CLASS 1X
ANIMAL TISSUES
Tissue: Tissue is defined as a group of cells which have the same origin and structure and perform
a similar function. These cells are held together by a cementing substance
Features that Differentiate Plants and Animal Tissues
Plant Tissue Animal Tissue
Most of the plant tissues are supportive which provide Animals move around in search of food, water and
them with structural strength as plants are stationary or shelter, they consume more energy as compared to
fixed, most of these tissues are dead plants, so most of the tissue they contain are made up of
living cells.
Some plant tissues have the capacity to divide and They don’t have any such tissue
redivide throughout their life
The growth in plants is limited to certain regions so they The growth in animals is uniform so there is no
are classified as meristematic and permanent tissues demarcation of dividing and non-dividing tissues
Organization of plant tissues is simple Organization of animal tissues is complex with the
development of more specialized and localized organs
and organ systems
ANIMAL TISSUES
I. EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Structure:
a. The cells are closely packed and firmly attached to each other, they lack intercellular spaces.
b. The lowermost layer rests on an extracellular fibrous basement membrane.
c. The cells are held together by a cementing substance.
d. The free surface of the cell maybe smooth or may have cilia or microvilli
Location:
a. They cover all the internal and external surfaces of the body and body organs
a. They line the body cavities, the cavities of hollow body organs and ducts.
b. They also form the inner lining of blood vessels (endothelium).
Function:
a. It provides protection from mechanical injuries, drying, harmful effects of chemicals.etc
b. It allows diffusion of gases or materials that is exchange between the body and external environment.
c. In certain organs like small intestine and long intestine epithelial tissue absorbs nutrients and water.
d. At certain places cells may secrete special chemicals like enzymes and hormones.
A] SIMPLE EPITHELIAL TISSUE:
i) It consists of a simple layer of cells.
ii) All the cells rest on the basement membrane.
i) Extremely thin and is more effective as secretory or absorptive surface and less effective as a protective
lining.
Types of Simple Epithelial Tissues
STRUCTURE LOCATION FUNCTION
Thin Flattened 1.Alveolar lining Diffusion of
cells with a of lungs Materials or
centrally placed 2 Lining of blood Exchange of
nucleus with Vessels. gases across
little cytoplasm 3 Lining of mouth the membrane
And oesophagus
Cube-like cells Lining of kidney tubules mechanical support
with a central Ducts of salivary
spherical nucleus. glands
Tall, column like Inner lining of intestine Secretion and
narrow cells with Absorption
out intercellular
spaces
The nucleus is
present towards
the base
ciliated columnar epithelium ---------------------- ---------------------------- --------------------
Cilia at free ends Respiratory passage Helps in the flow
Mucus secreting (trachea & bronchioles) of fluid ( mucus)
Goblets cells in in a particular
between direction
Cells are arranged Skin Protection
In many layers to
Prevent wear and tear.
Glandular epithelium tissue Sometimes a sweat glands in skin Secretion of
portion Salivary glands in mucus, enzymes
of epithelial tissue Mouth and hormones
folds inward and a Gastric glands in
multicellular gland stomach.
is formed
Connective Tissue
It is a composite tissue and has three basic components
(I) CELLS: a) They are the living components, widely separated from each other.
b) Are of various kinds
(II) FIBRES: a) They are of several types scattered in between the cells.
b) Non living products of cell
(III) MATRIX a) Forms the basic ground tissue in which both the cells and fibres are suspended
b) It is non living.
c) May be jelly like, fluid, dense or rigid
d) Contains various organic and inorganic substances
A] Connective Tissue Proper
Loose Connective Tissue – Cells in matrix widely distributed and fibres loosely woven.
KIND LOCATION FUNCTION
Areolar ● Between skin & muscles ● Supports internal
Connective ● Around blood vessels & organs
Tissue nerves ● Help repair of
● In bone marrow tissues
● Fills space inside
the organ
Adipose ● Below the skin ● Synthesizes and
Connective ● Below internal organs stores fat
Tissue (kidney, heart & eyeball) ● Act as shock
(Modified absorbers around
form of the kidneys, heart
Areolar and eyeballs
connective ● Acts as an
tissue that insulating layer (it
contains large prevents the heat
number of fat loss).
cells or
adipocytes)
Dense Connective Tissue
KIND STRUCTURE LOCATION FUNCTION
Tendon ● formed by thick bundles ● Join the skeletal muscles to the bones.
of collagen fibres which .
have great strength but
limited flexibility
Ligament ● Formed by irregularly ● Present ● Join bones to bones at the joints
arranged yellow elastic between
fibres and some collagen any two
fibres bones
B] Supportive Connective Tissue:-
STRUCTURE LOCATION FUNCTION
● Tough, hard but flexible ● Found at the ends of ● Smoothens bone surfaces at joints
connective tissue bone, external tip of ear, ● Act as shock absorber by giving a
● Matrix composed of tip of nose, larynx & cushioning effect
proteins & sugar trachea.
● Cartilage cells are called ● Also present in epiglottis
chondrocytes which are and in between adjacent
widely spaced vertebrae.
● Strong non flexible tissue ● The skeletal System ● Forms the frame work that
● Supportive & protective supports the body
tissue, matrix is solid ● Anchors the muscles and support
● Matrix composed of main organs of the body.
calcium & phosphorus ● The three types of blood cells are
compounds. formed in the bone marrow of
In the matrix, bone cells long bones.
called osteocytes are ● Bones of the brain, ribs and the
embedded. vertebral column protect the
delicate organs of the body.
C] Fluid connective tissue
1] Blood
● It is a red coloured fluid connective tissue that circulates in the entire body.
● Has a fluid matrix called plasma in which floats the formed elements of blood.
● Plasma contains proteins, salts & hormones.
● Formed elements of blood include RBC, W.B.C & blood platelets.
Function of blood plasma
● Transports digested food products to various parts of the body.
● Transport excretory wastes from the tissues to the kidney for removal.
● Carries hormones from one part of the body to another.
● Regulates body temperature.
● Prevent blood loss.
2] Lymph
● It is a colourless fluid having plasma and WBC’s
● Lymph escapes out from blood capillaries into body tissue.
MUSCULAR TISSUE AND NERVOUS TISSUE
Muscles are made up of thin and elongated cells called muscle fibres. These muscle fibres have the
capability to contract and relax. This property of contractility is due to the presence of contractile
proteins (myosin and actin). According to their structure, location and function, there are three kinds of
muscles.
PARAMETERS STRIATED MUSCLES SMOOTH MUSCLES CARDIAC MUSCLES
1 DIFFERENT Skeletal or Voluntary Unstriated Heart Muscles
NAME or
Involuntary
2 LOCATION Attached to the Skeleton. In the walls of body organs In the walls of Heart
(Limbs, Head and Face) such as Stomach,
Intestine, Blood Vessels,
Iris of Eyes and Ureters
and in Bronchi
3 STRUCTURE Elongated, cylindrical and Spindle shaped and Elongated, cylindrical and
a) SHAPE unbranched tapering at the ends. branched.
b) ARRANGEMENT In Bundles In Sheets Inter-connected cells forming
a close network
c) NUCLEUS Multi-nucleate with nuclei Uninucleate with centrally Uninucleate in between two
located at the periphery located nucleus Intercalated discs.
d) STRIATIONS Light and Dark bands No Striations Faint Regular Striations
e) INTER – CALATED Absent Absent Present
DISCS
4 ACTIVITY Get tired easily Do not get tired easily Do not get tired
a) FATIGUE
b) MODEOF WORKING Voluntary. They bring Involuntary Movement of Involuntary, slow rhythmic
about the movement of the food in alimentary canal contraction & relaxation
organs and locomotion of contraction & relaxation of throughout life.
the body.
blood vessels
NERVOUS TISSUE
1. Nervous tissue is made up of millions of nerve cells called neurons.
2. The neurons are highly specialised cells that form the nervous system.
3. Neurons possess two important properties – excitability & conductivity
Structure of Neuron:
1. Each neuron consists of three parts
a) Cell body or cyton
b) Dendrons
c) Axon
2. The cell body contains a single large nucleus.
3. Dendrons are small structures which break into fine branches (dendrites). They carry
impulses towards the cell body.
4. The axon is a single long cylindrical process arising from cyton. They conduct the nerve
impulses away from the cell body
5. Nerve cells are joined end to end forming long nerve fibres.
