2021-22 B. PHARM.

II YEAR SYLLABUS

B. PHARM. II YEAR
SEMESTER – III

Department of Pharmacy, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore 1

2021-22 B. PHARM. II YEAR SYLLABUS

II B.PHARM. SCHEME
SEMESTER – III

S. Sub. Th. Tu. Pr. Total Maximum Marks

Subject L T P
No. Code Credit Credit Credit Credit TH CW SW Pr. Total
1. PY2Y015 Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry II 3 1 4 3 1 2 6 75 25 15 35 150
2. PY2Y014 Physical Pharmaceutics-I 3 1 4 3 1 2 6 75 25 15 35 150
3. PY2Y013 Pharmaceutical Microbiology 3 1 4 3 1 2 6 75 25 15 35 150
4. PY2Y012 Pharmaceutical Engineering 3 1 4 3 1 2 6 75 25 15 35 150
Total 12 4 16 12 4 8 24 300 100 60 140 600

Department of Pharmacy, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore 2

2021-22 B. PHARM. II YEAR SYLLABUS

PY2Y015: PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-II

Th. Tut. Pr. Total Maximum Marks

L T P
Credit Credit Credit Credits TH CW SW Pr. Total
3 1 4 3 1 2 6 75 25 15 35 150

Scope: This subject deals with general methods of preparation and reactions of some organic
compounds. Reactivity of organic compounds are also studied here. The syllabus emphasizes
on mechanisms and orientation of reactions. Chemistry of fats and oils are also included in
the syllabus.

Objectives: Upon completion of the course the student shall be able to

 Write the structure, name and the type of isomerism of the organic compound
 Write the reaction, name the reaction and orientation of reactions
 Account for reactivity/stability of compounds,
 Prepare organic compounds

THEORY DURATION (LECTURES)

General methods of preparation and reactions of compounds superscripted with asterisk (*) to
be explained.
To emphasize on definition, types, classification, principles/mechanisms, applications,
examples and differences

UNIT-1 10
Benzene and its derivatives
1. Analytical, synthetic and other evidences in the derivation of structure of benzene, Orbital
picture, resonance in benzene, aromatic characters, Huckel’s rule.
2. Reactions of benzene - nitration, sulphonation, halogenation- reactivity, Friedel crafts
alkylation- reactivity, limitations, Friedel crafts acylation.
3. Substituents, effect of substituents on reactivity and orientation of mono substituted
benzene compounds towards electrophilic substitution reaction
4. Structure and uses of DDT, Saccharin, BHC and Chloramine

UNIT-II 10
(a) Phenols*
Acidity of phenols, effect of substituents on acidity, qualitative tests, Structure and uses
of phenol, cresols, resorcinol, naphthols
(b) Aromatic Amines*
Basicity of amines, effect of substituents on basicity and synthetic uses of aryl diazonium
salts
(c) Aromatic Acids*
Acidity, effects of substituents on acidity and important reaction of benzoic acid

UNIT-III 10
Fats and Oils
1. Fatty acids – reactions.
2. Hydrolysis, Hydrogenation, Saponification and Rancidity of oils, Drying oils.
3. Analytical constants – Acid value, Saponification value, Ester value, Iodine value, Acetyl

Department of Pharmacy, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore 3

2021-22 B. PHARM. II YEAR SYLLABUS

value, Reichert Meissl (RM) value – significance and principle involved in their
determination.

UNIT-IV 08
Polynuclear hydrocarbons
i. Synthesis and reactions
ii. Structure and medicinal uses of Naphthalene, Phenanthrene, Anthracene,
Diphenylmethane, Triphenylmethane and their derivatives

UNIT-V 07
Cyclo alkanes*
Stabilities – Baeyer’s strain theory, limitation of Baeyer’s strain theory, Coulson and
Moffitt’s modification, Sachse Mohr’s theory (Theory of strainless rings), reactions of
cyclopropane and cyclobutane only

PRACTICALS: Minimum 15 experiments based on following:

I Experiments involving laboratory techniques
1. Recrystallization
2.Steam distillation
II Determination of following oil values (including standardization of reagents)
1. Acid value
2. Saponification value
3. Iodine value
III Preparation of compounds
1. Benzanilide/Phenyl benzoate/Acetanilide from Aniline/ Phenol /Aniline by acylation
reaction.
2. 2,4,6-Tribromo aniline/Para bromo acetanilide from Aniline/ Acetanilide by
halogenation (Bromination) reaction.
3. 5-Nitro salicylic acid/Meta di nitro benzene from Salicylic acid / Nitro benzene by
nitration reaction.
4. Benzoic acid from Benzyl chloride by oxidation reaction.
5. Benzoic acid/ Salicylic acid from alkyl benzoate/ alkyl salicylate by hydrolysis
reaction.
6. 1-Phenyl azo-2-napthol from Aniline by diazotization and coupling reactions.
7. Benzil from Benzoin by oxidation reaction.
8. Dibenzal acetone from Benzaldehyde by Claison Schmidt reaction
9. Cinnammic acid from Benzaldehyde by Perkin reaction
10. P-Iodo benzoic acid from P-amino benzoic acid

BOOKS & REFERENCES RECOMMENDED

Text books:
1. Carey A. F., and Giuliano M. R., Organic Chemistry (2011): 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc.
2. Finar I. L., Organic Chemistry (2011) vol. 1,Organic Chemistry: 6th Edition. Longman.
3. Finar I. L., Organic Chemistry (2011) vol.2, Organic Chemistry: 6th Edition. Longman.
4. Robert T. Morrison and Robert N. Boyd (2008) Organic Chemistry: 7th Edition. Printice
Hall

Department of Pharmacy, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore 4

2021-22 B. PHARM. II YEAR SYLLABUS

Reference books:
1. Bahl B. S., Bahl A., “ Text Book of Organic Chemistry” 22 nd edition (2016) S. Chand
publication
2. Soni P. L., “Text Book of Organic Chemistry: A modern Approach” 18th edition (1985)
S. Chand publication.
3. Pavia D. L., Lampman G. M., Kriz G. S., Vyvyan J. A., “ Introduction to spectroscopy”
5th edition, 2015, cengage learning, USA.
4. Cleyden J., Greeves N., Warren S., and Wothers P., (2001) organic chemistry: 1st
Edition. Oxford university press.
5. Mann, G. F., and Saunders, C. B., (1960) Practical Organic Chemistry: 4th Edition.
Longman
6. Vogel, I. A., (1956) A Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry Including Qualitative
Organic Analysis: 3rd Edition. Longman
7. Visnoi N. K., “ Advanced Practical Organic Chemistry” 3 rd edition (2009) Vikas
Publishing House

Internet references:
1. http://www.internetchemistry.com/chemistry/organic_chemistry.htm

Department of Pharmacy, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore 5

2021-22 B. PHARM. II YEAR SYLLABUS

PY2Y014: PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS-I

Th. Tut. Pr. Total Maximum Marks
L T P
Credit Credit Credit Credits TH CW SW Pr. Total
3 1 4 3 1 2 6 75 25 15 35 150

Scope: The course deals with the various physica and physicochemical properties, and
principles involved in dosage forms/formulations. Theory and practical components of the
subject help the student to get a better insight into various areas of formulation research and
development, and stability studies of pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Objectives: Upon the completion of the course student shall be able to

1. Understand various physicochemical properties of drug molecules in the designing the
dosage forms
2. Know the principles of chemical kinetics & to use them for stability testing nad
determination of expiry date of formulations
3. Demonstrate use of physicochemical properties in the formulation development and
evaluation of dosage forms.

THEORY TOPICS DURATION (LECTURES)

UNIT-I 10
Solubility of drugs: Solubility expressions, mechanisms of solute solvent interactions, ideal
solubility parameters, solvation & association, quantitative approach to the factors
influencing solubility of drugs, Dissolution & drug release, diffusion principles in biological
systems.
Solubility of gas in liquids, solubility of liquids in liquids, (Binary solutions, ideal solutions)
Raoult’s law, real solutions, azeotropic mixtures, fractional distillation. Partially miscible
liquids, Critical solution temperature and applications. Distribution law, its limitations and
applications.

UNIT-II 10
States of Matter and properties of matter: State of matter, changes in the state of matter,
latent heats, vapour pressure, sublimation critical point, eutectic mixtures, gases, aerosols –
inhalers, relative humidity, liquid complexes, liquid crystals, glassy states, solid-crystalline,
amorphous & polymorphism.
Physicochemical properties of drug molecules: Refractive index, optical rotation, dielectric
constant, dipole moment, dissociation constant, determinations and applications.

UNIT-III 08
Surface and interfacial phenomenon: Liquid interface, surface & interfacial tensions,
surface free energy, measurement of surface & interfacial tensions, spreading coefficient,
adsorption at liquid interfaces, surface active agents, HLB Scale, solubilisation, detergency,
adsorption at solid interface.

UNIT-IV 08
Complexation and protein binding: Introduction, Classification of Complexation,
Applications, methods of analysis, protein binding, Complexation and drug action, crystalline
structures of complexes and thermodynamic treatment of stability constants.

Department of Pharmacy, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore 6

2021-22 B. PHARM. II YEAR SYLLABUS

UNIT-V 07
pH, buffers and Isotonic solutions: Sorensen’s pH scale, pH determination (electrometric
and calorimetric), applications of buffers, buffer equation, buffer capacity, buffers in
pharmaceutical and biological systems, buffered isotonic solutions.

Practical: Minimum 15 experiments based on following:

1. Determination the solubility of drug at room temperature
2. Determination of pKa value by Half Neutralization/ Henderson Hasselbalch equation.
3. Determination of Partition co- efficient of benzoic acid in benzene and water
4. Determination of Partition co- efficient of Iodine in CCl4 and water
5. Determination of % composition of NaCl in a solution using phenol-water system by
CST method.
6. Determination of surface tension of given liquids by drop count and drop weight
method
7. Determination of HLB number of a surfactant by saponification method
8. Determination of Freundlich and Langmuir constants using activated char coal
9. Determination of critical micellar concentration of surfactants
10. Determination of stability constant and donor acceptor ratio of PABA-Caffeine
complex by solubility method.
11. Determination of stability constant and donor acceptor ratio of Cupric-Glycine
complex by pH titration method.

BOOKS & REFERENCES RECOMMENDED:

1. Physical Pharmacy by Alfred Martin
2. Experimental Pharmaceutics by Eugene, Parott.
3. Tutorial Pharmacy by Cooper and Gunn.
4. Stocklosam J. Pharmaceutical Calculations, Lea &Febiger, Philadelphia.
5. Liberman H.A, Lachman C., Pharmaceutical Dosage forms, Tablets, Volume-1 to
Marcel Dekkar Inc.
6. Liberman H.A, Lachman C, Pharmaceutical Dosage forms. Disperse systems, volume
1, 2, 3. Marcel Dekkar Inc.
7. Physical Pharmaceutics by Ramasamy C and ManavalanR.
8. LaboratoryManual of Physical Pharmaceutics, C.V.S. Subramanyam, J. Thimma
settee
9. Physical Pharmaceutics by C.V.S. Subramanyam
10. Test book of Physical Phramacy, by Gaurav Jain & Roop K. Khar

Department of Pharmacy, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore 7

2021-22 B. PHARM. II YEAR SYLLABUS

PY2Y013: PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY

Th. Tu. Pr. Total Maximum Marks

L T P
Cr. Cr. Cr. Credit TH CW SW Pr. Total
3 1 4 3 1 2 6 75 25 15 35 150

Scope:
Study of all categories of microorganisms especially for the production of alcohol antibiotics,
vaccines, vitamins enzymes etc.

Objectives: Upon completion of the subject student shall be able to;

 Understand methods of identification, cultivation and preservation ofvarious
microorganisms
 To understand the importance and implementation of sterilization inpharmaceutical
processing and industry
 Learn sterility testing of pharmaceutical products.
 Carried out microbiological standardization of Pharmaceuticals.
 Understand the cell culture technology and its applications in pharmaceuticalindustries.

THEORY DURATION (LECTURE)

UNIT I 10
Introduction, history of microbiology, its branches, scope and itsimportance.
Introduction to Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Study of ultra-structure and morphological classification of bacteria,nutritional requirements,
raw materials used for culture media and physical parameters for growth, growth curve,
isolation and preservation methodsfor pure cultures, cultivation of anaerobes, quantitative
measurement of bacterial growth (total & viable count).
Study of different types of phase contrast microscopy, dark fieldmicroscopy and electron
microscopy.

UNIT II 10
Identification of bacteria using staining techniques (simple, Gram’s &Acidfast staining) and
biochemical tests (IMViC).
Study of principle, procedure, merits, demerits and applications of physical,chemical
gaseous, radiation and mechanical method of sterilization.
Evaluation of the efficiency of sterilization methods.
Equipments employed in large scale sterilization.
Sterility indicators.

UNIT III 10
Study of morphology, classification, reproduction/replication and cultivation of Fungi and
Viruses.
Classification and mode of action of disinfectants Factors influencing disinfection, antiseptics
and their evaluation. For bacteriostatic and bactericidal actions
Evaluation of bactericidal & Bacteriostatic.
Sterility testing of products (solids, liquids, ophthalmic and other sterileroducts) according to
IP, BP and USP.

Department of Pharmacy, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore 8

2021-22 B. PHARM. II YEAR SYLLABUS

UNIT IV 08
Designing of aseptic area, laminar flow equipments; study of differentsources of
contamination in an aseptic area and methods of prevention,clean area classification.
Principles and methods of different microbiological assay. Methods forstandardization of
antibiotics, vitamins and amino acids.
Assessment of a new antibiotic.

UNIT V 07
Types of spoilage, factors affecting the microbial spoilage ofpharmaceutical products,
sources and types of microbial contaminants,assessment of microbial contamination and
spoilage.
Preservation of pharmaceutical products using antimicrobial agents,evaluation of microbial
stability of formulations.
Growth of animal cells in culture, general procedure for cell culture,
Primary, established and transformed cell cultures.
Application of cell cultures in pharmaceutical industry and research.

PRACTICALS: Minimum 15 experiments based on the following

1. Introduction and study of different equipments and processing, e.g., B.O.D.
incubator,laminar flow, aseptic hood, autoclave, hot air sterilizer, deep freezer,
refrigerator,microscopes used in experimental microbiology.
2. Sterilization of glassware and other accessories.
3. Preparation and sterilization of different types of media.
4. Sub culturing of bacteria and fungus. Nutrient stabs and slants preparations.
5. Simple Staining method
6. Differential Staining methods- (Grams staining/Acid fast staining/Capsule Staining)
7. Isolation of pure culture of micro-organisms by multiple streak plate technique and
other techniques.
8. Microbiological assay of antibiotics by cup plate method and other methods
9. Motility determination by Hanging drop method.
10. Sterility testing of pharmaceuticals.
11. Bacteriological analysis of water
12. Biochemical test (IMViV test).
13. Evaluation of antiseptic and disinfectants.
14. Designing of aseptic area as per GMP
15. Revision Pratical class

BOOKS & REFERENCES RECOMMENDED:

Text books:
1. Pelczar, Chan Kreig, Microbiology, Tata McGraw Hill Education.
2. Ananthnarayan: Text Book of Microbiology, Orient-Longman, Chennai
3. Edward: Fundamentals of Microbiology.
4. N.K.Jain: Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi
5. Bergeys manual of systematic bacteriology, Williams and Wilkins- A Waverly Company
6. Benteley’s Textbook of Pharmaceutics, Elsevier books Pvt. Ltd.

Department of Pharmacy, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore 9

2021-22 B. PHARM. II YEAR SYLLABUS

Reference books:
1. Tortora, Microbiology: An Introduction, Ninth edition, 2008, Pearson Education
2. W.B. Hugo and A.D. Russel: Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Blackwell Scientific
publications, Oxford London.
3. Prescott and Dunn. Industrial Microbiology, 4th edition, CBS Publishers & Distributors,
Delhi.
4. Pelczar, Chan Kreig, Microbiology, Tata McGraw Hill Education.
5. Malcolm Harris, Balliere Tindall and Cox: Pharmaceutical Microbiology.
6. Rose: Industrial Microbiology, Probisher, Hinsdill et al: Fundamentals of
Microbiology, 9th ed. Japan
7. Cooper and Gunn’s: Tutorial Pharmacy, CBS Publisher and Distribution.
8. Peppler: Microbial Technology.
9. Aulton’s Pharmaceutics; The Design and Manufacture of Medicines, Elsevier books
Pvt. Ltd
10. I.P., B.P., U.S.P. - latest editions.

Internet Reference:
1. http://www.pharmamicroresources.com
2. http://www.microbiologyonline.org

Department of Pharmacy, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore 10

2021-22 B. PHARM. II YEAR SYLLABUS

PY2Y012: PHARMACEUTICAL ENGINEERING

Th. Tut. Pr. Total Maximum Marks

L T P
Cr. Cr. Cr. Credit TH CW SW Pr. Total
3 1 4 3 1 2 6 75 25 15 35 150

Scope:
The course is designed to impart fundamental knowledge of unit operations used in the
pharmaceutical industry. Upon completion of the course the student shall be able:
 To understand the engineering principles involved in the processing of drugs and
pharmaceutical products.
 To develop understanding about the basic principles of process engineering.
 To impart knowledge on operations of various equipments and machineries.
 To develop concept of unit operations.

Objectives:
Upon completion of the course the student should be able to
 Develop strong background in basics of the pharmaceutical processing.
 Develop understanding the concepts of unit operations in pharmaceutical process.
 Understand the various techniques involved in the presure mesurments and process of
fluid flow.
 Develop understanding of suitable equipment to be used for different types raw materials
and size seperation.
 Understand the applications of particle size in pharmaceuticals.
 Develop understaning on heat transfer against different materials, equipment involved in
drying and evaporation.
 Understand filtration process, use of filter aid for complex suspensions.
 Handling and effective separation of desired constituent by using centrifugation.
 Understand the preventive methods used for corrosion control in pharmaceutical
industries.
 Understand the role of distillation in purification of multi component system.

THEORY DURATION (LECTURE)

UNIT I 10
 Flow of fluids: Types of manometers, Reynolds number and its significance, Bernoulli’s
theorem and its applications, Energy losses, Orifice meter, Venturimeter, Pitot tube and
Rotometer..
 Size Reduction: Objectives, Mechanisms & Laws governing size reduction, factors affecting
size reduction, principles, construction, working, uses, merits and demerits of Hammer mill,
ball mill, fluid energy mill, Edge runner mill & end runner mill.

Department of Pharmacy, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore 11

2021-22 B. PHARM. II YEAR SYLLABUS

 Size Separation: Objectives, applications & mechanism of size separation, official standards
of powders, sieves, size separation Principles, construction, working, uses, merits and
demerits of sieve shaker, cyclone separator, Air separator, Bag filter & elutriation tank.
UNIT II 10
 Heat Transfer: Objectives, applications & Heat transfer mechanisms. Fourier’s law, Heat
transfer by conduction, convection & radiation. Heat interchangers & heat exchangers.

 Evaporation: Objectives, applications and factors influencing evaporation, differences

between evaporation and other heat process. principles, construction, working, uses, merits
and demerits of Steam jacketed kettle, horizontal tube evaporator, climbing film evaporator,
forced circulation evaporator, triple effect evaporator& Economy of multiple effect
evaporator.

UNIT III 08
 Drying: Objectives, applications & mechanism of drying process, measurements &
applications of Equilibrium Moisture content, rate of drying curve. principles, construction,
working, uses, merits and demerits of Tray dryer, drum dryer spray dryer, fluidized bed dryer,
vacuum dryer, freeze dryer.

 Mixing: Objectives, applications & factors affecting mixing, Difference between solid and
liquid mixing, mechanism of solid mixing, liquids mixing and semisolids mixing. Principles,
Construction, Working, uses, Merits and Demerits of Double cone blender, twin shell
blender, ribbon blender, Sigma blade mixer, planetary mixers, Propellers, Turbines, Paddles
& Silverson Emulsifier,

UNIT IV 08
 Filtration: Objectives, applications, Theories & Factors influencing filtration, filter aids,
filter media. Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and demerits of plate & frame
filter, filter leaf, rotary drum filter, Meta filter & Cartridge filter, membrane filters and
Seidtz filter.
 Centrifugation: Objectives, principle & applications of Centrifugation, principles,
construction, working, uses, merits and demerits of Perforated basket centrifuge, Non-
perforated basket centrifuge, semi continuous centrifuge & super centrifuge.

UNIT V 09
 Materials of pharmaceutical plant construction, Corrosion and its prevention: Factors
affecting during materials selected for Pharmaceutical plant construction, Theories of
corrosion, types of corrosion and there prevention. Ferrous and nonferrous metals, inorganic
and organic non metals.

 Distillation: Objectives, applications & types of distillation. principles, construction,

working, uses, merits and demerits of (lab scale and industrial scale) Simple distillation,
preparation of purified water and water for injection BP by distillation, flash distillation,
fractional distillation, distillation under reduced pressure, steam distillation & molecular
distillation

Department of Pharmacy, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore 12

2021-22 B. PHARM. II YEAR SYLLABUS

PRACTICALS: Minimum 15 experiments based on the following

1. Determination of radiation constant of brass, iron, unpainted and painted glass.
2. Steam distillation – To calculate the efficiency of steam distillation.
3. To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient by heat exchanger.
4. Construction of drying curves (for calcium carbonate and starch).
5. Determination of moisture content and loss on drying.
6. Determination of humidity of air – i) From wet and dry bulb temperatures –use of
Dew point method.
7. Description of Construction working and application of Pharmaceutical Machinery
such as rotary tablet machine, fluidized bed coater, fluid energy mill, dehumidifier.
8. Size analysis by sieving – To evaluate size distribution of tablet granulations –
Construction of various size frequency curves including arithmetic and logarithmic
probability plots.
9. Size reduction: To verify the laws of size reduction using ball mill and determining
Kicks, Rittinger’s, Bond’s coefficients, power requirement and critical speed of Ball
Mill.
10. Demonstration of colloid mill, planetary mixer, fluidized bed dryer, freeze dryer and
such other major equipment.
11. Factors affecting Rate of Filtration and Evaporation (Surface area, Concentration and
Thickness/ viscosity
12. Effect of filter aid on rate of filtration.
13. To study the effect of time on the Rate of Crystallization.
14. To prepare Mier’s super solubility curve for the given samples.
15. To calculate the uniformity Index for given sample by using Double Cone Blender.
16. To observe the electrochemical changes in an iron nail when it corrodes and to
investigate methods to protect it.

BOOKS & REFERENCES RECOMMENDED

Text books:
1. Walter L. Badgre and T. Banchero, Introduction to chemical Engineering, McGraw-Hill,
1955.
2. Kaning J. K. (Editor), S. J. Carter, Tutorial Pharmacy, CBS Publishers & distributers,
1986, Indian Edition. 6th Ed.
3. Hickey A. J., and Ganderton D., Pharmaceutical Process Engineering, Marcel Dekker,
2001.
4. Subrahmanyam C.V.S. et al, Pharmaceutical engineering principles and practices, Latest
edition.
5. Paradkar A. R., Introduction to pharmaceutical engineering, latest edition.

References books:
1. Parry H. (Editor), Chemical Engineering Hand Book, McGraw-Hill,1997, 7th Ed.
2. Leon Lachman and H. R. Libberman, The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy,
CBS Publishers & Distributors, Special Indian Edition, 2009.
3. Max S. Peters, Elementary Chemical Engineering, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2009 2nd Ed.
4. Ganderton C., Unit Processes Pharmacy, William Heinemann medical book ltd, 1968.
5. Browns G., Unit Operations, Wiley and Sons, 1955.
6. Warren L. Maccabe, Juliano C. Smith.Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering.

Department of Pharmacy, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore 13

2021-22 B. PHARM. II YEAR SYLLABUS

B. PHARM. II YEAR
SEMESTER - IV

Department of Pharmacy, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore 14

2021-22 B. PHARM. II YEAR SYLLABUS

II B. PHARM SCHEME
SEMESTER - IV

S. Th. Tu. Pr. Total Maximum Marks

Sub. Code Subject L T P
No. Credit Credit Credit Credit TH CW SW Pr. Total
Pharmaceutical Organic
1. PY 2Y 629 3 1 - 3 1 - 4 75 25 - - 100
Chemistry III
2. PY 2Y 627 Medicinal Chemistry I 3 1 4 3 1 2 6 75 25 15 35 150

3. PY 2Y 620 Physical Pharmaceutics II 3 1 4 3 1 2 6 75 25 15 35 150

4. PY 2Y 628 Pharmacology I 3 1 4 3 1 2 6 75 25 15 35 150

Pharmacognosy and
5. PY 2Y 621 3 1 4 3 1 2 6 75 25 15 35 150
Phytochemistry-I
Total 15 5 16 15 5 8 28 375 125 60 140 700

Department of Pharmacy, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore 15

2021-22 B. PHARM. II YEAR SYLLABUS

PY2Y629: PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-III

Th. Tut. Pr. Total Maximum Marks

L T P
Credit Credit Credit Credits TH CW SW Pr. Total
3 1 - 3 1 - 4 75 25 - - 100

Scope: This subject imparts knowledge on stereo-chemical aspects of organic compounds

and organic reactions, important named reactions, chemistry of important hetero cyclic
compounds. It also emphasizes on medicinal and other uses of organic compounds.

Objectives: At the end of the course, the student shall be able to

 Understand the methods of preparation and properties of organic compounds
 Explain the stereo chemical aspects of organic compounds and stereo chemical reactions
 Know the medicinal uses and other applications of organic compounds

THEORY DURATION (LECTURE)

Note: To emphasize on definition, types, mechanisms, examples, uses/applications
UNIT-I 10
Stereo isomerism
Optical isomerism – Optical activity, enantiomerism, diastereoisomerism, meso compounds
Elements of symmetry, chiral and achiral molecules, DL system of nomenclature of optical
isomers, sequence rules, RS system of nomenclature of optical isomers. Reactions of chiral
molecules, Racemic modification and resolution of racemic mixture. Asymmetric synthesis:
partial and absolute.

UNIT-II 10
Geometrical isomerism
Nomenclature of geometrical isomers (Cis Trans, EZ, Syn Anti systems), Methods of
determination of configuration of geometrical isomers. Conformational isomerism in Ethane,
n-Butane and Cyclohexane. Stereo isomerism in biphenyl compounds (Atropisomerism) and
conditions for optical activity. Stereospecific and stereoselective reactions.

UNIT-III 10
Heterocyclic compounds:
Nomenclature and classification, Synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of following
compounds/derivatives Pyrrole, Furan, and Thiophene - Relative aromaticity, reactivity and
Basicity of Pyrrole, Furan and Thiophene

UNIT-IV 08
Synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of following compounds/derivatives Pyrazole,
Imidazole, Oxazole and Thiazole, Pyridine, Quinoline, Isoquinoline, Acridine and Indole.
Basicity of pyridine, synthesis and medicinal uses of Pyrimidine, Purine, azepines and their
derivatives

Department of Pharmacy, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore 16

2021-22 B. PHARM. II YEAR SYLLABUS

UNIT-V 07
Reactions of synthetic importance
Metal hydride reduction (NaBH4 and LiAlH4), Clemmensen reduction, Birch reduction,
Wolff Kishner reduction. Oppenauer-oxidation and Dakin reaction. Beckmanns
rearrangement and Schmidt rearrangement. Claisen-Schmidt condensation

BOOKS & REFERENCES RECOMMENDED

Text books:
1. Carey A. F., and Giuliano M. R., Organic Chemistry (2011): 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc.
2. Finar I. L., Organic Chemistry (2011) vol. 1,: 6th Edition. Longman.
3. Finar I. L., Organic Chemistry (2011) vol.2, Organic Chemistry: 6th Edition. Longman.
4. Robert T. Morrison and Robert N. Boyd (2008) Organic Chemistry: 7th Edition.
Printice Hall
5. Gilchrist T. L., Heterocyclic Chemistry, 2 nd Ed.,
6. Joules J. A., Mills K., and Smith G. F., Heterocyclic Chemistry, 3 rd Ed., (QD 400 J8)

Reference books:
8. Bahl B. S., Bahl A., “ Text Book of Organic Chemistry” 22 nd edition (2016) S. Chand
publication
9. Bansal R. K., “Hetrocyclic Chemistry” 5th edition (2015) New edge International
Private Ltd.
10. Cleyden J., Greeves N., Warren S., and Wothers P., (2001) organic chemistry: 1st
Edition. Oxford university press.
11. Mann, G. F., and Saunders, C. B., (1960) Practical Organic Chemistry: 4th Edition.
Longman
12. Vogel, I. A., (1956) A Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry Including Qualitative
Organic Analysis: 3rd Edition. Longman

Internet references:
1. http://www.internetchemistry.com/chemistry/organic_chemistry.htm

Department of Pharmacy, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore 17

2021-22 B. PHARM. II YEAR SYLLABUS

PY2Y627: MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY – I

Th. Tut. Pr. Total Maximum Marks

L T P
Credit Credit Credit Credits TH CW SW Pr. Total
3 1 4 3 1 2 6 75 25 15 35 150

Scope: This subject is designed to impart fundamental knowledge on the structure, chemistry
and therapeutic value of drugs. The subject emphasizes on structure activity relationships of
drugs, importance of physicochemical properties and metabolism of drugs. The syllabus also
emphasizes on chemical synthesis of important drugs under each class.

Objectives: Upon completion of the course the student shall be able to

 Understand the chemistry of drugs with respect to their pharmacological activity
 Understand the drug metabolic pathways, adverse effect and therapeutic value of drugs
 Know the Structural Activity Relationship (SAR) of different class of drugs
 Write the chemical synthesis of some drugs.

THEORY DURATION (LECTURE)

Study of the development of the following classes of drugs, Classification, mechanism of
action, uses of drugs mentioned in the course, Structure activity relationship of selective class
of drugs as specified in the course and synthesis of drugs superscripted (*)
UNIT-I 10
Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry
History and development of medicinal chemistry
Physicochemical properties in relation to biological action
Ionization, Solubility, Partition Coefficient, Hydrogen bonding, Protein binding, Chelation,
Bioisosterism, Optical and Geometrical isomerism.
Drug metabolism
Drug metabolism principles- Phase I and Phase II.
Factors affecting drug metabolism including stereo chemical aspects.

UNIT-II 10
Drugs acting on Autonomic Nervous System
Adrenergic Neurotransmitters:
Biosynthesis and catabolism of catecholamine.
Adrenergic receptors (Alpha & Beta) and their distribution.
Sympathomimetic agents: SAR of Sympathomimetic agents
Direct acting: Nor-epinephrine, Epinephrine, Phenylephrine*, Dopamine, Methyldopa,
Clonidine, Dobutamine, Isoproterenol, Terbutaline, Salbutamol*, Bitolterol, Naphazoline,
Oxymetazoline and Xylometazoline.
 Indirect acting agents: Hydroxyamphetamine, Pseudoephedrine, Propylhexedrine.
 Agents with mixed mechanism: Ephedrine, Metaraminol.
Adrenergic Antagonists:
Alpha adrenergic blockers: Tolazoline*, Phentolamine, Phenoxybenzamine, Prazosin,
Dihydroergotamine, Methysergide.
Beta adrenergic blockers: SAR of beta blockers, Propranolol*, Metibranolol, Atenolol,
Betazolol, Bisoprolol, Esmolol, Metoprolol, Labetolol, Carvedilol.
Department of Pharmacy, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore 18
2021-22 B. PHARM. II YEAR SYLLABUS

UNIT-III 10
Cholinergic neurotransmitters:
Biosynthesis and catabolism of acetylcholine.
Cholinergic receptors (Muscarinic & Nicotinic) and their distribution.
Parasympathomimetic agents: SAR of Parasympathomimetic agents
Direct acting agents: Acetylcholine, Carbachol*, Bethanechol, Methacholine, Pilocarpine.
Indirect acting/ Cholinesterase inhibitors (Reversible & Irreversible): Physostigmine,
Neostigmine*, Pyridostigmine, Edrophonium chloride, Tacrine hydrochloride, Ambenonium
chloride, Isofluorphate, Echothiophate iodide, Parathione, Malathion.
Cholinesterase reactivator: Pralidoxime chloride.
Cholinergic Blocking agents: SAR of cholinolytic agents
Solanaceous alkaloids and analogues: Atropine sulphate, Hyoscyamine sulphate,
Scopolamine hydrobromide, Homatropine hydrobromide, Ipratropium bromide*.
Synthetic cholinergic blocking agents: Tropicamide, Cyclopentolate hydrochloride,
Clidinium bromide, Dicyclomine hydrochloride*, Glycopyrrolate, Methantheline bromide,
Propantheline bromide, Benztropine mesylate, Orphenadrine citrate, Biperidine
hydrochloride, Procyclidine hydrochloride*, Tridihexethyl chloride, Isopropamide iodide,
Ethopropazine hydrochloride.

UNIT-IV 08
Drugs acting on Central Nervous System
A. Sedatives and Hypnotics:
Benzodiazepines: SAR of Benzodiazepines, Chlordiazepoxide, Diazepam*, Oxazepam,
Chlorazepate, Lorazepam, Alprazolam, Zolpidem
Barbiturtes: SAR of barbiturates, Barbital*, Phenobarbital, Mephobarbital, Amobarbital,
Butabarbital, Pentobarbital, Secobarbital
Miscelleneous:
Amides & imides: Glutethmide.
Alcohol & their carbamate derivatives: Meprobomate, Ethchlorvynol.
Aldehyde & their derivatives: Triclofos sodium, Paraldehyde.
B. Antipsychotics
Phenothiazeines: SAR of Phenothiazeines - Promazine hydrochloride, Chlorpromazine
hydrochloride*, Triflupromazine, Thioridazine hydrochloride, Piperacetazine hydrochloride,
Prochlorperazine maleate, Trifluoperazine hydrochloride.
Chlorprothixene, Thiothixene, Loxapine succinate, Clozapine.
Fluro buterophenones: Haloperidol, Droperidol, Risperidone.
Beta amino ketones: Molindone hydrochloride.
Benzamides: Sulpieride.
C. Anticonvulsants: SAR of Anticonvulsants, mechanism of anticonvulsant action
Barbiturates: Phenobarbitone, Methabarbital.
Hydantoins: Phenytoin*, Mephenytoin, Ethotoin
Oxazolidine diones: Trimethadione, Paramethadione
Succinimides: Phensuximide, Methsuximide, Ethosuximide*
Urea and monoacylureas: Phenacemide, Carbamazepine*
Benzodiazepines: Clonazepam
Miscellaneous: Primidone, Valproic acid , Gabapentin, Felbamate

Department of Pharmacy, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore 19

2021-22 B. PHARM. II YEAR SYLLABUS

UNIT V 07
Drugs acting on Central Nervous System
General anesthetics:
Inhalation anesthetics: Halothane*, Methoxyflurane, Enflurane, Sevoflurane, Isoflurane,
Desflurane.
Ultra short acting barbitutrates: Methohexital sodium*, Thiamylal sodium, Thiopental
sodium.
Dissociative anesthetics: Ketamine hydrochloride.*
Narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics
Morphine and related drugs: SAR of Morphine analogues, Morphine sulphate, Codeine,
Meperidine hydrochloride, Anilerdine hydrochloride, Diphenoxylate hydrochloride,
Loperamide hydrochloride, Fentanyl citrate*, Methadone hydrochloride*,
Propoxyphene hydrochloride, Pentazocine, Levorphanol tartarate.
Narcotic antagonists: Nalorphine hydrochloride, Levallorphan tartarate, Naloxone
hydrochloride.
Anti-inflammatory agents: Sodium salicylate, Aspirin, Mefenamic acid*,
Meclofenamate, Indomethacin, Sulindac, Tolmetin, Zomepriac, Diclofenac, Ketorolac,
Ibuprofen*, Naproxen, Piroxicam, Phenacetin, Acetaminophen, Antipyrine,
Phenylbutazone.

PRACTICALS: Minimum 15 experiments based on following:

I Preparation of drugs/ intermediates
1 1,3-pyrazole
2 1,3-oxazole
3 Benzimidazole
4 Benztriazole
5 2,3- diphenyl quinoxaline
6 Benzocaine
7 Phenytoin
8 Phenothiazine
9 Barbiturate
II Assay of drugs
1 Chlorpromazine
2 Phenobarbitone
3 Atropine
4 Ibuprofen
5 Aspirin
6 Furosemide
III Determination of Partition coefficient for any two drugs

BOOKS & REFERENCES RECOMMENDED:

Text books:
1. Block J. H., Beale J. M., “Wilson and Gisvold’s Textbook of organic medicinal and
pharmaceutical chemistry”, 11th edition, 2004, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins-A
Wolters Kluwer Company.
2. Lemke T. L., Williams D. A., “Foye’s principles of medicinal chemistry”, 6 th edition,
2008, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins-A Wolters Kluwer Company.

Department of Pharmacy, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore 20

2021-22 B. PHARM. II YEAR SYLLABUS

Reference books:
1. Wolff M. E., “Burger’s medicinal chemistry and drug discovery” 5th edition, 1995,
Wiley-Interscience, New York.
2. Finar I. L., Organic Chemistry (2011) vol.2, Organic Chemistry: 6th Edition. Longman.
3. Vogel, I. A., (1956) A Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry Including Qualitative
Organic Analysis: 3rd Edition. Longman
4. The Science and Practice of Pharmacy by Remington, 21th edition, 2005, Lipincott,
William and Wilkins.
5. Indian Pharmacopoeia, The Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Govt. of India. Ministry
of Health and Family Welfare, Ghaziabad. 5th edition, 2007
6. The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis by Lednicer, Vol. 1to 5.
7. Smith H. J., Williams H., “Introduction to Principles of drug design” 4 th edition (2005)
CRC Press.

Department of Pharmacy, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore 21

2021-22 B. PHARM. II YEAR SYLLABUS

PY2Y620: PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS-II

Th. Pr. Total Maximum Marks

L T P Tu. Cr.
Cr. Cr. Credit TH CW SW Pr. Total
3 1 4 3 1 2 6 75 25 15 35 150
Scope:
 To develop understanding about fundamental principles of physical pharmacy.
 To impart knowledge of scientific principles behind chemical kinetics, interfacial
phenomenon, micromeritics, rheology, diffusion & dissolution and their
pharmaceutical applications.
Objectives: On completion of this subject, students would be able to
 Understand basic concept of interfacial phenomena, colloids, rheology and
micromeritics and their pharmaceutical application.
 Impart the knowledge of basic principles and theories of emulsions, suspensions and
semi-solids with their pharmaceutical applications.
 Understand various physicochemical properties of drug molecules in the designing the
dosage forms
 Know the principles of chemical kinetics & to use them for stability testing and
determination of expiry date of formulations
 Demonstrate use of physicochemical properties in the formulation development and
evaluation of dosage forms.

THEORY TOPICS DURATION (LECTURE)

UNIT I 07
Colloidal dispersions: Classification of dispersed systems & their general characteristics,
size & shapes of colloidal particles, classification of colloids & comparative account of their
general properties. Optical, kinetic & electrical properties. Effect of electrolytes,
coacervation, peptization& protective action

UNIT II 10
Rheology: Newtonian systems, law of flow, kinematic viscosity, effect of temperature, non-
Newtonian systems, pseudoplastic, dilatant, plastic, thixotropy, thixotropy in formulation,
determination of viscosity, capillary, falling Sphere, rotational viscometers
Deformation of solids: Plastic and elastic deformation, Heckel equation, Stress, Strain,
Elastic Modulus

UNIT III 10
Coarse dispersion: Suspension, interfacial properties of suspended particles, settling in
suspensions, formulation of flocculated and deflocculated suspensions. Emulsions and
theories of emulsification, microemulsion and multiple emulsions; Stability of
emulsions, preservation of emulsions, rheological properties of emulsions and emulsion
formulation by HLB method.

UNIT IV 08
Micromeretics: Particle size and distribution, mean particle size, number and weight
distribution, particle number, methods for determining particle size by different
Department of Pharmacy, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore 22
2021-22 B. PHARM. II YEAR SYLLABUS

methods, counting and separation method, particle shape, specific surface, methods for
determining surface area, permeability, adsorption, derived properties of powders,
porosity, packing arrangement, densities, bulkiness & flow properties.

UNIT V 10
Drug stability: Reaction kinetics: zero, pseudo-zero, first & second order, units of basic
rate constants, determination of reaction order. Physical and chemical factors influencing
the chemical degradation of pharmaceutical product: temperature, solvent, ionic
strength, dielectric constant, specific & general acid base catalysis, Simple numerical
problems. Stabilization of medicinal agents against common reactions like hydrolysis &
oxidation. Accelerated stability testing in expiration dating of pharmaceutical dosage
forms. Photolytic degradation and its prevention

PRACTICALS:
1. Determination of particle size, particle size distribution using sieving method
2. Determination of particle size, particle size distribution using Microscopic method
3. Determination of bulk density, true density and porosity
4. Determine the angle of repose and influence of lubricant on angle of repose
5. Determination of viscosity of liquid using Ostwald’s viscometer
6. Determination sedimentation volume with effect of different suspending agent
7. Determination sedimentation volume with effect of different concentration of single
suspending agent
8. Determination of viscosity of semisolid by using Brookfield viscometer
9. Determination of reaction rate constant first order.
10. Determination of reaction rate constant second order
11. Accelerated stability studies
12. Determination of reaction rate constant zero order
13. To determine the surface tension of given liquid with the help of the Stalagmometer.
14. To find out the critical micellar concentration of tween 80 by using Stalagmometer
15. To determine the viscosity of a given liquid with respect to water, by ostwald
viscometer

BOOKS & REFERENCES RECOMMENDED

Text books:
1. Patrick J. Sinko, Martin’s Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sixth
Edition, 2011, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
2. Rawlins, E.A., Bentley’s Text Book of Pharmaceutics, Eighth Edition, 2010,
Elsevier/BSP Books Pvt. Ltd.
3. Joseph, K. H. Ma, Hadzija, B., Basic Physical Pharmacy, 2012, Jones & Bartlette.
4. Physical Pharmacy by Alfred Martin, Sixth edition.
5. Experimental pharmaceutics by Eugene, Parott.
6. Tutorial pharmacy by Cooper and Gunn..
7. Stocklosam J. Pharmaceutical calculations, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
8. Liberman H.A, Lachman C., Pharmaceutical Dosage forms, Tablets, Volume-1 to 3,
Marcel Dekkar Inc.
9. Liberman H.A, Lachman C, Pharmaceutical dosage forms. Disperse systems, volume 1,
2, 3. Marcel Dekkar Inc.

Department of Pharmacy, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore 23

2021-22 B. PHARM. II YEAR SYLLABUS

10. Physical Pharmaceutics by Ramasamy C, and Manavalan R.

Reference books:
1. Lloyd, V. A., Remington’s The science & Practice of pharmacy, 22nd Edition, 2012,
Pharmaceutical Press.
2. Alexander T. F., David A., Physicochemical Principles of Pharmacy, Fifth Edition,
2011, Pharmaceutical Press.
Internet references:
1. http://www.micromeritics.com/
2. http://nptel.ac.in/

Department of Pharmacy, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore 24

2021-22 B. PHARM. II YEAR SYLLABUS

PY2Y628: PHARMACOLOGY-I

Total Maximum marks

L T P Th. Cr. Tu. Cr. Pr. Cr.
Credit TH C SW Pr Tot
3 1 4 3 1 2 6 75 25 15 35 150

Scope:
 To understand pharmacology of drugs with basics of drug action and effect
consequences (desirable and undesirable) in the course of disease treatment.
 To have general understanding of drugs used in therapeutics.
 To learn basics of drug’s mechanism of action, physiological and biochemical effects
(Pharmacodynamics).

Objectives:
After completion of course, student should be able to:
 Understand scientific principles of drug action and various mechanisms by which
drugs can medicate their pharmacological and other effects.
 Explain the mechanism of drug action at organ system/sub cellular/macromolecular
levels.
 Apply the basic pharmacological knowledge in the prevention & treatment of various
diseases.
 Understand the principle of pharmacokinetic that underlay absorption, distribution,
metabolism and excretion of drugs thereby assess drugs behaviour and effectiveness.
 Understand the legal requirements of animal housing and ethical handling of animals.
 Understand the procedure for new drug development.
 Observe the effect of drugs on animals by simulated experiments.

THEORY TOPICS DURATION (LECTURES)

UNIT I 10
General Pharmacology
a. Introduction to Pharmacology- Definition, historical landmarks and scope of
pharmacology, nature and source of drugs, essential drugs concept and routes of
drug administration, Agonists, antagonists (competitive and non competitive), spare
receptors, addiction, tolerance, dependence, tachyphylaxis, idiosyncrasy, allergy.
b. Pharmacokinetics- Membrane transport, absorption, distribution, metabolism and
excretion of drugs .Enzyme induction, enzyme inhibition, kinetics of elimination.

UNIT II 12
General Pharmacology
a. Pharmacodynamics: Principles and mechanisms of drug action. Receptor theories
and classification of receptors, regulation of receptors. drug receptors interactions
signal transduction mechanisms, G-protein–coupled receptors, ion channel receptor,
transmembrane enzyme linked receptors, transmembrane JAK-STAT binding
receptor and receptors that regulate transcription factors, dose response relationship,
therapeutic index, combined effects of drugs and factors modifying drug action.
b. Adverse drug reactions.

Department of Pharmacy, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore 25

2021-22 B. PHARM. II YEAR SYLLABUS

c. Drug interactions (pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic)

d. Drug discovery and clinical evaluation of new drugs: Drug discovery phase,
preclinical evaluation phase, clinical trial phase, phases of clinical trials and
pharmacovigilance.

UNIT III 10
Pharmacology of drugs acting on peripheral nervous system
a. Organization and function of ANS.
b. Neurohumoral transmission, co-transmission and classification of
neurotransmitters.
c. Parasympathomimetics, Parasympatholytics, Sympathomimetics, sympatholytics.
d. Neuromuscular blocking agents and skeletal muscle relaxants (peripheral).
e. Local anesthetic agents.
f. Drugs used in myasthenia gravis and glaucoma.

UNIT IV 8
Pharmacology of drugs acting on central nervous system
a. Neurohumoral transmission in the C.N.S. special emphasis on importance of
various neurotransmitters like with GABA, Glutamate, Glycine, serotonin,
dopamine.
b. General anesthetics and pre-anesthetics.
c. Sedatives, hypnotics and centrally acting muscle relaxants.
d. Anti-epileptics.
e. Alcohols and disulfiram.

UNIT V 7
Pharmacology of drugs acting on central nervous system
a. Psychopharmacological agents: Antipsychotics, antidepressants, anti-anxiety
agents, anti-manics and hallucinogens.
b. Drugs used in Parkinsons disease and Alzheimer’s disease.
c. CNS stimulants and nootropics.
d. Opioid analgesics and antagonists
e. Drug addiction, drug abuse, tolerance and dependence.

PRACTICALS: Minimum 15 experiments based on the following:

1. To study commonly used instruments in experimental pharmacology.
2. To study common laboratory animals.
3. To study maintenance of laboratory animals as per CPCSEA guidelines.
4. To study common laboratory techniques like Blood withdrawal, serum and plasma
separation, anesthetics and euthanasia used for animal studies.
5. To study different routes of drugs administration in mice/rats.
6. To study the effect of hepatic microsomal enzyme inducers on phenobarbitone sleeping
time in mice.
7. To study the effect of drugs on ciliary motility of frog oesophagus.
8. To study the effect of drugs on rabbit eye.
9. To study effects of skeletal muscle relaxants using rota-rod apparatus.
10. To study effect of drugs on locomotor activity using actophotometer.
11. To study anticonvulsant effect of drugs by MES and PTZ method.

Department of Pharmacy, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore 26

2021-22 B. PHARM. II YEAR SYLLABUS

12. To study stereotype and anti-catatonic activity of drugs on rats/mice.

13. To study anxiolytic activity of drugs using rats/mice.
14. To study local anesthetics by different methods

Note: All laboratory techniques and animal experiments are demonstrated by simulated
experiments by softwares and videos

BOOKS AND REFERENCES RECOMMENDED:

Text books:
1 Tripathi, K. D. Essentials of Medicinal Pharmacology, 7 th edition 2013, Jaypee Brothers
Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., New Delhi.
2 Satostkar, R.S., Rege, N.N., Bhandarkar, S.D. Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics.
Revised 23rd edition 2013, Popular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai,
3 Rang, H.P., Dale, M.M., Ritter, J.M., Flower, R.J., Henderson, G. Rang and Dale’s
Pharmacology. 8th edition 2015, Elsevier India.
4 Ghosh, M. N. Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. 2 nd edition 1984, Scientific
Book Agency, Calcutta.
5 Kulkarni, S.K., Hand Book of Experimental Pharmacology, 3 rd Edition, 1999, Vallabh
Prakashan.
6 Sharma H. L., Sharma K. K., Principles of Pharmacology, Paras medical publisher.

Reference books:
1. Brunton, L., Chabner, B.A., Knollman, B. Goodman and Gillman’s the Pharmacological
Basis of Therapeutics. 12th edition 2011, McGraw Hill Education.
2. Katzung B. G., Trevor A.J. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.13 th edition 2015,
McGraw-Hill Medical
3. Vogel, H. G. Drug Discovery and Evaluation. 2nd edition 2002, Springer Publication,
Berlin.
4. Marry Anne K. K., Lloyd Yee Y., Brian K. A., Robbin L.C., Joseph G. B., Wayne A. K.,
Bradley R.W., Applied Therapeutics, The Clinical use of Drugs, The Point Lippincott
Williams &Wilkins.
5. Mycek M.J, Gelnet S.B and Perper M.M. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews-
Pharmacology.
6. Modern Pharmacology with clinical Applications, by Charles R.Craig& Robert,

Software:
1 Ex-Pharm, Raveendran R. Department of pharmacology, JIPMER, Pandicherry, India,
2009.

Website:
1. http://www.indphar.org
Mobile Application:
1 Pharmacology by Apple Medical Group 2014.

Department of Pharmacy, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore 27

2021-22 B. PHARM. II YEAR SYLLABUS

PY2Y621: PHARMACOGNOSY & PHYTOCHEMISTRY-I

Th. Tu. Pr. Total Maximum Marks

L T P
Cr. Cr. Cr. Credit TH CW SW Pr. Total
3 1 4 3 1 2 6 75 25 15 35 150

Scope: The subject involves the fundamentals of Pharmacognosy like scope, classification of
crude drugs, their identification and evaluation, phytochemicals present in them and their
medicinal properties.

Objectives:
After completion of course, student shall be able to:
 Know the techniques in the cultivation and production of crude drug.
 Know the crude drugs, their uses and chemical nature.
 Know the evaluation techniques for the herbal drugs.
 Carry out the microscopic and morphological evaluation of crude drug.

THEORY DURATION (LECTURES)

UNIT I 10
Introduction to Pharmacognosy:
(a) Definition, history, scope and development of Pharmacognosy
(b) Sources of Drugs – Plants, Animals, Marine & Tissue culture
(c) Organized drugs, unorganized drugs (dried latex, dried juices, dried extracts, gums
and
mucilages, oleoresins and oleo- gum -resins).
Classification of drugs:
Alphabetical, morphological, taxonomical, chemical, pharmacological, chemo and sero
taxonomical classification of drugs
Quality control of Drugs of Natural Origin:
Adulteration of drugs of natural origin. Evaluation by organoleptic, microscopic,
physical,
chemical and biological methods and properties.
Quantitative microscopy of crude drugs including lycopodium spore method,
leafconstants,
camera lucida and diagrams of microscopic objects to scale with camera lucida.

UNIT II 10
Cultivation, Collection, Processing and storage of drugs of natural origin:
Cultivation and Collection of drugs of natural origin
Factors influencing cultivation of medicinal plants.
Plant hormones and their applications.
Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants
Conservation of medicinal plants.

Department of Pharmacy, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore 28

2021-22 B. PHARM. II YEAR SYLLABUS

UNIT III
Plant tissue culture:
Historical development of plant tissue culture, types of cultures, Nutritional
requirements, growth and their maintenance.Applications of plant tissue culture in
pharmacognosy.
Edible vaccines

UNIT IV 10
Pharmacognosy in various systems of medicine:
Role of Pharmacognosy in allopathy and traditional systems of medicine namely,
Ayurveda,Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy and Chinese systems of medicine.
Introduction to secondary metabolites:
Definition, classification, properties and test for identification of Alkaloids, Glycosides,
Flavonoids, Tannins, Volatile oil and Resins

UNIT V 8
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources, preparation,
evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and commercial utility as
Pharmaceutical Aids and Medicines for the following Primary metabolites:
Carbohydrates: Acacia, Agar, Tragacanth, Honey.
Proteins and Enzymes : Gelatin, casein, proteolytic enzymes (Papain, bromelain,
serratiopeptidase, urokinase, streptokinase, pepsin).
Lipids (Waxes, fats, fixed oils): Castor oil, Chaulmoogra oil, Wool Fat, Bees Wax.
Marine Drugs:Novel medicinal agents from marine sources.

PRACTICALS: Minimum 15 experiments based on the following:

1. Analysis of crude drugs by chemical tests: (i)Tragaccanth (ii) Acacia (iii)Agar (iv)
Gelatin (v) starch (vi) Honey (vii) Castor oil
2. Determination of stomatal number and index.
3. Determination of vein islet number, vein islet termination and paliside ratio.
4. Determination of size of starch grains, calcium oxalate crystals by eye piece
micrometer.
5. Determination of Fiber length and width.
6. Determination of number of starch grains by Lycopodium spore method.
7. Determination of Ash value.
8. Determination of Extractive values of crude drugs.
9. Determination of moisture content of crude drugs.
10. Determination of swelling index and foaming.
11. Morphology of crude drugs.
12. Microscopy of crude drugs.
13. Powder microscopy of crude drugs.

BOOKS & REFERENCES RECOMMENDED

Text books
1. Kokate C.K., Purohit A.P., Gokhale S.B., Pharmacognosy, 44 th edition, 2009, Published
by Nirali Prakashan, New Delhi.
2. Wallis TE. Textbook of Pharmacognosy. 5th edition, 1985, CBS Publishers and
Distributors, New Delhi.
3. Kokate C. K., Practical Pharmacognosy, 4th edition, 2006, Vallabh Prakashan, New Delhi.
Department of Pharmacy, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore 29
2021-22 B. PHARM. II YEAR SYLLABUS

4. Mohammad Ali. Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 1 st edition, 2008, CBS Publishers

& Distribution, New Delhi.
5. Ansari S.H.,Essentials of Pharmacognosy, 2nd edition, 2007, Birla publications, New
Delhi.
6. Khandelwal K.R., Practical Pharmacognosy, Techniques and Experiments, 17 th edition,
2007, published by Nirali Prakashan. New Delhi.
7. Iyengar M.A., Nayak S.G.K., Anatomy of Crude Drugs, 2016.

Reference books
1. Evans, W. C. "Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy", 16th edition, 2009, WB Saunders&
Co, London.
2. Tyler VE., Brady LR and Robbers JE., Pharmacognosy, 9 th edition, 1988, Lea and
Febiger, Philadelphia.
3. Choudhary R.D., Herbal drug industry, 1st edition, 1996, Eastern Publisher, New Delhi.
4. Mukherjee P. K., Quality Control of Herbal drugs. An Approach to Evaluation of
Botanicals, 2002, Business Horizons.
5. Vyas S.P., Dixit V.K., Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 1 st edition, reprint2007, CBS
Publishers & Distribution, New Delhi.

Department of Pharmacy, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore 30