ESL Curriculum

• Describe and recognize nouns. • Demonstrate proper sentence

structure use.
•  Describe and recognize verbs.
•  Demonstrate correct use of
•  Use pronouns properly. punctuation, numbers and time.

•  Use prepositions properly. •  Describe methods for increasing

reading comprehension.
•  Identify conjunctions.
•  Summarize methods for increasing
•  Demonstrate proper use of vocabulary power.
adjectives and adverbs.
•  Define basic sentence structure.

•  Master subject-verb agreement

NOUN
The Basic Foundation of English Language
CHAPTER I
At the End of this Chapter the Student would be
able to:
• Define and Enumerate noun and its components.
• Apply and Synthesize nouns in a sentence.
• Value the importance of learning nouns.
Concrete vs
Abstract

Countable vs
Uncountable Common vs
Proper

NOUN
Singular vs
Compound
Regular
Noun
Plural

Irregular
Plural Nouns
What is a Noun?

Nouns are a part of speech that comprise of words that are used to
name people, places, animals, objects and ideas. Almost every
sentence will definitely have a noun, and they perform different roles
in a sentence. Nouns can act as the subject, an indirect object, a
direct object, a subject complement and an object complement.
Nouns can also function as adjectives and verbs.
Types of Nouns
Concrete Abstract

• Phone • Love

• Dress • Courage

• Computer • Power

• Pizza • Bond

• Water • Happiness
Concrete Noun
Concrete noun is a noun which we can feel through our five
senses such as smell, sight, hearing, touch and taste. Objects
and substances which we cannot feel (see, hear, taste, touch, or
smell) through our sense organs are not concrete nouns.
Examples
People Cake Pencil Water Market

Turkey Electricity Noise Smoke Air

Milk Burn Headache Cold Light

Sentence
• My mom gives me an apple daily with lunch.

• Me and my sister saw baboons and black panther at the zoo.

• My car is very big in which my whole family members can sit.

•  Sometimes peacocks come into my yard especially in the rainy season.

• I always eat a hard boiled egg in my breakfast.

Abstract Noun
Abstract nouns are words that name things that are not concrete.
Your five physical senses cannot detect an abstract noun – you
can’t see it, smell it, taste it, hear it, or touch it. In essence, an
abstract noun is a quality, a concept, an idea, or maybe even an
event.
Examples
Feelings States Emotions Qualities Concepts Ideas Events
Anxiety Being Anger Beauty Charity Beliefs Adventure

Confusion Chaos Despair Beauty Comfort Communication Birthday

Fear Freedom Happiness Brilliance Culture Curiosity Career

Pain Liberty Hate Courage Deceit Democracy Childhood

Pleasure Luxury Indifference Dedication Energy Friendship Death

Satisfaction Misery Joy Determination Failure Interest Future

Sentences
• I’d like the freedom to travel all over the world.

• Joe felt a nagging sense of doom.

• Love is a kind of irresistible desire; it’s hard to define.

• I want to see justice served.

• When Sarah jumped into the lake to rescue a drowning cat, her bravery
astonished onlookers.
Find whether it’s Concrete or Abstract
coffee cup island uncertainty Man Desire

Kindness Sunrise English Room Friends

Friendliness Power Heat Laws of Physics Bruise

GREAT WORK!
REVIEW!
Types of Nouns
boy • James

river • Pasig River

car • Toyota

doctor • Doctor Veneracion

town • Rockledge

candy bar • Hershey’s

Common Noun
A common noun is a noun that denotes any or all of a class of
entities and not an individual. In simpler terms, common nouns act
as generic terms for nonspecific objects.

GENERIC!
Examples
• people: woman, child, brother, wife, friend, firefighter, magician, burglar, crook,
judge, captain, boss, accountant, hero, author, reader, teacher, actress, queen.

• animals: dog, cat, horse, bird, bug, spider, fish, monkey, lion, tiger, elephant,
alligator

• Places: island, city, beach, backyard, uptown, jungle, nowhere, front, end,
kitchen, bedroom, cave

• Ideas: government, chaos, love, logic, reason, justice, science, crime

• AND MORE!!!
Sentences
• Can I pet your dog?

• Mother, can you bake your brownies for the party?

• My girlfriend is an actress.

• Donald Trump visited many queens and palaces during his tenure as the
president of the United States.

• I really want a new pair of jeans.

Proper Noun
A proper noun is a name for a particular person, place, or thing.
Proper nouns are always capitalized in English, no matter where
they fall in a sentence. Because they endow nouns with a specific
name, they are also sometimes called proper names.

SPECIFIC!
Examples
• Shops: Harrods, Marks & Spencer, Macy's

• Banks: Barclays Bank

• hotels, restaurants: Steve's Hotel, Joe's Cafe, McDonald's

• churches, cathedrals: St John's Church, St Peter's Cathedral

• Countries: England, Italy, Brazil

• Continents: Asia, Europe, North America

• Names: Ali, Eirol, Dorothy, Philip, Aniza

Sentences
• He never goes anywhere without Sarah.

• There are many important documents at The Library of Congress.

• Mr. Bell seems to understand what students need.

• Gloria had a craving, and not just any cookie would do. She went to the store
and bought a box of Oreos.

• Brett had hoped for an easy teacher for his algebra class, but he got Ms. Boggs,
whose unreasonable demands and short temper made the semester
unbearable.
Find the common and proper nouns in each
sentence
• The boy threw the ball to his dog, Wilson.

• We went to Smith’s Furniture and bought a new couch to replace our old one.

• Do you think the Dolphins will win the game?

• When the Titanic sank, the captain went down with the ship.

• We wanted to try a new restaurant, so we went to Taste of Thai

Another Milestone Achieved!
What Can You Observe?
• Today, I picked up a few thing at the stores, and then I picked up my childs at
school. Just a regular day in my lifes, like many other daies!

• Today, I picked up a few thing at the stores, and then I picked up my childs at
school. Just a regular day in my lifes, like many other daies!

• Today, I picked up a few things at the store, and then I picked up my child /
children at school. Just a regular day in my life, like many other days!

POOR USAGE OF SINGULAR AND

PLURAL NOUNS!
Singular Nouns
Singular nouns can be used to refer to people, places,
things, or ideas. Singular nouns always refer to one person
or one thing. Singular nouns can refer to general things or
more specific people, places, and things with names or
titles.
Examples
• people: boy, girl, child, person, actor, huntress, king, queen, Gandhi, Juliet

• places: town, city, state, country, Chicago, Switzerland, Africa

• things: apple, orange, tree, plant, animal, building, chair, desk, paper, computer

• Ideas: hunger, sadness, depression, government, religion, knowledge, question,

science, time
Sentences
• The boy had a baseball in his hand.

• My horse prefers to wear an English saddle.

• That cat never seems to tire of jumping in and out of the box.

• You stole my idea and didn't give me any credit.

• Your mom is going to be upset about that broken lamp.

Plural Nouns
• Plural form is the non-singular form of nouns and pronouns. Plural form refers
to more than one of a particular noun (whereas singular form refers to a single
noun).

MORE THAN ONE!

Most plural nouns ends
with “S”
Example
• Tree – Trees Alley – Alleys

• Lake – Lakes Tomato - Tomatoes

• School – Schools Hero - Heroes

• Cat – Cats Embryo - Embryos

• Lady – Ladies Piano - Pianos

• Story – Stories

• Monkey – Monkeys
RULES!
1. If the word ends with [Consonant + Y] = add “ies”

• Lady – Ladies

• Story – Stories

2. If the word ends with [Vowel + Y] = add “s”

• Monkey – Monkeys

• Alley - Alleys
Example
• Tree – Trees Alley – Alleys

• Lake – Lakes Tomato - Tomatoes

• School – Schools Hero - Heroes

• Cat – Cats Embryo - Embryos

• Lady – Ladies Piano - Pianos

• Story – Stories

• Monkey – Monkeys
RULES
1. If the word ends with [Consonant + O] = add “es”

• Tomato - Tomatoes

• Hero - Heroes

2. However there are words that ends with [Consonant + O] but added with “s”

• Embryo - Embryos

• Piano – Pianos

3. There are also words that ends with [O] but can be spelled wit “s’, or “es” in Plural

• Banjo – Banjoes

• Cargo - Cargoes
Write the plural form of each singular nouns
• Activity • Activities

• Bully • Bullies

• Animal • Animals

• Mango • Mangos / Mangoes

• Veto • Vetoes

• Turkey • Turkeys

• Embargo • Embargoes

• Zoo • Zoos
Regular Plural Sounds

/S/ , /Z/ , /IZ/

• Cats /S/ Bushes /IZ/

• Schools /Z/ Buses /IZ/

• Teams /Z/ Taxes /IZ/

• Ladies /Z/

• Monkeys /Z/

• Tomatoes /Z/

• Pianos /Z/
RULE!
1. Nouns that ends with [s], [sh], [x], [ch], [z] = Add “es”

• Church – Churches

• Bus – Busses

• Fox – Foxes

• Beach – Beaches

• Quiz – Quizzes
Rule!
1. Nouns that ends at [F] or [Fe] = add [s] , or [ves] (Irregular)

• Chef – Chefs

• Cliff – Cliffs

• Wife – Wives

• Nightlife – Nightlives

2. There are also words that ends with [F] or [Fe] but can be spelled with “s’, or “ves” in
Plural

• Dwarf – Dwarves / Dwarfs

• Scarf – Scarfs / Scarves

Exercise
• Baby • Babies

• Toy • Toys

• Wish • Wishes

• Taxi • Taxis

• Choice • Choices

• Wolf • Wolves

• Photo • Photos
Sentences
Singular Plural

• I don’t want a fox • I don’t like foxes

• I want a dog • I like dogs

• I bought a watch • I have many watches

• I have a new stereo • I have two stereos

• There’s a knife • There’s 3 knives in the kitchen

REVIEW
• Mouse = Mouses • Mouse = Mice

• Child = Childs • Child = Children

• Woman = Womans • Woman = Women

• Sheep = Sheeps • Sheep = Sheep

• Goose = Gooses • Goose = Geese

• Rice = Rices • Rice = Rice

Irregular Plural Noun
• Irregular plural nouns are nouns that do not become plural by adding -s or -
es, as most nouns in the English language do.

• Irregular plural nouns don’t adhere to specific rules; therefore, it’s prudent to
study them or search for accurate pluralization in the dictionary. Lack of
definite rules makes it challenging to understand them.
Examples
• Penny • Pence

• Louse • Lice

• Die • Dice

• Ox • Oxen

• Opus • Opera

• Oasis • Oases

• Radius • Radi
Irregular Plural that Have Identical Singular and
Plural
• Some nouns have identical singular and plural.

• Aircraft is not Aircrafts

• Offspring is not Offsprings

• Aircraft = Aircraft

• Offspring = Offspring
• Deer – deer Means – means

• Gallows – gallows Offspring – offspring

• Moose – moose Deer – deer

• Salmon – salmon Barracks – barracks

• Hovercraft – hovercraft Fish – fish

• Spacecraft – spacecraft Sheep – sheep

• Series – series Trout – trout

• Species – species Swine – swine

Nouns that are always in Plural Forms
• Jeans • Jean

• Scissors • Scissor

• Pants • Pant

• Clothes • Clothe

• Pajamas • Pajama
Sentence
• I have a jean • I have some jeans

• I have a scissor • I have scissors

• Is this your pant? • Are these your pants?

• Can I borrow a clothe? • Can I borrow some clothes?

• This is my pajama • These are my pajamas

Nouns with Latin and Greek Origins
Many English words, especially in biology, medicine, and law, have
been adopted from Latin or Greek. Although most English words
form their plurals simply by adding the letter 's', this is not true of
these words.
Rule!
1. Words that ends with [a] will end with [ae] in plural form.

• Antenna – Antennae

• Alumna – Alumnae

2. Words that ends with [us] will end up with [i] in plural form.

• Octopus – Octopi

• Cactus - Cacti
Rule!
3. Words that ends with [is] will end with [es] in plural form.

• analysis - analyses

• diagnosis - diagnoses

4. Words that ends with [on] will end up with [a] in plural form.

• criterion - criteria

• phenomenon - phenomena
Rule
3. Words that ends with [um] will end with [a] in plural form.

• Agendum – Agenda

• Bacterium – Bacteria

• Spectrum – spectra

• Millennium – millennia
CHEAT SHEET
• [a] – [ae]

• [us] – [i]

• [is] – [es]

• [on] – [a]

• [um] – [a]
Practice
• Cercus • Cerci • [a] – [ae]

• Alumnus • Alumni • [us] – [i]

• Alga • Algae • [is] – [es]

• Maxilla • Maxillae • [on] – [a]

• Bacterium • Bacteria • [um] – [a]

• Flagellum • Flagella

• Penis • Penes

• axis • Axes
Sentence
• My sister has one child • My brother has two children

• I’m a quiet person • I don’t talk to many people

• Did you catch one fish • I caught two fish at the lake

• He has one cactus in the garden • I saw him with a lot of cacti at the
garden.
• She has a strong tibia
• The doctor prescribed to amputate
• I saw a pupa on that leaf both of her tibae

• A bunch of pupae lined up at that

leaf
YEEEEEHHHHHHH!
REVIEW
• I own a specialized cream for my • I own a toothpaste.
teeth.

• Danica is enjoying her activity at

night by going to party, getting • Danica is enjoying her nightlife.
drunk, play, and have a lot of fun till
the night is over.
• A scientist created a bluetooth
• A scientist created a short-range
wireless technology standard that is
used for exchanging data between
fixed and mobile devices over short
distances using UHF radio waves.
Compound Nouns
Compound Noun
• A compound noun is a noun that is made with two or more words. A compound
noun is usually [noun + noun] or [adjective + noun], but there are other
combinations. It is important to understand and recognize compound nouns.
Each compound noun acts as a single unit and can be modified by adjectives
and other nouns.

• Example

• Full Moon

• Bus stop

• Swimming Pool
Compound Noun
1. Sometimes they’re two words made into one.

Example

• Toothpaste

• Bedroom

• Sunrise

2. Hypernated

• Mother – in – law

• Six - packs
noun + noun bus stop Is this the bus
stop for the number
12 bus?
fire-fly In the tropics you can
see fire-flies at night.
football Shall we
play football today?

adjective + noun full moon I always feel crazy

at full moon.
blackboard Clean
the blackboard pleas
e.
software I can't install
this software on my
PC.
verb(-ing) + noun breakfast We always
eat breakfast at 8am.
washing machine Put the clothes in the
red washing
machine.
swimming pool What a
beautiful swimming
pool!
noun + verb(-ing) sunrise I like to get up
at sunrise.
haircut You need
a haircut.
train-spotting His hobby is train-
spotting.

verb + preposition check-out Please remember

that check-out is
at 12 noon.

noun + prepositional phrase mother-in-law My mother-in-

law lives with us.

preposition + noun underworld Do you think the

police accept
money from
the underworld?

noun + adjective truckful We need 10

truckfuls of bricks.
Identify if it’s Compound noun or not
• Airplane

• Guardians of Galaxy

• Green house

• Greenhouse

• Gold fish

• Boy Friend
Plural forms of Compound Noun
• In general we make the plural of a compound noun by
adding -s to the "base word" (the most "significant"
word).
Example
• Newspaper – Newspapers
• Swimming pool – Swimming pools
More Examples
Singular Plural

• tennis shoe • tennis shoes

• assistant headmaster • assistant headmasters

• mother-in-law • mothers-in-law

•  assistant secretary of state • assistant secretaries of state

•  toothbrush • Toothbrushes

• woman-doctor • women-doctors

• doctor of philosophy • doctors of philosophy

SUMMARY
• closed compound nouns - toothpaste, schoolhouse, bedroom

• open compound nouns - ice cream, root beer, coffee table

• hyphenated compound nouns - four-door, daughter-in-law, six-pack

Let’s Shorten Some Phrases
• 100 trees with apples

• 100 apple trees

• 1,000 cables for telephones

• 1,000 telephone cables

• 20 boxes for tools

• 20 tool boxes

• 10 stops for buses

• 10 bus stops
Using compound nouns, can you shorten the
following phrases?
1.  a room for stores. (a storeroom, a storesroom)

2. a tape for measuring up to 300 cms. (a 300-cm tape measure,  a 300-cm

measure tape)

3.  the assistant manager of the restaurant. (the assistant manager restaurant,

 the assistant restaurant manager)

4. A station for express trains. (an express-train station, a train-station express)

5. reduction in cost. ( reduction cost, cost reduction)

Answers: a storeroom , a 300-cm tape measure, the assistant restaurant manager,

an express-train stationcost reduction
Identify The Compound Nouns
• a. Have you solved your homeworks?

• d. On his birthday, Kapil offered all an ice-cream.

• c. Tomorrow we will see the sunrise in the sea.

• d. Have you finished your breakfast?

• e. Have you checked today’s newspaper?

• f. Dishwasher is used to clean plates.

• g. What is your plan on birthday?

• h. Use that matchbox to lit the candle.

• i. Sensodyne is a good toothpaste.

• j. Where is your raincoat?

GOOOD JOOOB! 
Concrete vs
Abstract

Countable vs
Uncountable Common vs
Proper

NOUN
Singular vs
Compound
Regular
Noun
Plural

Irregular
Plural Nouns
Which do you think is Correct?
• I'm making a cup of tea. • I'm making a cup of teas.

• There's some money on the table. • There's some moneys on the table.

• Have we got any bread? • Have we got any breads?

• How many fish do we need?
• How many fishes do we need?
• How much milk have we got?
• How much milks have we got?
Countable vs Uncountable Nouns
In English grammar, countable nouns are individual
people, animals, places, things, or ideas which can be
counted. Uncountable nouns are not individual objects, so
they cannot be counted.
Countable Nouns
Singular Plural

one dog two dogs

one horse two horses

one man two men

one idea two ideas

one shop two shops

Examples
• She has three dogs.

• I own a house.

• I would like two books please.

• How many friends do you have?

Uncountable Nouns
Uncountable nouns are for the things that we cannot count with
numbers. They may be the names for abstract ideas or qualities or
for physical objects that are too small or too amorphous to be
counted (liquids, powders, gases, etc.). Uncountable nouns are used
with a singular verb. They usually do not have a plural form.
• 1 snow
• 2 snows
• 10 snows
Example
1. Water

• a water

• 1 water

• 5 waters

2. Air

• an air

• 1 air

• 5 airs
How to make Uncountable Nouns Plural?
We can transform It into a plural form by measuring the uncountable noun.

Example

1. I have 1 liter of Milk

• I have 2 liters of Milk

2. I have a glass of water

• I have glasses of water

3. I have a cup of coffee

• I have cups of coffee

More Example
4. I have one kilogram of sugar

• I have two kilograms of sugar

5. I ate one piece of cake.

• I ate two pieces of cake.

6. I have a water

• I have some water

Uncountable and Countable
• I would like to eat some cake

• I would like two pieces of cake

• I would like to eat two cakes

• I would like to eat some chicken

• I would like to eat a piece of chicken

• I see two chickens.

Find if it’s countable or uncountable noun
• I put one hundred candles on six cakes.

• I ate two pieces of cake.

• I saw some trash on all the streets.

• I need to buy some milk and some butter from the market.

• Traffic and pollution are problems in many cities.

END OF CHAPTER I
