertical plane or horizontal
plane. The line of intersection between the horizontal plane and auxiliary plane is called
horizontal trace, while the line of intersection between vertical plane and auxiliary plane
is called vertical trace.

ACTIVITY 1:

To draw the auxiliary plan and elevation of a given square prism

Procedure:

(i) Draw the given views – elevation and plane.

(ii) Draw lines x1 y1 and x2 y2 representing the vertical and horizontal auxiliary planes.
(iii) Project lines from all points on the plan or elevation, parallel to the line of sight if
it is given or at right angles to the auxiliary plane line.
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(iv) For auxiliary elevation make use of distance b, and for auxiliary plan make use of
distance a.
(v) Consider the lines one by one looking in the direction of lines of sight to note
lines visible and not visible.

EVALUATION:

1. Name the principal planes of a projection.

2. When auxiliary plane is placed at right angles to the direction of view what happens?
3. Auxiliary views projected from an auxiliary elevation are called?

ACTIVITY 2:

Given the front elevation of a cube inclined to the horizontal plane, draw an auxiliary on
the ground line x1 y1 at 600 to the horizontal axis.

Procedure:

(i) Draw the given views and locate the ground line.
(ii) Project lines perpendicular to the ground line x1 y1 from all the parts on the plan.
(iii) Transfer the dimensions abcd to the auxiliary plane line as shown.
(iv) Locate the points LMNO as shown.
(v) Join the points to get the auxiliary views.

REFERENCE TEXTS

1. Elements of Technical Drawing for Senior Schools and Colleges by Osuji,U.S.A Ph.d
and Akano, E.O. M.sc
2. Technical Drawing manual with solved past questions School curricular 1 & 2
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WEEK 3

CLASS: SS 2

SUBJECT: TECHNICAL DRAWING

TOPIC: AUXILIARY VIEWS OF GEOMETRICAL SOLIDS

CONTENT: (b) Draw the 1st and 2nd auxiliary elevation and plans of shaped blocks.

Activity 1:
To draw the auxiliary plan and elevation of a given block.
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Activity 2:
To draw the auxiliary plan and elevation of a given block.

Activity 3:
To draw the auxiliary elevation of a given block.

Activity 4:
To draw the auxiliary elevation of a bearing block.
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EVALUATION:
1. Mention the three faces of orthographic.
2. Draw a rectangle block and bring out the three faces (the teacher goes round to
assist the pupils).

WEEKEND WORK:
With the help of the teacher in the drawing studio, each of the students should practice the
solids.

REFERENCE TEXTS

1. Elements of Technical Drawing for Senior Schools and Colleges by Osuji,U.S.A Ph.d
and Akano, E.O. M.sc
2. Technical Drawing manual with solved REFERENCE TEXTS

WEEK 4

CLASS: SS 2

SUBJECT: TECHNICAL DRAWING

TOPIC: AUXILIARY VIEWS OF GEOMETRICAL SOLIDS
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CONTENT: (c) Draw the auxiliary views of geometrical solids; full and truncated hexagon,
pyramid, truncated cones, cylinders and prisms.

Activity 1:
To draw the auxiliary plan and elevation of a given hexagonal prism given the ground lines

Activity 2:
Two views of a hexagonal pyramid are given. Draw an auxiliary plan looking in the
direction of the arrow K
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Activity 3:
To draw the auxiliary plan of a cylinder

Procedure:
(i) Draw the elevation and the side elevation.
(ii) Divide the side elevation into a number of equal parts.
(iii) Project lines from all the divisions to the front elevation.
(iv) From the points of intersection of the lines and election project lines parallel to
line of sight or 900 to the new ground line.
(v) At any convenient point draw the new ground line x1 y1.
(vi) Draw another line parallel to the new ground line x 1 y1 to act as centre line for
drawing the auxiliary plan.
(vii) Transfer the plans to get the view by picking the radii one after the other with
the pair of compasses.

Activity 4:
To draw the auxiliary of a given cone.
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REFERENCE TEXTS

1. Elements of Technical Drawing for Senior Schools and Colleges by Osuji,U.S.A Ph.d
and Akano, E.O. M.sc
2. Technical Drawing manual with solved past questions School curricular 1 & 2

WEEKS 5- 7 AUTOCAD PRACTICAL WORKS FROM THE SOFTWARE

WEEKS 5 & 6

CLASS: SS 2

SUBJECT: TECHNICAL DRAWING

TOPIC: COMPUTER AIDED DRAWING: PICTORIAL AND AUXILIARY VIEWS

CONTENT:
i. (a) Introduction to AutoCAD
(b) Use of computer for Isometric, Oblique, Perspective
ii. Use of computer for drawing shaped blocks

Sub-Topics 1: Introduction to AutoCAD

Requirement: every student should have the AutoCAD software installed in his/her
computer system with a mouse attached.
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Introduction to AutoCAD

Welcome to the world of CAD – first, you will be learning the very basics of CAD. AutoCAD
software is made used of precise technical drawings on the computer. Therefore, AutoCAD
is a design software that is user friendly and requires interaction through commands with
the use of command prompts and a response is being received.

This course is designed so that the commands and instructions should work on almost any
version of AutoCAD, although this lesson is designed specifically for AutoCAD 2010 and will
work great for 2012. By the end of this level you will have the skills to develop basic 2D
drawings.

The X,Y coordinate system

Everything that you draw in AutoCAD is exact. It will be more accurate than you will ever
need it to be. We're talking 14 decimal points accurate. All objects drawn on the screen are
placed there based on a simple X,Y coordinate system. In AutoCAD this is known as the
World Coordinate System (WCS). You must understand this to know how to put things
where you want them. (3-D work has an added axis, the Z-axis, but this is not covered in this
lesson.) Above is a diagram showing you how this system works.

Here is how it works

AutoCAD uses points to determine where an object is located. There is an origin where it
begins counting from. This point is (0,0). Every object is located in relation to the origin. If
you were to draw a line straight out to the right from the origin, this would be considered
the positive X-axis. If you were to draw a line straight up, this would be the positive Y-axis.
The picture above shows a point located at (9,6). This means that the point is 9 units over in
the X-axis and 6 units up in the Y-axis. When you are working with points, X always comes
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first. The other point shown is (-10,-4). This means that the point is 10 units in the negative
X-axis (left) and 4 units in the negative Y-axis (down).

A line has two points, a start point and an end point. AutoCAD works with the points to
display the line on the screen. Move your cursor over the picture above and you will see line
drawn from the absolute points of (-10,-4) to (9,6).

Most of the time you will not have an indication of where the origin is. You may need to
draw a line from the endpoint of an existing line. To do this you use relative points. These
work the same way, but you have to add the @ symbol (shift+2) to tell AutoCAD that this
next point is relative from the last point entered.

Review:
ABSOLUTE POINTS are exact points on the drawing space.
RELATIVE POINTS are relative to an OBJECT on the drawing space.

It’s a simple system, but mastering it is the key to working with AutoCAD and is explained in
more detail further below. In order to work effectively with AutoCAD, you have to work with
this system. Until you are comfortable and familiar with it, learning AutoCAD will be more of
a chore. From experience, the better a student is with coordinates, the faster they will learn.

Angular Measurement

AutoCAD measures angles in a particular way also. Look at the diagram below:
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When drawing lines at an angle, you have to begin measuring the angle from 0 degrees,
which is at the 3 o'clock position. If you drew a line at 90 degrees, it would go straight up.
The example above shows a line drawn at +300 degrees (270+30), or -60 degrees.

You might not always have an obvious reference point for 0 degrees. Look at the example
below and find out the angle in question.

In this example, you are given information about the lines, but not the angle AutoCAD needs
to draw the line from the start point. What you are given though, is (a) the knowledge that
0° is at the 3 o'clock position (b) the knowledge that 180° is at the 9 o'clock position and (c)
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the angle between 180° and the line you want to draw is 150°. With this information, you
can figure out what angle you need.

Here is a fool-proof way of getting the angle you need:

1.) Start at the 0° position and measure counter-clockwise (+) to 180°.

2.) From 180°, measure clockwise 150° (-)
3.) Consider that you just went +180-150 and use that as an equation: +180-150=30
4.) Now you can draw your line using polar coordinates (discussed below)

Entering Points in AutoCAD

You can enter points directly on the command line using three different systems. The one
you use will depend on which is more applicable for the situation. The first assignment will
get you used to this. The three systems are as follows:

ABSOLUTE CO-ORDINATES - Using this method, you enter the points as they relate to the
origin of the WCS. To enter a point just enter in the exact point as X,Y.

RELATIVE CO-ORDINATES - This allows you to enter points in relation to the first point you
have entered. After you've entered one point, the next would be entered as @X,Y. This
means that AutoCAD will draw a line from the first point to another point X units over and Y
units up relative to the previous point.

POLAR CO-ORDINATES - You would use this system if you know that you want to draw a line
a certain distance at a particular angle. You would enter this as @D<A. In this case, D is the
distance and A is the angle. Example: @10<90 will draw a line 10 units straight up from the
first point.

The three ways of entering coordinates shown above are the ONLY way AutoCAD accepts
keyboard input. First decide which style you need to use, and then enter as shown.
Remember that X is always before Y (alphabetical). Don't forget the '@' symbol when you
are entering relative points. Any typing error or omission will give you results you don't
want. If you make a mistake and need to see what you typed, press F2 to bring up the text
screen and check your typing. (press F2 to get back to your drawing.)

The AutoCAD screen, Workspaces, Starting Commands, Terminology

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The AutoCAD Screen

 Application Button - This button displays commands for printing, saving, drawing
utilities and other non-drawing tool.
 Quick Access Toolbar - This is for quick access to common commands like New,
Open, Save, Plot
 Filename - The name of the current file you are working on.
 Search Bar - Search for text in your drawing or search the help files.
 Ribbon - The Ribbon has most of the commands/tools that you will use while you are
working.
 Tabs - A series of Tabs make up the Ribbon (Home, Insert, Manage, etc) and organize
the Tools into common groups.
 Panels - Contain a group of tools
 Tools - These are the icons that start the commands you use to draw, modify, etc.
 Tool Tip - If you hover your mouse over a tool, a tool tip will appear to give your
more information. Hold it longer for more info.
 Drawing Space - These is where you draw your designs.
 Command line - When you type a command, you will see it here. AutoCAD uses this
space to 'prompt' you for information. It will give you a lot of information and tell
you where you are in the command. Watch this line while learning.
 Status bar - This allows to see and change different modes of drawing such as Ortho,
Osnaps, Grid, Otrack, etc. You can right click this area to toggle between icons and
text for this area.

Workspaces

Within this lesson you will want to be in the 2D Drafting & Annotation workspace.
Set this by clicking in the bottom right of the AutoCAD screen on the 'gear' icon as
shown in the image below. In AutoCAD 2012, this is at the top of the screen.
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Icons, Keystrokes and Menus

There are many ways to do things in most Windows programs. AutoCAD is no exception.
Everyone will develop a way that works best for him or her. In this course, we will primarily
be working with the keystroke commands. The reason for this is because they will work in
most AutoCAD versions (including DOS versions), and in some other CAD programs. The
icons work well, but as you will see, icons can be placed anywhere on the screen and can be
difficult to find quickly. You may be working on another employee's computer that is set up
differently than than what you're used to. The pull-down menus will access almost all
commands, but are a slower way of doing things. Icons in AutoCAD 2010 are found on the
ribbon, divided into panels - just click on the appropriate tab to open the panel you need.

Example: If you want to draw a line, you can do it a few ways:

 At the command line type: LINE (or) L and press the ENTER key.

 Select the line icon from the DRAW Panel.

 Another way is to Right-Click on the drawing space and choose "Recent Input" from
the menu. This will give a list of the most recent command that you have used.
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AutoCAD is a popular program because it can be customized to suit an individual's needs.

The toolbars are a good example of this. You can have the toolbars you use most often on
the screen all the time. You can easily make them go away so that you have more drawing
space. You can also customize them so you have the most common commands on one
toolbar. For example, the dimensioning toolbar is one that you will not want taking up space
on your screen while drawing, but is very handy when you're dimensioning your drawing.

To remove the ribbon and have the most drawing space available, click on the "Clean
Screen" icon in the bottom right corner of the screen (or press CTRL+O [letter O]). To go
back the to the standard display, click again on the same icon.

Basic AutoCAD Terminology

Here are some basic terms that you will want to review before using AutoCAD
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Absolute A way of inputting points based on AutoCAD's origin.

coordinates

This is the default template that automatically loads whenever you start a drawing
Acad.dwt
session. It can be customized to suit your needs.

Associated Dimensions that are associated with specific points will update as that point is moved.
Dimensioning

AutoCAD can be set to automatically backup your drawing and save it. This is a
Backup file
safeguard in case your file gets corrupted. It is saved with a .BAK extension

A pre-drawn image you can insert in your drawing to save time and make your file size
Block
smaller.

Clean Screen A display setting that gives you maximum drawing space.

Crosshairs This is your cursor when it is in the drawing space.

Cursor Your cursor will change depending on what function it is performing in the program.

An AutoCAD drawing file is actually one large database containing all the information
Database needed to reproduce the objects when the file is opened. Info for layers and linetypes,
etc. are stored in this manner.

AutoCAD uses a large number of dialog boxes to get information from you. You must
Dialog box
know how input the information that it asks for.

Drawing template This is a file that contains preset values for frequently used settings. AKA a prototype
file drawing. The file extension is DWT.

Extents The outer boundaries of the objects you have drawn.

This is pattern of dots displayed on the screen to guide you. It can be toggled on and off
Grid
by pressing the F7 key.

Grips Small 'handles' on objects that allow for quick editing.

All objects are drawn on a layer. You can group objects (such as electrical) on a single
Layer
layer and organize your drawing.

Layout Tabs A space used for plotting your drawings (formerly called Paper Space).

A setting to impose an 'artificial' boundary on your drawing that sets the area of the grid,
Limits (Grid)
and when turned on, limits you to drawing in the grid area.

All objects are drawn with a particular line type. Examples would be solid, center,
Linetype
dashed, etc.

Model space The drawing space where you 'model' the objects.

Modify A generic term used for changing your objects

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Object Any item that is in the AutoCAD database. Also known as an entity.

Origin The (0, 0) point of your current coordinate system.

This is a drawing mode that allows you to draw only perpendicular lines. It is toggled on
Ortho mode
and off by pressing the F8 key.

Orthographic A standard drawing method that shows 2 or more views of the same part.
Projection

Osnap - Object This is a method of 'snapping' to certain, precise points on an object.

Snap

Pan To move around drawing by dragging the drawing area around your screen.

Panel A grouping of commands on the ribbon

Path The specific folder where AutoCAD looks for, or saves files.

Pick To select an object by 'left-clicking' on it.

Plot Also known as print. To make a hard copy of your drawing.

Polar coordinates A way of inputting points based on distance and angle.

Property Any specific characteristic of an object such as layer, scale, linetype, start point, etc.

The Ribbon runs across the top of the drawing space and contains panel - each panel has
Ribbon a group of associated tool. Switch to different panels by clicking on the tabs at the top of
the ribbon.

Relative A way of inputting points based on a starting point.

coordinates

Section View A drawing that represents a cross section of a part or assembly.

Selection set The current group of objects selected for modifying.

This is a drawing mode that allows you to snap your cursor to precise points laid out in a
Snap
grid pattern. Toggle with the F9 key.

Styles Formatting that defines the look of text, dimensions, etc.

The basic drawing unit set for you drawing. For example, you can use inches or
millimeters depending on your needs. You can also set the precision you want displayed,
Units such nearest 1/4", 1/2" 1/64", etc.

User coordinate Modifications made to the World Coordinate System (WCS) results in a User Coordinate
system (UCS) System (UCS)

View A particular area of your drawing.

Viewport A separate 'window' on your drawing. You may have more than one viewport visible to
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see different areas of your drawing at the same time.

An easy step-by-step instruction set to help you set-up certain aspects of your drawing.
Wizard

World Coordinate This is the common X-Y coordinate system that is the default. If it is modified, it
System (WCS) becomes a User coordinate System (UCS)

Zoom To view either a smaller section of your drawing (zoom in) or a larger section (zoom out)

Line, Circle , Erase & Undo

AutoCAD allows you to have access to a large number of commands. A general rule is that
you will use 20% of the commands 80% of the time. I will start by introducing you to the
most common drawing commands. When you combine these with the basic modify
commands, you will be able to make elaborate drawings quite quickly. In other words, most
of the commands you will use while using AutoCAD are taught here.

The important thing to remember is that AutoCAD will expect you give it information in a
very particular order. The most frustrating thing when you begin using this program is that
you will try to do something, but AutoCAD will 'not work'. In most cases, it means that you
are trying to input information at the wrong time. This is why it is very important to be in
the habit of looking at the command line.

The command line tells you what information AutoCAD requires to continue.

Your first drawing assignment will be to use the drawing commands in conjunction with the
co-ordinate system defined in earlier. This is a basic assignment, but it is very important to
understand how to give the program accurate information. You will use the following
commands:

Command Keystroke Icon Location Result

Line / L Draw a straight line segment

Line Home > LIne
from one point to the next

Circle / C Home> Circle > Draws a circle based on a center

Circle
Center, Radius point and radius.

Erase Erase / E Modify > Erase Erases an object.

Quick Access
Undo U / CTRL+Z Undoes the last command.
Toolbar> Undo
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EVALUATION: Duplicate the drawing below. You will not have to worry about the title block
or text, or dimensioning

Sub-Topic 2: USE OF COMPUTER FOR ISOMETRIC, OBLIQUE, PERSPECTIVE

Objective: On the completion of this section student should be able to:

• Understand and explain Isometric Projection.

• Create an Isometric sketch using the computer
• Identify and draw the three main projection divisions in engineering sketches and
drawings:
 Axonometric (Isometric, Dimetric and Trimetric)
 Oblique
 Perspective

Isometric Projection
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Isometric projection is a method of visually representing three dimensional

objects in two dimensions, in which the three coordinate axes appear
equally foreshortened and the angles between them are 120 º.

Consider the point below for 3D workspace

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Circles drawn in isometric view:

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A circle drawn on a sloping surface in Axonometric projection will be drawn as an

ellipse. An ellipse is a circle turned through an angle. All the examples shown above
were box shapes without any curved surfaces. In order to draw curved surfaces we need
to know how to draw an ellipse.
If you draw a circle and rotate it slowly, it will become an ellipse. As it is turned through
90º - it will eventually become a straight line. Rotate it 90º again, and it will eventually
be back to a circle.

An ellipse has a major axis and a minor axis. The major axis is the
axis about which the ellipse is being turned. The minor axis
becomes smaller as the angle through which the ellipse is turned
approaches 90º.

You can draw a cylinder using the technique shown below. The
ellipses can either be sketched freehand or drawn using an ellipse
template found on your screen.
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Oblique Projection:
In Oblique projections; the front view is drawn true size, and the
receding surfaces are drawn on an angle to give it a pictorial appearance.The direction of
projection can be top-left,top-right, bottom-left, or bottom-right. The receding axis is
typically drawn at 60º, 45º or 30º.

Exercise: Use your computer to draw the above drawings

In the oblique pictorials coordinate system, only one axes is at an angle. The most
commonly used angle is 45º.

Drawing cylinders in Oblique projection

Step One: Draw vertical and horizontal center lines to indicate

the center of a circle and then with a reasonable radius draw a circle.

Step Two: Draw a 45º line to match the length on the

cylinder. At the end of this line, draw vertical and
horizontal centerlines.
Remember the general rule for Oblique is to half all
distances projected backwards. If the cylinder is 100mm
in length the distance back must be drawn to 50mm.
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Step Three: Draw the second circle as illustrated.

Step Four: Draw two 45º lines - to join the front and
back circles.
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Perspective Projection
If you look along a straight road, the parallel sides of the road appear to meet at a point in
the distance. This point is called the vanishing point and has been used to add realism.
Suppose you want to draw a road that vanishes into the distance. The rays from the points a
given distance from the eye along the lines of the road, are projected to the eye. The angle
formed by the rays decreases with increasing distance from the eye.

The above point/ statement is for 3D workspace

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One point Perspective Drawing:

Exercise: Use AutoCAD to draw the above one perspective drawing

Two-point Perspective Drawing

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Exercise: Use AutoCAD to draw the above two-point perspective drawing

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:

1. Duplicate the drawing below

The following tools will be useful

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Command Keystroke Icon Location Result

RECTANGLE / Draws a rectangle after you
H ome > Draw >
Rectangle enter one corner and then the
REC Rectangle
second.

Home > Modify

TRIM / TR Trims objects to a selected
Trim >
cutting edge.
Trim

EXTEND / EX Home > Modify Extends objects to a selected

Extend
> Extend boundary edge.

OFFSET / O Home > Modify Offsets an object (parallel) by a

Offset
> Offset set distance.
CLICK
Object OSNAP / OS / F3 Tools > Object Brings up the OSNAP dialog
Snaps Snap Settings box.

PROCEDURE:
Once again, do not worry about title blocks, text or dimensions; draw only the geometry (in
green).

Start AutoCAD and begin the drawing.

 Draw a LINE from 1,2 to 3,2 to 3,4 to 1,4 (*Remember to watch the command line
as you do this.) For the last line's endpoint, you can either type in 1,2 or C to close
the line back to the first point you entered. These are absolute coordinates. Make
sure you understand what the points you just entered represent.
 Draw the next square using the RECTANGLE command. A rectangle is created by
specifying 2 points to represent the opposite corners. Enter the first point as 4.5,2
and then make the opposite corner 2 inches over and 2 inches up @2,2 using
relative coordinates. This is much faster and also makes the square one object and
not 4 separate lines.
 ERASE the rectangle. You will see that all of it is gone with one pick. Redraw it and
continue.
 For the 3rd square, draw a 1.5 x 1.5 unit square using any of the methods you know.
The bottom left corner must be at 8,2.
 Draw a line from 2,5 to 2,6.5 Draw another line from 1,6 to 3,6 You should now have
two perpendicular lines. What you want to do is trim off the top of the vertical line
and create a T.
 Start the TRIM command. It will first ask for a cutting edge. Select the horizontal line
and press <ENTER>. It will now ask for the object to be trimmed. Select the vertical
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line anywhere above the horizontal (cutting) line and press <ENTER> to finish the
command.

Once again, it is important to keep your eye on the command line as it will guide you
through most commands.

 Draw a LINE from 4,6.5 to 6,6.5 Draw another line from 5,5 to 5,6 What you want to
do now is extend the vertical line up to the meet horizontal line. Start the EXTEND
command. AutoCAD asks for a boundary edge; select the horizontal line press
<ENTER>. It then asks for an object to extend; select somewhere in the top half of
the vertical line. Press <ENTER> to end the command. Your command line history
should match what is shown below.

Command: EX <enter> EXTEND

Current settings: Projection=UCS, Edge=None
Select boundary edges ...
Select objects: <Select the horizontal line> 1 found
Select objects: <enter>
Select object to extend or shift-select to trim or [Fence/Crossing/Project/Edge/Undo]:
<Select the top half of the vertical line>
Select object to extend or shift-select to trim or [Project/Edge/Undo]: <enter>

 Draw a CIRCLE with a center point of 7.5,5.5 with a radius of .5 Now you will use to
offset command to make another circle 1/4" larger. Start the OFFSET command
(watch the command line) and enter .125 as the offset distance (1/2 of 1/4"). Now
select the circle and pick anywhere outside the circle. Press <ENTER> to end the
command.

2. Draw a cuboid having length = 60mm, width = 40mm and height = 30mm in an
isometric view and draw its perspective views (one point and two-point) from a point
70mm away.
3. Identify the number of vanishing points for each picture.
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i. Number of vanishing points for the first picture.__________________

ii. Number of vanishing points for the second picture._________________
iii. Number of vanishing points for the third picture. __________________

Sub-Topic 2: USE OF COMPUTER FOR DRAWING SHAPED BLOCKS

In this topic emphasis is laid on perfecting students’ skill in the use of the AutoCAD in
drawing shaped blocks. The following exercises will do: With that assistance of the teacher

a. Use your system to draw two of the following shaped blocks

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b. Draw two out of the isometric blocks below

EVALUATION: Draw one of the untouched isometric blocks

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT: Draw all the remaining untouched blocks above.

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WEEK 7

CLASS: SS 2

SUBJECT: TECHNICAL DRAWING

TOPIC: Computer Aided Drawing: Pictorial and Auxiliary Views

Sub-Topic 1: USE OF THE COMPUTER TO DRAW THE AUXILIARY ELEVATIONS AND PLANS OF
TRUNCATED GEOMETRICAL SOLIDS

BACKGROUND: ISOMETRIC PROJECTION AND MULTI VIEW DRAWINGS

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EXERCISES:

1. With the assistance of the teacher draw using AutoCAD the following auxiliary
views of the truncated geometrical solids below:

2.
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EVALUATION: Draw, using your system, the auxiliary views shown below:

GENERAL EVALUATION:

1. When using the TRIM command, which do you select first?

The cutting edges
The object to be trimmed
Everything
Nothing

2. What is the best way of drawing a rectangle?

Using the Line command
Using the Polyline command
Using the Rectangle command
Using the Multiline command
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3. What is the best way of drawing a rectangle?

Using the Line command
Using the Polyline command
Using the Rectangle command
Using the Multiline command
4. From which direction does AutoCAD start measuring angles?
12 o'clock
3 o'clock
6 o'clock
9 o'clock
What does WCS stand for?
Western CAD System
Worldwide Coordinate Sectors
World Coordinate System
Wrong CAD Settings
When drawing in 2D, what axis do you NOT work with?
X
Y
Z
WCS
1s 300 degrees the same as -60 degrees in a drawing?
Yes
No
Not always
Never
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5. Reproduce the drawing below:

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
Reproduce the drawing below:
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REFERENCE TEXTS:

Teach Yourself AutoCAD by Oche Amuta; Engineering Graphics with Solid Works 2013 at
www.sdcpublications.com/pdfsample/978-1-58503-780-3-2.pdf; www.mycadsite.cotm.

WEEK 8

CLASS: SS 2

SUBJECT: TECHNICAL DRAWING

TOPIC: Traces of a Point and Line in Space

Sub-Topic 1: PROJECTION OF A POINT AND A LINE IN SPACE.

Projection of a point and a line in space

It is stated in orthographic projection that the projection of line will only show its true
length if the line is parallel to the plane on which it is projected. Therefore, if a straight line
is parallel to any of the three reference planes, its true length is shown by the view on that
particular plane or side vertical plane, its true length and angle of inclination will be shown
on the elevation or end deviation respectively. But when the line is not parallel to any of the
planes, none its views will show the true length of the angle of inclination. These can be
worked out in different ways. True lengths of lines are very important aspects of
engineering drawing. Note that if a line makes an angle to a plane, it will penetrate the
plane if produced. The point where it penetrates the plane is called trace.
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Activity 1:

To find the traces of a line given the plane and elevation.

Procedure:

1. Draw the given plan A,B, and the elevation AB

2. Extend line AB to intersect the base line at x, while A,B, will intersect the base line at
y.
3. Draw vertical lines from y and x to intersect with the extended lines to get the
vertical trace V.T and horizontal trace H.T

EVALUATION

1. When can we have true length and angle?

2. Where is the true length and angle most needed?
3. What do you understand by trace?

READING ASSIGNMENT: Elements of Technical Drawing by Osuji and pages( 75-78)

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WEEK 9
CLASS: SS 2

SUBJECT: TECHNICAL DRAWING

TOPIC: TRACES OF A POINT AND LINE IN SPACE CONTINUES.

Activity 1:

To find the true length and true angle of inclination of given of a given line using the
conical method.

Procedure:

1. Draw the given views AB and A1B1

2. Draw horizontal lines at A and B1
3. Centre at B1 radius B1A1 describe an arc to cut the horizontal line from A at C 1. Join
C1B to get the true length and angle.

Activity 2:

To find the true length and angle of a line using the triangulation method.
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Procedure:

1. Draw the given views of the line B and A1 B1

2. Draw horizontal lines from A ad B1 as shown
3. At any point, draw a vertical line OP showing the vertical difference between
points A and B.
4. Centre at P1 radius A1 B1 cut the horizontal line at q.
5. qo is the true length while is the true angle of inclination.

Activity 3:

To find the true length and angle of a line and angle of a line using the auxiliary views
method.
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Procedure:

1. Draw the given views of the given line AB and A1 B1

2. introduce an auxiliary plane X1Y1 parallel to A1 B1
3. Look in the direction of arrow K and project lines from A 1 B1 parallel to the direction
of sight K
4. Make X1A2 = XA and Y1 B2=YB
5. A2 B2 is the true length while ᶿ is the true angle . if you want to use the elevation AB,
project lines from A and B parallel to K the line of sight. At any point convenient ,
draw a line X1 Y1 parallel to AB. Make X1A2 = XA1 and y1B2 = YB1. A2B2 is the true length.

EVALUATION

i. State three ways of how true length and true angle can be shown?
ii. Sketch any one of the ways stated above?

WEEK-END ASSIGNMENT

Follow the procedure as outlined in your e-note, and draw the true length and true angle of
a line using the triangulation method.

WEEK 10

CLASS: SS 2

SUBJECT: TECHNICAL DRAWING

TOPIC: PLANES AND VIEWS IN SPACE

CONTENT: (a) Key terms in planes and views in space.

(b) Line inclined to horizontal and vertical planes.

Sub-Topic 1: KEY TERMS IN PLANES AND VIEWS IN SPACE.

The key terms in views and planes in space include: vertical plane, horizontal plane, triangular
laminar, hip rafter, roof rafter etc.
1. vertical plane
2. horizontal plane
3. triangular laminar
4. hip rafter
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5. roof rafter .

Activity 1:
To find the true shape of a given inclined triangle.Q 1 given the elevation a1 b1 c1 and the plan a b c of
a triangle as follows: ab=35mm, bc=60mm, ac=70mm and is parallel to the vertical plane. On the
elevation b1 is 40mm above the horizontal plane. Find the true shape of the plan.

Procedure:
(i) Draw the views of the triangle.
(ii) Find the true lengths of a1 b1 =XZ and c1 b1 = XZ1
(iii) Centre at a1 radius XZ describe an arc.
(iv) Centre at c radius XZ1, cut the arc at b2. ab2c is the true shape.

Activity 2:
Given a triangular laminar lying at an angle to the vertical plane and at right angles to the
horizontal plane, find the true shape of the elevation.
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Procedure:
(i) Draw the view of the triangle.
(ii) With centre at B1, radii B1 A1 and B1 C1 describe arcs to cut a horizontal lines from
B1 at D and E respectively.
(iii) Draw a vertical line from A to A2.
(iv) Draw a vertical line from E to intersect BC produced at C2.
(v) Join B C2 A2 to get the true shape of the elevation.

Activity 3:
Given the plan and elevation of hip rafters of a roof, find the true lengths of the roof raters.

Procedure:
(i) Draw the given view of the hip rafters xyz and x1 y1 z1.
(ii) Centre at x1 describe an arc to cut a horizontal line from x1 at a.
(iii) From a draw a vertical line to intersect with a horizontal line from z at b.
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(iv) xb is the true length of xz.

(v) Centre at x radius xy describe an arc to intersect with a horizontal line from x at
a1 .
(vi) From a1 drop a vertical line to intersect with z1 y1 produced at b1.
(vii) x1b1 is the true length of x1y1.

EVALUATION:

1. mention the key terms in planes and views in space.

2. Make a free hand sketch of triangular laminar showing the true shape.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

Following the procedure in your system draw plan and elevation of hip rafters of a roof.

REFERENCE TEXTS

1. Elements of Technical Drawing for Senior Schools and Colleges by Osuji,U.S.A Ph.d
and Akano, E.O. M.sc
2. Technical Drawing manual with solved past questions School curricular 1 & 2.