Biology Lab 4 The Cell

Gilgamesh Ahliya University

st
College of Pharmacy/ 1 Grade
Human Biology Lab 4
The cell

By
Huda Ghassan Hameed
Cells are the basic units of life, nothing smaller than a cell is alive. All
organisms, including humans, are composed of cells.
There is a unicellular organism (an organism that consists of only one cell)
such as bacteria, and a multicellular (consists of more than one cell) such
as humans.
Biologists classify cells into two broad categories: the prokaryotes and
eukaryotes (cells with a true nucleus). The prokaryotic group includes the
bacteria; the eukaryotic group consists of animals, plants, fungi, and some
single-celled organisms.
The cell is composed of three basic parts: plasma membrane, cytoplasm
and nucleus. The plasma membrane, an outer membrane that regulates
what enters and exits a cell. The plasma membrane is a phospholipid
bilayer with attached or embedded proteins (figure 1).

Cytoplasm, which is a semifluid medium that contains water and various

types of molecules suspended or dissolved in the medium. The presence
of proteins accounts for the semifluid nature of the cytoplasm.
The cell contains organelles, each type of organelles has a specific

function
1. The nucleus is the most important organelle within the eukaryotic cell
in which DNA is found. The nucleus, stores genetic Information.
The nucleus includes nuclear envelope, chromatin and nucleolus.
The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a double membrane
known as the nuclear envelope. The nuclear envelope has nuclear
pores of sufficient size to permit the passage of ribosomal subunits
out of the nucleus and proteins into the nucleus.
Chromatin is a nuclear material; it contains DNA associated with
nuclear proteins that are necessary for DNA to function. Chromatin is
immersed in a semifluid medium called the nucleoplasm.
The nucleolus (nucleoli) is a small area within the nucleus (disappear
during cell division). The nucleolus is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
synthesis.
2. The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) a membranous system of

saccules and channels. It has two portions:
- Rough ER is covered with ribosomes on the side of the membrane
that faces the cytoplasm, it is involved in protein synthesis.
- Smooth ER, continuous with rough ER, does not have attached
ribosomes. Smooth E R (SER) is associated with the production and
metabolism of fats and steroid hormones
3. Ribosomes are organelles composed of proteins and rRNA.
Protein synthesis occurs at the ribosomes. Ribosomes are often
attached to the endoplasmic reticulum; but they also may occur free
within the cytoplasm.
4. Golgi apparatus, a membranous organelle composed of multiple

flattened cisternae responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging
proteins and lipids for secretion or transport to other organelles.
5. Lysosomes, membranous sacs produced by the Golgi apparatus,

contain hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion. They are found
as vesicles that stores and transports substances.
6. Mitochondria are organelles that provide most of the energy to the

cell by producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the process of
oxidative phosphorylation.
-Cytoskeleton is a structure that helps cells maintain their shape
and internal organization, and it also provides mechanical support
that enables cells to carry out essential functions like division and
movement. It consist of filaments including:
• actin filaments, the thinnest of filaments, which are present in all
eukaryotic cells but occur in especially large numbers inside muscle
cells, it generates contractile forces.
• The thickest filaments are called microtubules, because they have
the form of minute hollow tubes it has a role in cell division.
• intermediate filaments, Intermediate in thickness between actin
filaments and microtubules, which serve to strengthen the cell
mechanically. These three types of filaments, together with other
proteins that attach to them, form a system that gives the cell its
mechanical strength, controls its shape, and drives and guides its
movements.
Thank You

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Gilgamesh Ahliya University

Cytoplasm, which is a semifluid medium that contains water and various

The cell contains organelles, each type of organelles has a specific

2. The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) a membranous system of

4. Golgi apparatus, a membranous organelle composed of multiple

5. Lysosomes, membranous sacs produced by the Golgi apparatus,

6. Mitochondria are organelles that provide most of the energy to the

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