8th CLASS

Experiments -1
Aim: Electrostatic force comes into play even when the bodies are not in contact.
Materials required: Two plastic straws, Thread, A sheet of paper,
Procedure:1) Take equal lengths of two plastic straws.
2) Suspend one of the plastic straw from the edge of a table with the help of a
piece of thread.
3) Now hold the other plastic straw in your hand and rub its free end with a
sheet of paper.
4) Bring the rubbed end of the straw near the suspended straw.
5) Make sure that the two plastic straws do not touch each other.
6) We observed that, two straws are attracting each other.
7) A straw is said to have acquired electrostatic charge after it has been
rubbed with a sheet of paper. Such a straw is an example of a charged
body.
8) Next, rub the free end of the suspended piece of straw with a sheet of
paper.
9) Again, bring the piece of straw that was rubbed earlier with paper near the
free end of the suspended straw.
10) We observed that, two straws are repelling each other.
11) Two plastic straws acquired same electric charge.

Conclusion: Electrostatic force comes into play even when the bodies are not in contact.
The electrostatic force, therefore, is another example of a non-contact force.
Experiments -2
Aim: Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height of
its column.
Materials required: Transparent container, Water Ruler or measuring tape, Spring
balance or pressure gauge, Stopwatch or timer
Procedure:
1) Place the transparent container on a flat surface.
2) Fill the container with water, ensuring it is completely filled to the brim.
3) Use a ruler or measuring tape to measure the initial height (h1) of the water
column from the base of the container to the surface of the water.
4) Attach the spring balance or pressure gauge to the bottom of the container,
ensuring it is securely fastened.
5) Start the stopwatch or timer.
6) Observe and record the reading on the spring balance or pressure gauge, which
indicates the pressure exerted by the liquid at the bottom of the container.

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7) Measure the final height (h2) of the water column after a specific time interval
(Ex: 30 seconds).
8) Repeat steps 5-7 for different time intervals (Ex:1 minute, 2 minutes) while
keeping the initial height constant.
9) Repeat steps 3-8 for different initial heights (h1) by adding or removing water
from the container.
S.No h1 h2 ∆h= h2- h1

Conclusion: This experiment confirms that the pressure exerted by a liquid at the
bottom of a container does depend on the height of its column.
By measuring the pressure at different heights and observing the
corresponding changes, we can see a direct relationship between the two
variables.
Experiments -3
Aim: Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height of
its column.
Materials required: Transparent glass or a plastic pipe, Water, A piece of thin sheet of
rubber
Procedure:
1) Take a transparent glass tube or a plastic pipe.
2) The length of the pipe/tube should be about 25 cm and its diameter should be
5-7.5 cm.
3) Also take a piece of thin sheet of a good quality rubber, say, a rubber balloon.
4) Stretch the rubber sheet tightly over one end of the pipe.

5) Hold the pipe at the middle, keeping it in a vertical position.

6) Ask one of your friends to pour some water in the pipe.
7) The rubber sheet bulges out.
8) Note also the height of the water column in the pipe.
9) Pour some more water.
10) Observe again the bulge in the rubber sheet and the height of the water
column in the pipe. Repeat this process a few more times.
11) We will observe that the bulging of the rubber balloon increase with the
increase in height of the liquid column.
Conclusion: Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the
height of its column.

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Experiment -4
Aim: Identifying a substance as coal experimentally.
Materials required: Sample suspected to be coal, Bunsen burner or a heat source,
Ceramic crucible or a fire-resistant container, Test tubes and test
tube holder, Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Water, Balance or scale,
A source of ignition(matches or a lighter), Safety goggles and gloves.
Procedure:
Visual Examination:
1. Examine the sample's appearance. Coal is typically black or brownish-black and
has a matte or dull luster.
2. Check for any layered or irregular texture on the surface.
Density Measurement:
1. Weigh the sample using a balance or scale to determine its mass.
2. Calculate the density by dividing the mass by the volume. If you don't know the
volume, you can estimate it based on the sample's dimensions.
3. Compare the calculated density to typical coal densities, which are generally lower
than most rocks and minerals.
Combustion Test:
1. Ignite a small piece of the sample using a Bunsen burner or a heat source.
2. Observe the flame color and characteristics. Coal typically burns with a yellow or
orange flame, releasing carbon dioxide.
3. Note the odor and any visible ash left behind after burning.
Acid Reaction:
1. Place a small portion of the sample in a test tube.
2. Add a few drops of hydrochloric acid (HCl) to the sample.
3. Observe if there is any reaction. Coal should not react with the acid, indicating its
organic nature.
Heating Test:
1. Heat a small sample of the material in a ceramic crucible or fire-resistant
container.
2. Observe the material's behavior as it heats up: Coal will release volatile
components, such as water vapor or gases, and may shrink in size.
3. Note any change in color or texture.
4. Coal will leave behind ash after heating.
Conclusion: Based on the results of the experiments and comparisons, determine
whether the material is coal or another substance.
Experiment -5
Aim: Identifying inexhaustible and exhaustible natural resources experimentally
Materials required: Samples representing potential natural resources (e.g., water,
sunlight, fossil fuel, soil), Containers or setups for experiments,
Measuring instruments (e.g., measuring cups, thermometers, light
sensors), Timer or clock
Procedure:
Part 1: Identification of Inexhaustible Natural Resources
Inexhaustible natural resources are those that are virtually unlimited in supply and can
be replenished naturally over time. Here's how you can identify them experimentally:
1. Water (as an example):
a. Fill a container with water (a small basin or beaker).
b. Set up a simple experiment to measure the rate of water evaporation. You can use
a thermometer to monitor the water temperature and a timer to record the time it
takes for a noticeable decrease in water level due to evaporation.
c. Observe and record the results over a period of time (several days or weeks).

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d. Conclude that water is an inexhaustible resource because it can be replenished
through natural processes like the water cycle.
Part 2: Identification of Exhaustible Natural Resources
Exhaustible natural resources are finite and can be depleted over time. Fossil fuels like
coal, oil, and natural gas are examples. Here's how you can identify them
experimentally:
1. Fossil Fuel (as an example):
a. Take a small piece of coal, representing a fossil fuel resource.
b. Set up a simple experiment to simulate combustion (burning) of the coal. Place the
coal in a controlled environment, such as a heat-resistant dish or crucible.
c. Ignite the coal using a heat source (e.g., a Bunsen burner or a candle) and observe
the combustion process.
d. Record the time it takes for the coal to burn completely or to a significant extent.
e. Conclude that coal is an exhaustible resource because it can be depleted through
consumption and combustion.
Conclusion: 1. Inexhaustible natural resources like water demonstrated a sustainable
supply or the ability to replenish naturally over time.
2. Exhaustible natural resources like fossil fuels showed a finite supply and
the potential for depletion through consumption.
Experiment -6
Aim: Simulated Distillation and Fractionation of Crude Oil
Materials required: A small sample of crude oil (representing the feedstock),A distillation
apparatus (e.g., a simple distillation setup or a fractional distillation column), Heat
source (e.g., Bunsen burner or hot plate), Collection flasks or test tubes, Thermometer,
Water-cooling system (condenser or Liebig condenser), Fractionating column (if
performing fractional distillation), Safety goggles and lab coat.
Procedure:
1. Sample Preparation:
a) Obtain a small sample of crude oil. This represents the feedstock that enters a real
petroleum refinery.
b) If necessary, filter the crude oil to remove any solid impurities.
2. Setting Up the Distillation Apparatus:
a) Assemble the distillation apparatus. If you have a fractional distillation column,
attach it to the setup.
b) Ensure that the distillation flask is clean and dry.
c) Attach the condenser to the distillation flask, and connect it to a water source for
cooling.
d) Place a collection flask or test tube at the distillate outlet.
3. Heating and Distillation:
a) Begin heating the crude oil sample gently using the heat source (Bunsen burner or
hot plate).
b) Record the temperature as it rises throughout the process.
c) As the temperature increases, different fractions of the crude oil will start to vaporize.
d) The lowest boiling fractions (such as gases and light naphtha) will condense and
collect in the first collection flask or test tube.
e) Continue heating until you have collected several fractions representing different
boiling ranges (e.g., gasoline, kerosene, diesel, etc.).
4. Observation and Data Collection:
a) Observe the different fractions collected and note their physical properties, such as
color and viscosity.
b) Record the temperature ranges at which each fraction was collected.
c) Label each fraction according to its expected petroleum product (e.g., gasoline,

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kerosene).
5. Safety Precautions:
a) Ensure proper ventilation in the laboratory.
b) Wear safety goggles and a lab coat.
c) Handle heating equipment with care to prevent accidents.
d) Use caution when working with open flames.
Conclusion: This simplified experiment demonstrates the concept of distillation and
fractionation in petroleum refining, providing a basic understanding of how crude oil is
separated into various useful products in a real refinery.

Project – 1
Title of the Project: Formation of Petroleum: Nature's Liquid Gold
Aim of the project: Formation of Petroleum
Hypothesis: Petroleum, often referred to as "liquid gold," is a valuable natural resource
that powers our modern world.
Introduction: Understanding how petroleum forms is essential to appreciate its
significance. Petroleum originates from organic materials buried deep within the Earth
and undergoes a transformation over millions of years, ultimately resulting in the
formation of this precious resource.

1. Source Material: Petroleum primarily originates from the remains of ancient

marine organisms such as plankton and algae. These microorganisms
accumulated at the bottom of ancient oceans and seas.
2. Deposition: Over time, layers of sediment accumulated on top of these organic
remains. The pressure from these layers compressed the organic material, causing
it to become buried deeper within the Earth's crust.
3. Heat and Pressure: As the organic material sank deeper into the Earth's crust, it
encountered increasing heat and pressure. This combination of high temperatures
and pressure initiated a process called "diagenesis," which transforms the organic
material into a waxy substance called kerogen.
4. Cooking Process (categenesis): Further burial and increased temperature
transform kerogen into hydrocarbons. This process, known as catagenesis,
involves the cracking of long-chain hydrocarbons in kerogen into shorter and more
complex hydrocarbons like oil and natural gas.
5. Migration: Once formed, petroleum tends to migrate through porous rock layers,
seeking reservoirs where it can accumulate. The movement of petroleum is driven
by buoyancy and geological structures.
6. Trapping: Petroleum is usually found in reservoirs trapped beneath impermeable
rocks, like shale or salt domes. These geological traps prevent the oil and gas from
escaping to the surface.
7. Maturation: Over millions of years, petroleum continues to mature, with some
components breaking down into natural gas, while others remain as liquid crude
oil.
8. Exploration and Extraction: To access petroleum, exploratory drilling is
conducted to locate and extract it from reservoirs deep underground.
9. Conclusion: The formation of petroleum is a remarkable geological process that
takes millions of years. It begins with the accumulation of organic material from
ancient marine life, undergoes heat and pressure-driven transformations, and
ultimately leads to the creation of valuable oil and gas deposits. Understanding
this process is crucial for efficient petroleum exploration and the sustainable
management of this vital natural resource.

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PROJECT REPORT
Name of the project:
Class : 8th
Subject : Physical Science
Name of the School:
Time Duration :
Material used : Internet, Newspapers and 8th class physical science book.

Project – 2
Title of the Project: Collect information on Various Constituents of Petroleum
and their Uses
Aim of the project: Various Constituents of Petroleum and their Uses
Hypothesis: Petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and various other
compounds.
Introduction: Petroleum, often referred to as "liquid gold," is a valuable natural resource
that powers our modern world. Understanding how petroleum forms is essential to
appreciate its significance.
1. Petroleum Gas in Liquid Form(LPG)
Use: Fuel for home and Industry

2. Petrol
Use: Motor fuel, Aviation fuel, Solvent for dry cleaning

3.Kerosene
Use: Fuels for stove, Lamps and for Jet aircrafts

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4. Diesel
Use: Fuel for heavy motor vehicles, Electric generators

5. Lubricating oil
Use: Lubrication

6. Paraffin wax
Use: Ointments, Candles, Vaseline etc.

7. Bitumen
Use: Paints, Road surfacing

Conclusion:
PROJECT REPORT
Name of the project:
Class : 8th
Subject : Physical Science
Name of the School:
Time Duration :
Material used : Internet, Newspapers and 8thclass physical science book.

M.SRINIVASA RAO,SA(PHYSICS) PH: 9848143855 GUDIVADA Visit: srini science mind 7

Project – 3:
Title of the Project: The function of major thermal power plants in India.
Aim of the Project: Collect information on major thermal power plants.
Hypothesis: Generate electric energy from thermal energy
Introduction: The functioning of major thermal power plants in India involves a series
of steps and processes to generate electricity from thermal energy. Here's a general
overview of how these power plants operate.
1. Fuel Supply:
 Thermal power plants primarily use coal, natural gas, or oil as fuel sources.
 The fuel is transported to the power plant site and stored in large stockpiles or
storage tanks.
2. Combustion Process:
 The fuel is burned in a combustion chamber, typically within a boiler, to
produce high-temperature and high-pressure steam.
3. Steam Generation:
 Water is heated to produce steam using the heat generated from the
combustion process.
 The high-pressure steam is directed to a steam turbine.
4. Steam Turbine:
 The steam turbine is connected to a generator.
 As the high-pressure steam flows through the turbine, it causes the turbine
blades to rotate.
5. Electricity Generation:
 The rotation of the turbine drives the generator, which converts mechanical
energy into electrical energy.
 This electricity is then transmitted to the grid for distribution to consumers.
6. Cooling:
 The steam exiting the turbine is condensed back into water in a condenser.
 Cooling water, often from a nearby river or cooling tower, is used to reduce
the temperature of the steam.
7. Steam Cycle:
 The water, now in liquid form, is returned to the boiler to repeat the steam
generation cycle.
 This closed-loop system ensures efficient use of water.
8. Emissions Control:
 Thermal power plants employ various technologies to control emissions of
pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and
particulate matter.
 Technologies like flue gas desulfurization (FGD) and selective catalytic
reduction (SCR) help reduce air pollution.
9. Ash Handling:
 In coal-fired power plants, ash is produced as a byproduct of combustion.
 Ash handling systems collect and transport the ash to ash ponds or for
disposal.
10. Environmental Compliance: -
 Power plants must adhere to environmental regulations and obtain
necessary permits to operate.
 Regular monitoring and reporting of emissions and compliance with
emission limits are essential.
11. Maintenance and Upkeep: -
 Thermal power plants require regular maintenance to ensure safe and
efficient operation.

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 Planned shutdowns or outages are scheduled for maintenance activities.
12. Modernization and Efficiency Improvements: -
 Power plants may undergo upgrades and improvements to enhance
efficiency and reduce emissions.
 These upgrades may include adopting cleaner technologies and improving
fuel efficiency.
13.Grid Integration: -
 Electricity generated at thermal power plants is integrated into the national
or regional grid for distribution to consumers.
Conclusion: It's important to note that while the general process remains consistent, the
specific operations of thermal power plants can vary depending on factors such as the
type of fuel used (coal, natural gas, or oil), the size and capacity of the plant, and the
technology employed. Additionally, there is a growing emphasis on cleaner and more
efficient technologies in the Indian power sector to reduce environmental impacts and
increase energy efficiency.
PROJECT REPORT
Name of the project :
Class : 8th class
Subject : Physical Science
Name of the School :
Time Duration :
Material Used : Internet, Newspapers and 8th class textbook

M.SRINIVASA RAO,SA(PHYSICS) PH: 9848143855 GUDIVADA Visit: srini science mind 9