PHARMACEUTICAL

ANALYSIS

UNIT4 NOTES
~I"\
REDOX TITRATION ~
• OXIDATION
• REDUCTION
f
• TYPES OF REDOX TITRATION
• IODIMETRY
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• IODOMETRY
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REOOX TiTRAllON
• RedoK ~;[Link] are. -\hose ~·[Link] #lat ore based on #le Rerlo,x.
Reac~'ons.
• Rtttox - Reduch·on + Ox,dahon .
• ~do>< wachon are -those ~ackons in which both oxidation and
1feduchon reachon iakes .place .
• We can. n\so RedoK rrodion ore those -1'n which transff>'lf of
sm,
etedrons [Link] place bclwfefl Anatvt-e ,and 11iw1L

f [Link] J
0 x1'da.\1·on can be defi·ned as -\hree w~ .
• Addi~1on of Ox.~~en
• Loss of tt Vdro~ en
• Loss of electrons

Examples :
• 1n trnns of oxlJQen • 501 +0 ---.. 503
• Tn ~ s of Hvd ro~ : His \- Ch --,. S t 2HC\
• Th ~s of ela-:h-ons • Na --. Nat t e-

• OxidohOn can be 'rertieMbetf:d by I..EO ( loss of eleclrons )

[ Reduct1·on I
Rectuch'on fs r1·us~ oppasite to oxidahon , ,t can be de~ned as
• [Link] of Ox~_flen
• G\ru'n of Hvctrogen
• moin of Etedfons

Example :
• Tn +rnvts of oxv8en . Cuo t <:lH
• In ~~ms of h~dro;ten · C211~+ 2H
• In -1-eoms of e\edfons · c1 t e-

• Reduchon con be rememberec\ by 6i EO (-5\01'0 of e\ech"ons)

f Reoolc' REACTIONS I
• Redox reoc~ons 01fe those t'n tuhich bo\tl oxidal-t'on and Redurttori
+[Link] p\ace .
• In redox: reachons one subslanre loses or _gt'ves up #le. ef eclrons cu,~
o\he-r substance recet'ues the eledrons
• 1he. ft~\ substance is O)(idized and othrr i's 1reduced .

Z.n + Cu CJ.+. 'Zn -it- + Cu

t
f OlOdcilion ( loses e-) r
f
Reduckon ( G,oin e-)
( O,cid1z1n9 Aget,•s f
• Ox1oi21'n~ A_genh; ore -\tlns~ subs~anres wn,·cn do [Link] of
o\-h~s and itself ;lets et>duced .
• We cnn s,·roply Sillf substance wh1'ch JOJ'rl etechmns [Link] called as
Oxid12,·n~ A~en~s .

( Reduct'n<j Agmts I
• Redudn_g /\_gents are those subs~[Link] which do redu chon of ot-hm
and ilselt __ge~ oxidized .
• We con s,m~I~ SCU( SJ~tance. wh1d1 loses 0"6" donoJes e\edron~
are col led as reducin_£l o__qen l's .

Zn
I
+ G
fL__'"_______
[Link]~ Agent z_n~_t_ t_ ___,
Cfu
_
Oxid i2in5l A_!{en ~

I REDOX INDICATORS I
• Jndt'col-01-s .\hol- are used In Red ox Ti'trclion are lc:nown as Rroo ~
In d,ca\ooS .
• Thf\f ore also known os OK1doJ1'on - RE:ctvdion Jnd,·cato~.-
• These OJ(. 4he substances -\hoJ show~ v1s1 ble.
1
colou-r cho.n_..Qe. a~
_- -\he. end pain\ of -\he redox Ht-n-ahon .
• lnelJ snows dt'ff~~ co\ours in -tt,ei·~ oxidized and reduced _
T~pes of Redo,c [Link]~
Redox 1'ndicolors con be generally ctossifred 1'nto -three co.~~c,t'es '
CD Se\f IndiroJcrr
® Extemol TodicoJo-r
@ Toterna\ Tod,·cato-r

I Se\ f Ind ic.a\mr I

• Setf Tndirolm ore -\nose in which ~~ant itself ad a s an t'ndicafor.
• Tn -\his we do"'~ use an~ exkmal 1'ndt'cot-crr.
• 5e\f Tndicn\-cnrs are invo\ued \'n -the Hn-ahon as -tth5un~ and a~
the end pain\ -\hey 1'1emse\ues cha.n;tes colouo and t'ndicah'~ -the
COMpleHon of ~eac~·on .
• exaroplf.-: kMnO'i Cpotassium ~[Link]) fs fue best example.
of se\f Jnd1co\or , oJ the end paint of -the [Link]
i~ shows pink co\omr .

I oc\eml~ Jnd,cruoir 1
• Ex+~nol Tna,·cotors as the _name s~ , theV are no~ added ro
1tle \ihrcilion -\hev [Link] kep~ -·oufside .
I

• TI-trot-ed so\uhon ,·s ~en and addtt\ dropw1se ~me t-o Hm~ i'n
'"1e. ex~al l'nd,·colo~ [Link] -\he pot' n~ o.t LUhtch r't chonJ:tf5 its
co\out s!mp\y detroo1'ned by end point .
• exom~e · Potassium ~ic~[Link]~e
( ln~cit Tnd,coJo~ I
• Tuese. are -the act-uol Redox Tndicnlms .
• These are -the 1'nd1ro!o1rs which hove d,·r:r~~ colours In #let~
OK1'd12ed and n:ducro ttnmls .
• ·The~ are added 1'n th(. an~~e so\ution ond ~ ow~ v,sr'bte cotou1r
cn~ e a.t -ltle end porn+ .
• ln~na.t 1'ndi'co.l-o~ are generaJry cotour\ess fn reduced form .

INDICATOR NAME Ox,[Link] REDUCEO

Fen-oin Pote - Slue Req

Oiphenvlami'ne Viole\- / 6\ue (o\otn"less
Me-tnv\ene Blue B\ue Cotou1r\ess
St-arch - Todine Blue Colo~ess
Nt~ofm-ot'n Pale- S\ue Rec\

'I TvPES OF REOOIC liTRATIOH I

Baseq on \he 1'\oan~ uSErl redox tffffci1'on can be classiA•ed 1'nto
.fo\\ow,n~ cot-egcnfes :
• (~imefm(
• Iod,metty
• Iodo m~
• B~orn atom~
• Dtch'lfOmem,
• lt~[Link] with PotQss,·um Todo.t-e
I(ERIME~ I IBROMATOMETR'I I
ttnnnt : Cemrtc Ammonium [Link]. ]~ant : PolnSSl'om 6nomot-e
An~f e : Fell~, cui• Anctl't~e : 5b , A~
Tnch'cator : ~ in Tndico.\or : Meth"' R~

IIoo1METR\I I j o,c"ROMETRY I
tthront : Io:h'ne 6o\uh'on ttffl"an~ : Pota~1um ~chromcJ<
An~t-c: &rl,um ~fosulpha\-e AnolJ{tt : ~n Sal ts [ FeSCht)
[Link] : Storch ©luh'on Ind1'ca.\or: Soclt'um diphent1lamine SJlp~ .

ITOOOMETR'I I IT1TAATION W1r1t f'orASS1uM !oDATE I

Tiltan~ : 5od,um \h1'[Link] ll+ran~: fo~ass,·un, Tuid-e
AnCJ.!M ft : Iodine ( PltPORt( ) An~tt : \J1\0Mn -C , CuSO~ .
Tndtrol-o-r : stard1 ~, u11'on !ndtrofor: 6kuth - Tr.d.£t\l &JtuhoY\
IoOIMETltY 4 IoOOMETRY
• lil1"0.h'on that 1'nvolues t'odr'ne. ore reffered as 1od1'n e H+[Link] .
• Tod,'ne ads as as a Mitd mr ~ Ox1alz1'ng A3ent .
• Two ,\t/pes of 1odi'n~ fllrahons are possibfe :
<D Tod i'rYlem,
® Iodom~

I IODIMETRY I
• Iod,'metry Is a -~pe of Onrecl .[Link] .
• If ts a ~pe of redox fthfohon .
• lhrse ore ,\h(. ~[Link] fn wh1'ch ~ ioch'n~ is useq.

• lhe. stanqard rodr'ne SOIVhon \S usetJ i01f

1

~''1'ati'on ,·n Wh1'ch

the ctem,·~o.11·on of fl'dudn~ agents •like Scxiiurn lhiosulphote
CNQ2.S10a) \s , \<nown as Iocl','me~ .
• End Pofnt of -!he ~~oJtOn ,s
de~inecl b~ Chanae ,n CblOU!t fuim
B\ue. +o {olo~less .

Me\hodolo9~
• fnst 10dfne 1S ro1Ked with Kr bemuse se,iera11y ,~ 1S not ~
soluble. t'n wal-e-6"

I kl + r~ - kLs I
• Now we \Jse s~[Link] ~luh'on as o'n ind,.coJo-r , iodine wi\1 rroc+s
with [Link] and fOffl'fls 1od1·ne - s~arch comp\ex wh,'ch appro.r~ blue
\0 CO\OUo .

Blue <blouT

• Now -\h,s standard iodine solvh'on \8 tfm>.ted wi\h '6:ludn~ a~en~

(N02.S~O!)

• Ncw ol -the endpoint OH iodine rrocls with -tht'osulphaJe ions

and ronvefwd ,nto 1od1de and b\ue colouir d,·s ap~~.

I- ~ Starch \'r,dfcnl-ar - Mo COloVT

....---.. No1S1.0'!
( Soctium Toioo,nott)

C--'31~_ _ _,. Ioo,·nc CL2)

-~-----+ S\ruch

~------ - - ~ - - - . . Potassium f~ot (

I rooOMETRV I
• Todomem, Is a ~pe of 1'ndt'rErl -hfifahon .
• n is a +;ipe of redo,c ~~oJion
• lhese are #le h\-roh'on in which Iiberokd 1od1ne. 1s ~ .

• When a stondord .so\uhon of ~,·um -\hioo,nore CNoiS~3) 1s ~

f~ -the d~1'no.~bn of h'berrued 100,ne \JS\'~ starch so,u\1bn as
an indt'col~ -then it t's known as Iodometry.

• Tudome\fV i's QC\-ua11V ,Completed r'n two steps '

ISTEP-I I
• Tu f H~ 6+ep done by ~ ,rroc~on be\ween -the. oxidiz1'n3 gQen~
1:S
Ct<[Link]-iOl) and excess kl and as a ~,~ of -the. 'lfeaclfrm rcrline
~ets \tbera\-ed .

I k'lCT1O1 t ~\<I t l-H~S0t.t ___. c~ (s0,.)3 t '-tk1S0tt t3J~+ lf-hO I

ISTEP-][ I
• In slep - ]f , ~ fi'lfs\ starch soluh·on ,s oddec\ t'n -\he. [Link]
icrl1'ne which fonm b\ue OJlou-r

I J; + S\orch __. atue Colour

• Now toe use standard SJdt'um ·ttnba,nott so\uh·on which renck: with
hbem~ ,od1'ne t'n \he SO\uhbn

I T1 ~ <[Link]'!~- .== s~o,~- + 21- I

• Now oJ- the end pot'nt o.l\ -\he \,beral-ed to:hne rrocts with thtQ.S\Jlpiok.
and roctuct (odide. (on , the. 1'nd1rot0o don't show any rrodion wih,
,oo.,qe ,ans , hence b\ue co\00o of snluhbn d,sap~ ( m\ourless)

I- + Iodlca.t01f ----. (o\ourtess

M~'o{ df[~re between Todimetry Ol1q Todomemy

ro01METR'f IOOOMETR'f

• Tcd,'ne rs '
[Link] dfrecHy In • Tod,'ne Is
pwduced ·OS o
-Ml( analJts,s resu\~ of Rectox Reacoon
• Oiirecl l1noh'on • Tndired li'tmhor,
• On hr 1 Re~ox Reactt'on • Two [Link] Reaclton
• To:h'ne onl~ Qets rtt!u~ • ~1'nt ~~ ~~ 01tta1ud
ihen s;iet ~doceq
• less ·Common Mdhoo\ • M~ common method
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