Smart Grid: Basics to Advanced

Technologies
Instructor: Prof. N. P. Padhy, Prof. Premalata Jena
Tutorial Session-1
By
Satya Vikram Pratap Singh
AIR-264 GATE-2021
PMRF Research Scholar
Grid Integration Laboratory, DESE, IIT Bombay
Single Line Diagram of Basic Power System Network

Source : Internet
Nature of household Load

©GIL,DESE,IIT Bombay
©GIL,DESE,IIT Bombay

Current Waveform of LED Trim Light type load Current Waveform of FAN type load
Comparison between conventional Grid and Smart Grid

Source : Internet
Electric Vehicle Example

• Over the next few years, EV sales are expected to soar, from 1.5 million in 2020 to nearly 46.08 million in 2025.
• Using Germany as a case study, McKinsey projects that by 2050, peak load will increase by about 5% due to a
forecast that EVs will make up 40% of the market.

• The widespread use of EVs leads to the extensive integration of charging stations into the electrical grid, which
causes various issues such as under voltage, increase in peak demand, power quality, and reliability.

• This issue creates a demand for grid upgradation, which requires significant capital costs.

Ref: [1] IEA (2023), tracking clean energy progress 2023 and transitioning india’s road transport sector, iea, paris.Report.
[3] IEA, global ev sales by scenario, 2020-2030, iea, paris. Technical report
[4] Innovation Outlook. Innovation outlook: Smart charging for electric vehicles. Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 2019
Electric Vehicle Example
Q1: Assess the accuracy of the following statements related to the 2012 Indian blackout, and identify which
ones are true or false.

a)The 2012 Indian blackout was the largest power outage in history, affecting the entire country.
b)The blackout occurred due to a failure in the power transmission infrastructure, leading to a cascading effect.
c)Several states in Northern India were primarily affected by the blackout, while Southern India remained
largely unaffected.
d)The blackout was caused by a cyber attack on the Indian power grid.
e)The restoration of power after the blackout took several days, causing widespread disruptions across various
sectors.
Q1. Solution:

a) False - While the 2012 Indian blackout was

significant, it wasn't the largest in history. It was
one of the largest regional blackouts, affecting a
substantial portion of India.
b) True - The blackout resulted from a failure in the
power transmission infrastructure, leading to a
cascading effect that affected a vast area.
c) False - The blackout impacted a widespread area
in both Northern and Eastern India, affecting
multiple states.
d) False - The blackout was not caused by a cyber
attack; it was primarily attributed to the failure of
the power grid infrastructure. High loading on 400
kV Bina–Gwalior–Agra link.
e) True - The restoration of power did take several
days, leading to widespread disruptions in various
sectors.

Source :https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_India_blackouts
Q2. Match the following:

a) Design, Operation, and Integration of Distributed Resource

Island Systems with Electric Power Systems.
1. IEEE 1547.3
b) Monitoring, Information Exchange, and Control of
2. IEEE 1547.4 Distributed Resources Interconnected with Electric Power
Systems.
3. IEEE P2030.1
c) Guide for the Interoperability of Energy Storage Integrated
4. IEEE P2030.2 with Electric Power Infrastructure.
d) Guide for the Electric-Sourced Transportation infrastructure.

i) 1-a,2-b,3-d,4-c
ii) 1-b,2-d,3-c,4-a
iii) 1-b,2-a,3-d,4-c
iv) 1-b,2-c,3-d,4-a
Q2. Solution

Answer-C

IEEE 1547.3--------Monitoring, Information Exchange, and Control of Distributed Resources Interconnected

with Electric Power Systems.
IEEE 1547.4--------Design, Operation, and Integration of Distributed Resource Island Systems with Electric
Power Systems.
IEEE P2030.1-------Guide for the Electric-Sourced Transportation Infrastructure.
IEEE P2030.2-------Guide for the Interoperability of Energy Storage Integrated with Electric Power
Infrastructure.
Q3: What is/are the challenges in smart protection system

a) Interoperability between cryptographic systems

b) Conflict between privacy preservation and
information accessibility
c) Impact of increased system complexity and
expanded communication paths
d) Impact of increasing energy consumption and
asset utilization
Q4. Find the number of correct match of energy based technology type and its output.

Energy based technology type-----------------------Output Type

a) Reciprocating engines------------------------------- AC
b) Micro-turbine----------------------------------------- AC
c) Fuel cell------------------------------------------------ DC
d) Photovoltaic systems--------------------------------- DC
e) Solar thermal------------------------------------------ AC
f) Ocean energy------------------------------------------ AC

i) 6
ii) 5
iii) 2
iv) 4
Q5.Evaluate the following statements regarding microgrids and determine which ones are true or false.

a) Microgrids are decentralized energy systems that can

operate independently or in conjunction with the
main power grid.
b) Microgrids typically rely solely on renewable energy
sources such as solar and wind for their power
generation.
c) The primary purpose of a microgrid is to provide a
reliable and stable power supply during grid outages.
d) Microgrids are mainly used in urban areas and have
limited applicability in rural or remote locations.
e) Advanced control systems are essential for
optimizing the performance of microgrids and
balancing the supply and demand of electricity.

Source : Internet
Q5. Solution:

a) True - Microgrids are decentralized energy systems that can operate independently or in conjunction with the
main power grid.
b) False - While microgrids often incorporate renewable energy sources, they may also include non-renewable
sources for reliability.
c) True - One of the primary purposes of a microgrid is to provide a reliable and stable power supply during
grid outages.
d) False - Microgrids are applicable in various settings, including rural or remote locations, where they can
enhance energy resilience.
e) True - Advanced control systems are indeed essential for optimizing the performance of microgrids and
balancing supply and demand.
Q6. Evaluate the following statements related to smart information systems in the context of smart grids and
determine which ones are true or false.

a) Smart information systems in smart grids use advanced communication technologies to enable real-time
monitoring and control of the electrical grid.
b) These systems play a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency and reliability of energy distribution by providing
insights into grid performance.
c) Smart information systems are primarily focused on consumer engagement and have minimal impact on the
operational aspects of the smart grid.
d) The integration of smart information systems allows for the seamless integration of renewable energy sources into
the smart grid infrastructure.
e) Cybersecurity is not a significant concern when implementing smart information systems in smart grids due to their
advanced encryption protocols.
Q6. Solution:

a) True - Smart information systems in smart grids indeed use advanced communication technologies to enable
real-time monitoring and control of the electrical grid.
b) True - These systems play a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency and reliability of energy distribution by
providing insights into grid performance.
c) False - Smart information systems are not only focused on consumer engagement but also have a significant
impact on the operational aspects of the smart grid, aiding in automation and optimization.
d) True - The integration of smart information systems allows for the seamless integration of renewable energy
sources into the smart grid infrastructure.
e) False - Cybersecurity is a significant concern when implementing smart information systems in smart grids,
and advanced encryption protocols are essential to ensure the security of the system.
Q7. Match each function or feature of smart sensors installed in smart grids with its corresponding description:

Functions/Features:
a. Real-time monitoring of electrical parameters
b. Fault detection and identification
c. Predictive maintenance capabilities
d. Integration with advanced analytics for grid optimization
e. Communication with other devices in the smart grid
Descriptions:

___________: 1.Provides insights into the health and performance of the grid components, allowing for proactive maintenance.
___________: 2. Enables communication between sensors and other devices, facilitating coordinated actions within the smart grid.
___________: 3. Monitors electrical parameters continuously, allowing for immediate responses to changes or disturbances.
___________: 4. Identifies and locates faults in the grid, aiding in rapid response and minimizing downtime.
___________: 5. Integrates sensor data with advanced analytics, contributing to the optimization of grid operations.
Match the letters (a, b, c, d, e) with the corresponding numbers (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) to complete the matching.
Q7. Solution:

c. Predictive maintenance capabilities: Provides insights into the health and performance of the grid
components, allowing for proactive maintenance.
e. Communication with other devices in the smart grid: Enables communication between sensors and other
devices, facilitating coordinated actions within the smart grid.
a. Real-time monitoring of electrical parameters: Monitors electrical parameters continuously, allowing for
immediate responses to changes or disturbances.
b. Fault detection and identification: Identifies and locates faults in the grid, aiding in rapid response and
minimizing downtime.
d. Integration with advanced analytics for grid optimization: Integrates sensor data with advanced analytics,
contributing to the optimization of grid operations.
Q8. Evaluate the following statements regarding Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) and determine which ones are true or
false.

a) PMUs provide synchronized real-time measurements of voltage and current phasors at high sampling rates, typically in
the range of 12 to 96 samples per second.
b) The primary purpose of PMUs is to monitor the steady-state performance of the power grid and are not well-suited for
capturing transient events.
c) PMUs contribute to the enhancement of situational awareness in the power grid by providing accurate and time-
synchronized data.
d) GPS synchronization is not crucial for the accurate functioning of PMUs, as they can maintain synchronization through
local clocks.
Q8. Solution:

a) True - PMUs indeed provide synchronized real-time measurements of voltage and current phasors at high
sampling rates, typically in the range of 12 to 96 samples per second.
b) False - PMUs are well-suited for capturing transient events, and their high sampling rates make them
valuable for monitoring both steady-state and dynamic behaviors of the power grid.
c) True - PMUs contribute significantly to the enhancement of situational awareness in the power grid by
providing accurate and time-synchronized data.
d) False - GPS synchronization is crucial for the accurate functioning of PMUs, as it helps maintain precise
time synchronization among different PMUs distributed across the power grid.
Q9. Power range of Commercial load is/are :

a) ≤20KW
b) 20-100 KW
c) 100-200KW
d) ≥200KW
Q10. Match the following:

b)IEC 61850-90-5-----------Wide Area Situation Awareness

(WASA)
a)IEC 61400-25
a)IEC 61400-25-------------Interconnection of Distributed
b)IEC 61850-90-5 Energy Resources (DERs)
c)IEC 61850 c)IEC 61850----------------Substation Protection and Automation
d)IEEE 1588 e)IEEE 1686----------------Cyber Security
e)IEEE 1686 d)IEEE 1588----------------Time Synchronization

i) 1-b,2-a,3-c,4-e,5-d
ii) 1-a,2-d,3-c,4-e,5-b
iii) 1-e,2-a,3-c,4-b,5-d
iv) 1-b,2-c,3-a,4-e,5-d
Q10. Solution:

a)IEC 61400-25-------------Interconnection of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs)

b)IEC 61850-90-5----------Wide Area Situation Awareness (WASA)
c)IEC 61850----------------Substation Protection and Automation
d)IEEE 1588--------------- Time Synchronization
e)IEEE 1686----------------Cyber Security
Q11. Evaluate the following statements regarding aliasing in signal processing and determine which ones are true or false.

1. Aliasing occurs when the sampling rate of a signal is greater than twice the highest frequency present in the signal,
according to the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem.
2. Anti-aliasing filters are used to prevent aliasing by attenuating frequencies above the Nyquist limit before sampling.
3. Aliasing can lead to the misinterpretation of high-frequency components as lower frequencies, causing distortion in the
reconstructed signal.
4. Increasing the sampling rate of a signal always eliminates the possibility of aliasing, ensuring accurate representation of the
original signal.
Q11. Solution:

a) True - Aliasing occurs when the sampling rate of a

signal is not sufficient, i.e., it is less than twice the
highest frequency present in the signal, as per the
Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem.
b) True - Anti-aliasing filters are indeed used to
prevent aliasing by attenuating frequencies above
the Nyquist limit before sampling, ensuring that
only the desired frequency components are
captured.
c) True - Aliasing can lead to the misinterpretation
of high-frequency components as lower
frequencies, causing distortion in the
reconstructed signal.
d) False - Increasing the sampling rate does not
always eliminate the possibility of aliasing. It is
essential that the increased rate meets or exceeds
the Nyquist criterion for the signal to be
accurately represented.
Q12. Consider a signal with a highest frequency component of 1000 Hz. According to the Nyquist-Shannon
sampling theorem, what is the minimum required sampling rate to avoid aliasing?

a) 1000 Hz
b) 1500 Hz
c) 2000 Hz
d) 2500 Hz
Q13.True/False

1. Volatile memory loses its stored data when power is removed, while non-volatile memory retains data even when the
power is turned off.
2. Random Access Memory (RAM) is an example of volatile memory, while Read-Only Memory (ROM) is an example of
non-volatile memory.
3. Volatile memory is generally faster in terms of data access and retrieval compared to non-volatile memory.
Q13. Solution:

Question 1:
True - Volatile memory loses its stored data
when power is removed, while non-volatile
memory retains data even when the power
is turned off.

Question 2:
True - Random Access Memory (RAM) is
an example of volatile memory, while
Read-Only Memory (ROM) is an example
of non-volatile memory.

Question 3:
True - Volatile memory is generally faster
in terms of data access and retrieval
compared to non-volatile memory.
Q14. Match the following:

a) Development of efficient, coordinated and economical system of interstate

and intrastate transmission lines.
a) CEA
b) CERC & SERC b) Advises on matters related to National Electricity policy and formulation of
c) CTU & STU short term and perspective plans for development of power system.

c) Regulates tariff, formulates policies regarding subsidies and promotion of

efficient and environmental policies at central and state level respectively

i) 1-a, 2-b, 3-c

ii) 1-c, 2-a, 3-b
iii) 1-b, 2-a, 3-c
iv) 1-c, 2-a, 3-b
Q14. Solution:

a) CEA--------------Advises on matters related to National Electricity policy and formulation of short term and
perspective plans for development of power system.
B) CERC & SERC------Regulates tariff, formulates policies regarding subsidies and promotion of efficient and
environmental policies at central and state level respectively.
C) CTU & STU--------Development of efficient, coordinated and economical system of interstate and intrastate
transmission lines.
Q15. What is the share of wind and solar generation in Indian grid respectively as per 31st Dec,2023

a) 44.73 GW and 73.31 GW

b) 73.71 GW and 44.73 GW
c) 46.85GW and 100.20 GW
d) 100.20 GW and 46.85GW