Nouns

具体 抽象（看不到）
Nouns give names of concrete or abstract things in our lives.

For the plural form of most nouns, add s. 大多数多性的名词后面都加 s

• bottle – bottles
• cup – cups
• pencil – pencils
• desk – desks
• sticker – stickers
• window – windows

For nouns that end in ch, x, s, or s sounds, add es. 以 ch，x，s 或有 s 声结束的
名词后面都加 es

• box – boxes
• watch – watches
• moss – mosses
• bus – buses

For nouns ending in f or fe, change f to v and add es. 以 f 或 fe 结束的名词后面

把 f/fe 换成 v 然后加 es

• wolf – wolves
• wife – wives
• leaf – leaves
• life – lives

Some nouns have different plural forms. 特别的名词有不同的多数词表达

• child – children
• woman – women
• man – men
• mouse – mice
• goose – geese

Nouns ending in vowels like y or o do not have definite rules. 以 y 或 o 结束的

名词没有特定的规律

• baby – babies
• toy – toys
• kidney – kidneys
• potato – potatoes
• memo – memos
• stereo – stereos
A few nouns have the same singular and plural forms. 一些多数名词与它原本的
名词相同

• sheep – sheep
• deer – deer
• series – series
• species – species

Practice 1
Choose the correct form of the noun in each sentence.

1)I have three (child, children).

2)There are five (man, men) and one (woman, women).
3)(Baby, Babies) play with bottles as toys.
4)I put two big (potato, potatoes) in the lunch box.
5)A few men wear (watch, watches).
6)I put a (memo, memos) on the desk.
7)I saw a (mouse, mice) running by.
8)There are few (bus, buses) on the road today.
Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Countable Nouns
Can be counted as one or more.

• pen, computer, bottle, spoon, desk, cup, television, chair, shoe, finger,
flower, camera, stick, balloon, book, table, comb, etc.

Take an s to form the plural.

• pens, computers, bottles, spoons, desks, cups, televisions, chairs,

shoes, fingers, flowers, cameras, sticks, balloons, books, tables,
combs, etc.

Work with expressions such as (a few, few, many, some, every, each, these,
and the number of).

• a few pens, a few computers, many bottles, some spoons, every desk,
each cup, these televisions, the number of chairs, a few shoes, a few
fingers, many flowers, some cameras, every stick, each balloon, these
books, the number of tables, many combs, etc.

Work with appropriate articles (a, an, or the).

• a pen, the computer, a bottle, the spoon, a desk, the cup, a television,
the chair, a shoe, the finger, a flower, the camera, a stick, the balloon,
a book, the table, a comb, etc.

Do NOT work with much (for example, you would never say much
pens or much computers).

Non-count nouns
Cannot be counted. They usually express a group or a type.

• water, wood, ice, air, oxygen, English, Spanish, traffic, furniture, milk,
wine, sugar, rice, meat, flour, soccer, sunshine, etc.

Generally cannot be pluralized.

Work both with and without an article (a, an, or the), depending on the
context of the sentence.

• Sugar is sweet.
• The sunshine is beautiful.
• I drink milk.
• He eats rice.
• We watch soccer together.
• The wood is burning.
Work with expressions such as (some, any, enough, this, that, and much).

• We ate some rice and milk.

• I hope to see some sunshine today.
• This meat is good.
• She does not speak much Spanish.
• Do you see any traffic on the road?
• That wine is very old.

Do NOT work with expressions such as (these, those, every, each, either, or
neither).

Practice 2
Choose all of the non-count nouns in the following list:

wine student
pen water
wind milk
computer furniture
cup rice
box watch
potato wood
Possessive nouns

Possessive nouns are used to indicate ownership.

Possessive nouns usually are formed by adding an apostrophe (') and s.

• John's book
• Kerry's car
• Grandma's mirror

When a noun is plural and ends in s, just add an apostrophe (').

• The kids' toys

• My parents' house
• The teachers' lounge

If two people own one thing, add the apostrophe and s to the second person
only.

• John and Mary's new house

• David and Sue's wedding
• Tom and Doug's car

If two people own separate things, add the apostrophe and s for each
person.

• Susan's and Beth's books

• Jean's and Dan's pants
• Ben's and Jim's offices

Practice 3
Which of the following is not correct?

1)Dr. Hunts has a new computer.

2)Dr. Hunts's new computer is working well.
3)Dr. Hunts' computer is new.
Pronouns

A pronoun takes the place of a noun.

Example story:

Mary is one of the heads of the ToJi Corporation. Mary works with Mr. James
and Mr. James' son Tom. Mr. James and Mr. James' son Tom are experts in
biochemistry. Mary, Mr. James, and Tom researched and invented a drug for
cancer treatment.

Write the story above using pronouns:

Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns refer to a person:

• I go to school.
• You are a student.
• They are Koreans.
• He works here.
• We gave her food.

The word ‘it' refers to an object:

• I drank it.
• It is big.
• They cut it into halves.

Third
First Second
Male Female Neutral
Singular Subject I you he she it
Singular Object me you him her it
Singular Reflexive myself yourself himself herself itself
Plural Subject we you they
Plural Object us you them
Plural Reflexive ourselves yourselves themselves

Practice 4
Write the correct pronoun in each blank.
1)I ate an apple. was delicious.
2)You look tired. should rest.
3)She is a teacher. I gave a book.
4)They are my friends. I like very much.
5)He saw the movie. was fun.
Adjectives

Adjectives describe or modify nouns.

I like fairy tales. A fairy tale is an imaginary story that

has unrealistic characters in a fantastic background. It makes me forget
about the real world and refreshes my tired mind.

Adjectives generally appear immediately before the noun.

• A pretty girl
• Red flowers
• A long stick
• Heavy boxes
• Warm weather

Commonly, adjectives of opposite meaning are formed by adding a prefix

such as un, in, or dis.

• clear – unclear, important – unimportant, predictable – unpredictable,

believable – unbelievable, common – uncommon, aware – unaware,
ambiguous – unambiguous, conventional – unconventional, certain –
uncertain
• definite – indefinite, correct – incorrect, comparable – incomparable,
complete – incomplete, evitable – inevitable, expensive – inexpensive
• able – disable, assemble – disassemble, content – discontent, similar –
dissimilar

When using a string of adjectives, they should appear in a set order:

size/shape + age + colour + origin + material.

• A big brown house

• A small old English desk
• A beautiful black Italian leather purse
• Delicious Chinese food

The + adjective describes a class or group of people and acts as a noun.

• the old, the young, the poor, the rich, the oppressed, the homeless,
etc.
• This popular TV show is loved by the old.

Practice 5.1
Underline all adjectives in the following sentences.

In the spring, red roses blossom in my cute small garden. The beautiful birds
also sing in the big oak tree.