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Medicinal and economic value of Spondias mombin

Article in African Journal of Biomedical Research · February 2010

DOI: 10.4314/ajbr.v11i2.50714

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African Journal of Biomedical Research, Vol. 11 (2008); 129 - 136
ISSN 1119 – 5096 © Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group

Mini -Review
Medicinal and Economic Value of Spondias
mombin
Ayoka A.O, Akomolafe R.O, Akinsomisoye O.S & Ukponmwan O.E

Full-text available at Department of Physiological Sciences,

http://www.ajbrui.com Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences,
http://www.bioline.br/md
http://www.ajol.com
Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.

ABSTRACT

This article reviewed the folk medical value of Spondias mombin with
the correlated research findings on the uses of Spondias mombin. Most
of the folk uses had been scientifically proven in most of the regions
Received:
February 2008 where those beliefs are based. The plant was described with habitat, the
local uses including the uses of its parts mentioned. We reviewed the
Accepted (Revised): ethnomedicinal uses, the biological activities and the phytochemistry of
April 2008 Spondias mombin.
Published
May 2008

(Afr. J. Biomed. Res. 11: 129 - 136)

Key Words; Spondias mombin, Neurological, Sedative, Antipsychotic, Antiepileptic,

GABA-nergic transmission

*Address for Correspondence: [email protected]

Abstracted by:
African Index Medicus (WHO), CAB Abstracts, Index Copernicus, Global Health Abstracts, Asian Science Index, Index
Veterinarius, Bioline International , African Journals online
African Journal of Biomedical Research 2008 (Vol. 11) / Enohumah and Imarengiaye

INTRODUCTION leaves and the flowers are at the end of the

branches. Before the tree starts to flower, it strips
In recorded history, medicinal plants have been in itself from most of the leaves. The fruit, an 1½-
use for the treatment of man and animal diseases inch long oval yellow plum, has a leathery skin
(Osai, 1998; Ibewike et al, 1997). A plant becomes and a thin layer of fruit pulp with a very exotic
a medicinal plant only when its biological activity taste. It hangs in numerous clusters of more than a
has been ethnobotanically reported or dozen on the tree. Very rich in vitamins B and C,
1
scientifically established (Elujoba, 1997). In 1978, the fruit mostly exists as an oval seed. The mode
the World Health Organisation (WHO) of propagation of the plant is by seeds and
emphasized the importance of scientific research cuttings. Other common names, according to
into herbal medicine. Many developing countries Morton (1987) are Bala (Costa Rica), Jobito
of the world look upon native medicinal plants as (Panama), Jobo blanco (Colombia), Jobo
possible addition to the WHO’s list of “essential corronchoso (Venezuela), Hoeboe (Surinam),
drugs” once their values have been clinically Acaiba, Caja, Pau da tapera (Brazil), Ubo (Peru),
proven. A simple first-principle biological Hobo (Mexico), Iyeye (Yoruba), Uvuru (Igbo).
technique in the evaluation of plant with no known A medium-sized, occasionally large, tree, with
biological activity is to conduct a screening test long compound leaves, each leaf has an odd
(Elujoba, 1999). number of leaflets, from 9 – 19. Usually, the
Spondias mombin is a fructiferous tree having leaves are alternate, but bunched towards the end
habitat in Nigeria, Brazil and several other tropical of the branches, emanating like spokes of a wheel
forests in the world. This plant is readily common in all directions from the branch. The leaflets are
around us in South West of Nigeria (Yoruba) and opposite except for the terminal ones. Particularly
is commonly used in folk medicine. Various on young plants, the leaf stalk tends to be reddish
cultures frequently maintain within their collection towards the outer leaflets. Crushed leaves have
of traditional medicine substances valued as drugs faint turpentine-like smell. The trunk and bark are
for treating diseases (Elizabetshy, 1992). The gray, and sometimes have distinctive bur, blunt,
entire dependence of man on plants and plant gray spines (often more like warts than spines)
products directly for his basic needs as food, (Nelson, 1951; Watt and Berger-Brandwijk, 1962).
clothing and shelter and indirectly for their
beneficial influence on the climate and NON-MEDICINAL USES
maintenance of his immediate and remote It is commonly used for living fences, in
environment make plants vital to his survival and farmlands and shelter by artisans. The fruits are
the basis of his continued existence. edible and sometimes called monkey-plum, but the
Our survival and continued existence in turn wood is of low quality and seldom used. The bark
depends on the efficiency with which man, with is used for carving figures, while the leaves and
all the resources and technology available to him, roots are used as medicine.
harnesses, develops and utilizes plants and plant The yellow mombin is less desirable than the
products. The present review shows Spondias purple mombin and it is appreciated mostly by
mombin as a medicinal plant with a lot of children and way-farers as a means of alleviating
potential, valuable, untapped resource of active thirst. Ripe fruits are eaten out-of-hand, or stewed
drugs for treating diseases. with sugar. The extracted juice is used to prepare
ice cream, cool beverages and jelly in Costa Rica
THE PLANT: Spondias mombin and Brazil. It is used in Panama, Peru and Mexico
Spondias mombin Linn belongs to the family in fairly large quantities as jams.
Anacardiacae. It grows in the rain forest and in the In Amazon, the fruit is used mainly to produce
coastal area. It can reach a height of 15 – 22m. wine sold as “Vinho de Taperiba”. In Guatemala,
The trunk has deep incisions in the bark, which the fruit is made into a cider-like drink. Mexicans
often produces a brown resinous substance. The pickle the green fruits into vinegar and eat them

130 Medicinal Value of Spondias mombin

African Journal of Biomedical Research 2008 (Vol. 11) / Enohumah and Imarengiaye

like olives with salt and chili, as they do with utilized in indigo-dyeing in Africa. The bark is
unripe purple mombin. Young leaves are cooked used in dyeing. It is so thick that it is popular for
as greens. carving amulets, statuettes, cigarette holders and
The fruits are widely valued as feed for cattle various ornamental objects. Portable water can be
and pigs. The tree exudes a gum that is used as derived from the roots in emergency. The flowers
glue. The wood is yellow or yellowish-brown with worked intensively by honeybees early in the
darker markings, light in weight, buoyant, flexible morning.
and prone to attack by termites and other pests. It
is much used in carpentry, for match sticks, match ETHNOMEDICINAL USES OF Spondias
boxes, physician’s spatulas, stick for sweet meats, mombin
pencils, pen-holders, packing cases, interior The fruit juice is drunk as a diuretic and febrifuge.
sheathing of houses and boats and as a substitute The decoction of the astringent bark serves as an
for cork. It is not suited for turnery and does not emetic, a remedy for diarrhea, dysentery,
polish well. In Brazil, the woody tubercles on the haemorrhoids and a treatment for gonorrhoea and
trunk are cut off and used for bottle stoppers and leukorrhea. In Mexico, it is believed to expel
to make seals for stamping sealing wax. In tropical calcifications from the bladder. The powdered
Africa, saplings serve as poles for huts, branches bark is applied on wounds. A tea made from the
for garden poles and for axes and hoe handles. In flowers and leaves is taken to relieve stomach
Costa Rica and Puerto Rico, the wood is employed ache, biliousness, urethritis, cystitis and eye and
only as fuel. Ashes from the burnt wood are throat inflammations.

Table 1
Local Uses of Spondias mombin
S/N Morphological part Non-Medicinal Uses
1 Root It is used for emergency water source
2 Stem Living fences in farm land. Shelter by artisans and has low quantity wood
3 Wood In carpentry for match sticks, match boxes, physicians spatulas, stick for sweet,
meats, pencils, pen-holder, racking cases, interior sheathing of homes and boats and
as a substitute for cork. In Brazil, used as bottle stoppers and to make seal wax. In
Tropical Africa, it serves as poles for huts, garden poles and for axes and hoe
handles. In Costa Rica, it is used as fuel
4 Wood Ashes In Africa, it is used as indigo-dye
5 Bark It is used in carving figures like amulet, statuettes, cigarette holder and various
ornamental objects and also as dyeing agent
6 Gum Glue
7 Leaves The young leaves are cooked as green vegetable
8 Fruit Edible – eaten out of hand in stewed with sugar, extracted to prepare ice-cream, cool
beverages and jelly in Costa Rica and Brazil. It is used as jam in Panama, Peru and
Mexico; wine in Guatemala and Mexicans pickle the green fruit into vinegar. It is
widely valued as feed for cattle and pig
9 Flowers It is used for decoration
10 Nector It is worked on intensively by honey bees

Medicinal Value of Spondias mombin 131

African Journal of Biomedical Research 2008 (Vol. 11) / Enohumah and Imarengiaye

Table 2: Medicinal Uses of Different Morphological Parts of Spondias mombin

S/N Morphological Part Medicinal Uses
1 Root Decoction as purgative
2 Bark Decoration as emetic, a remedy for diarrhea, dysentery, haemorrhoids and a
treatment for gonorrhoea. In Mexico, it is used to expel calcification from the
bladder, powder for healing wounds
3 Gums Expectorant and to expel tapeworm
4 Leaves Tea with flower relieves stomach ache, biliousness, inflammation. Decoction of the
young leaves is a remedy for diarrhea and dysentery. Juice of crushed leaves and
powder of dried leaves on wounds and inflammations and abortifacients
5 Fruit Juice drink as diuretic and febrifuge
6 Flowers Tea with flower relieves stomach ache, biliousness, urethritis, cystitis and eye and
throat inflammation

In Belize, a decoction of the young leaves is a to the survival of medicinal plants and the healers
remedy for diarrhea and dysentery. The juice of that use them (Swain, 1975).
crushed leaves and the powder of dried leaves are
used as poultices on wounds and inflammations. Biological Activities
The gum is employed as an expectorant and to All parts of the tree are medicinally important
expel tapeworms (Rodrignes and Hesse, 2000; in traditional medicine. The fruits decoction is
Rodrigne and Samuels, 1999; Corthout et al, 1994; drunk as a diuretic and febrifuge, the decoction of
Sierra and Buchelli, 1986; Ajao and Shonukan, the bark and the leaves as emetic, antidiarrhoea
1985; Morton, 1987 and USDA, ARS, 2002). and used in the treatment of dysentery,
Concerning the popular use of this plant, the haemorrhoids, gonorrhoea and leukorrhea. The
leaves were mentioned in the literature as antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungal, and the
abortifacient (Offiah and Anyanwu, 1989), anti- antiviral properties of Spondias mombin have been
diarrhoea (Irvine, 1961), anti-microbial (Abo et al, reported (Ajao et al, 1985; Verpoorte and Dihal,
1999), anti-viral (Corthout et al, 1979; Corthout et 1987; Abo et al, 1999; Corthout et al, 1991;
al, 1991; Corthout et al, 1999); contain a lot of Rodrigues and Hasse, 2000). A tea of the flowers
vitamin C (Keshinro, 1985); wound-healer (De and the leaves is taken to relieve stomach ache,
Ferreyra 1981 and Jaramillo and Ahunada-barona various inflammatory conditions and wound
1983); but this healing effect could not be healings (De Ferreyra, 1981; Jaramillo and
confirmed by Vellegas et al (1997). Daniel (1990) Ahunada-Barona, 1983; and Villegas et al, 1997).
reports the several uses of the plant based on oral Offiah and Anyanwu (1989) have also reported the
communication and not on any recorded scientific abortifacient activity of the aqueous extract.
investigation. Infusion of its leaves has been used Preliminary reports suggest that the phenolic acid,
since long time, without any report of collateral 6-alkenyl-salicylic acid from Spondias mombin are
effects, due to its activity (Corthout et al, 1991). responsible for the antibacterial and molluscicidal
This plant is part of the ‘Living Pharmacy’ of this plant extract (Corthout et al, 1994). In
program developed by the Laboratory of Natural another study, the anacardis acid derivative from
Products University ‘Federal de Cearal’, Brazil, a the hexane extract of the plant was showed to
project aiming to teach local people how to possess beta lactamase inhibitory properties
cultivate and use correctly traditional medicinal (Coates et al, 1994).
plants. One step to preserving this knowledge will
be the establishment of ‘Forest Reserve’ dedicated

132 Medicinal Value of Spondias mombin

African Journal of Biomedical Research 2008 (Vol. 11) / Enohumah and Imarengiaye

formulated for use in Brazil (Corthout et al, 1992;

Table 3: Tested activities demonstrated by Caster et al, 1998; Shultes and Raffauf, 1990;
Spondias mombin Extracts Mats, 1994). Aregheore and Singh (2003) reported
S/N ACTIVITY AUTHOR(S) that macro- and micro-mineral concentrations in
1 Abortifacients Akubue et al, 1983; Offiah and Spondias mombin were affected by seasonal
Anyanwu, 1989 climatic condition.
2 Anti epileptic Ayoka et al, 2006 Recent reports show the anxiolytic effect
3 Anti psychotic Ayoka et al, 2006
(Ayoka et al, 2005), sedative, antiepileptic and
4 Anti viral Corthout et al, 1992, 1994
antipsychotic effects of the leaves extract in mice
5 Anti-ageing Corthout et al, 1992; Panly and
and rats (Ayoka et al, 2006). The method used for
Flerry, 2002
the study in our laboratory are observation of
6 Anti-bacterial Ajao et al, 1985; Corthout et
al, 1994 novelty-induced behaviour, effect on
7 Anti-diarrhoea Akubue et al, 1983 hexobarbitone induced sleeping time, swimming
8 Anti-fertility Raji et al, 2006 test, effect on induced convulsion which was
9 Anti-helmintic Ademola et al, 2005 carried out through standard pharmacological
10 Anti- Akubue et al, 1983; Abed et al, tools. Raji et al (2006) in their study showed the
inflammation 1996 antifertility action of aqueous Spondias mombin
11 Anti-malarial Carabolla et al, 2004 bark extract. They reported a marked dose-
12 Anti-microbial Verpoote and Dahal, 1987; dependent reduction in epididymal sperm
Corthout et al, 1994; Abo et al, progressive motility, sperm count, viability
1996 (live/dead ratio) and a dose-dependent increase in
13 Anti-oxidant Shaltes and Raffant, 1990; percentage abnormal spermatozoa. Epididymal α-
Corthor Costner et al, 1988; glucosidase activity was significantly reduced.
Panly and Flerry, 2002 However, cessation of treatment within four weeks
14 Anxiolytic Ayoka et al, 2005 resulted in full recovery.
15 Beta-lactamase Coattes et al, 1994
inhibitor Phytochemistry of Spondias mombin
16 Haemostatic Kone-Bamba et al, 1987 According to Hamano and Marcadante (2001), the
function high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
17 Hypnotics Akubue et al, 1983; Ayoka et revealed the following: carotenoids, phytoene,
al, 2006
alpha-trans-beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, beta-
18 Increased Villegas et al, 1997
capillary
crytoxanthin (cis and trans), zeinoxanthin and
19 Molluscicidal Corthout et al, 1994
lutein from Spondias mombin.
20 Purgative Akubue et al, 1983
The gum exudates from Spondias mombin are
21 Reduced Pauly and Flerry, 2002 very soluble in water (Leon-De-Pinto et al, 1995)
glutathione containing arabinose, mannsone and rhamnose.
synthesis The cationic composition of the ash gums has high
22 Sedative Akubue et al, 1983; Ayoka et calcium, potassium, sodium and magnesium
al, 2006 contents. There is evidence of arabinofuranose
23 Vitamin C Keshinro, 1985 residues as structural features of the Spondias
substitute gums. Coates et al (1994) isolated a novel beta-
24 Wound-healing Deferreyra, 1981, 1997; lactamase inhibitor from Spondias mombin. Two
Jaramillo and caffeoyl esters: 2-0-caffeoyl-(+)-allohyroycritic
Ahnmadebormol, 1983; Ajao acid and chlorogenic and butyl ester with antiviral
et al, 1985; Villegas et al, 1997 properties were isolated by Corthout et al (1992).
Also, two ellagitannins with antiviral properties
The plant extract has been shown to possess were earlier isolated by Corthout et al (1991).
phenolic derivatives with antiherpes and
antioxidant properties, which have been

Medicinal Value of Spondias mombin 133

African Journal of Biomedical Research 2008 (Vol. 11) / Enohumah and Imarengiaye

Table 4
Phytochemical Isolates from Spondias mombin
S/N Compound Biological Effect Author(S)
1 Geraniin, Balloyl Geraniin Anti viral Corthout et al, 1991
2 Allohydroxycitric acid, Anti viral Corthout et al, 1992
Chorogenic acid, Butylester
3 Tannin Not tested Onwuka, 1992; Abo et al, 1999; Apori, 1998;
Ayoka et al, 2006
4 Limonoids, Naphthoquinones Not tested Caraballo et al, 2004

They are geraniin and galloygeraniin. Spondias sehistome life cycle. Corthout et al (1990) isolated
mombin has high extractable phenolic and tannin a long chain compound belonging to phenolic acid
content (Apori, 1998). The anti-malarial activity of group from Spondias mombin; later in 1992, they
Spondias mombin may be linked to a range of isolated two caffeoyl esters with antiviral
compounds like anthraquinones, berberine, properties from the leaves and stem of Spondias
flavonoids, naphthoquinones, sesquiterpenes, mombin by bioguided array. The compounds are
quassiniods, indole and quinoline alkaloids 2-0-caffeoyl-(+)-allohydroxycitric acid and
(Caraballo et al, 2004). chlorogenic acid butylester. Onwuka (1992)
Abo et al (1999) reported that Spondias equally reported tannin and saponin in Spondias
mombin contains tannins, saponins and mombin while Adedeji et al (1991) reported that
anthraquinone glycosides that showed significant the flavour compound in Spondias mombin is
antimicrobial activity without any significant isobutyl-3-hydroxybutanoate.
antifungal activity. Moronkola et al (2003) Most of the effects observed with extract of
reported more than 54 component constituents of Spondias mombin may be attributed to the
the Spondias mombin’s essential oils, chiefly constituent compounds of phenols, tannins,
caryophyllene as most abundant compound, delta anthraquinones and flavonoids presence in the
cadinine, alpha-muurolene, alpha-gurjunene, 5- plant (Ayoka, 2004; Ayoka et al, 2005 and 2006;
isocedranol and –cadinene. Augusto et al (2000) Akubue et al, 1983; Caraballo et al, 2004;
screened Spondias mombin’s fruit to contain Corthout et al, 1994). The presence of these active
alcohols, esters, carbonyl compounds and compounds has been reported for several activities
terpernoids. Lemos et al (1995) showed that like antibacterial (Corthout et al, 1994; Ajao et al,
Spondias mombin leaf oil was rich in 3-hexenol 1985), anti-inflammation (Abad et al, 1996),
and beta-caryophyllene. Edeoga and Eriata (2001) haemostatic activity (Kone-Bamba et al, 1987),
showed that it contains alkaloids, proanthocyanins anti-microbial (Corthout et al, 1994; Abo et al,
and saponins. 1999; Verpoorte and Dihal, 1987), antioxidant
Carthout et al (1994) isolated 6-alkenylsalcylic (Castner et al, 1998; Shaltes and Raffauf, 1990),
acid from the ethanolic extract of the leaves using abortifacients (Akubue et al, 1983; Offiah and
chromatographic methods. The structures were 6- Anyanwu, 1989), purgatives (Akubue et al, 1983),
1 1
(7\8 Z, 11 Z, 14, Z-heptadecatrienyl)-salicylic hypnotics (Akubue et al, 1983; Ayoka et al, 2005),
1 1 anti-diarrhoea (Akubue et al, 1983), anti-helmintic
acid, 6-(8 Z, H Z-heptadecadienyl)-salicylic acid (Ademola et al, 2005), anti-malarial (Carabalo et
1 1
and 6-(10 Z-heptadecenyl)-salicylic acid, 6-(12 Z- al, 2004), wound-healing (Villegas et al, 1997;
nonadecenyl)-salicylic acid. These phenolic acids Ajao et al, 1985), enzyme inhibitor (Coates et al,
and pelandjuaic acid were active against 1994), increased capillary permeability in rats
Biomphalaria glabrats, an intermediate host in the (Villegas et al, 1997), anti-free radical action, anti-

134 Medicinal Value of Spondias mombin

African Journal of Biomedical Research 2008 (Vol. 11) / Enohumah and Imarengiaye

aging, reduced glutathione synthesis (Pauly and Alternative Medicine 2 (2), 153 – 165.
Fleury, 2002). The phenolic acids composition Ayoka A. O., Akomolafe R. O., Iwalewa E. O.,
was observed to cause antibacterial and Akanmu M. A. and Ukponmwan O. E. (2006):
molluscicidal effect (Corthout et al, 1994). Sedative, antiepileptic and antipsychotic effects of
Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiacaea) in mice and rats.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 103, 166 – 175.
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136 Medicinal Value of Spondias mombin

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