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Insight in edamame yield and quality parameters: a review

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AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
(CROP SCIENCES, ANIMAL SCIENCES) DOI:10.22616/rrd.23.2017.047

INSIGHT IN EDAMAME YIELD AND QUALITY PARAMETERS: A REVIEW

Solvita Zeipiņa, Ina Alsiņa, Līga Lepse

Latvia University of Agriculture
[email protected]

Abstract
Environmental conditions and climate change on a global scale affect the overall agriculture and food supply.
Edamame, also called vegetable soybean is an import vegetable in the world, especially in the East Asia. China is the
world’s centre for vegetable soybean production. Edamame beans are harvested before full maturity when bean pods
are green and just before turning to yellow colour. Most cultivated varieties in the world are of Japanese origin. The
aim of this literature survey is to give a review on history and consumption facts of edamame, as well as on the yield
and quality parameters of this fresh commodity. Monographic method has been used for this review. Edamame has a
high nutritional and medical value. Composition of biologically active compounds in edamame plants is dependent on
climate conditions, seasonal changes, cultivar properties and maturity stage. Vegetable soybean has a long cultivation
history in the world. In Europe edamame is grown, but in Latvia edamame has not been grown until now, but there
is some experience in soya grain growing. Pod colour is the main external quality factor of edamame. It can be
influenced by light, moisture, fertilization, variety properties, planting density and harvesting procedures. Vegetation
period for edamame in most cases is reported to be between 75 and 100 days.
Key words: Glycine max (L.) Merr, pods, quality, protein.

Introduction phosphorus, calcium, iron, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin

Edamame belongs to the same species as the E, diet fibre and isoflavone content (Basavaraja,
traditional grain soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Naidu, & Salimath, 2004; Hu et al., 2006). There are
Vegetable soybean has a long history. Glycine soja also reports on high level of essential amino acids
Sieb & Zucc in eastern China is the ancestor of in the beans (Maruthi & Paramesh, 2016). Soybean
Glycine max (L.) Merr.). For the first time edamame is a good source of several natural isoflavones (78
were recorded in China, as early as the second century to 220 μg g-1 dried seed) (Mentredy et al., 2002).
BC (Mentreddy et al., 2002). Edamame is a traditional Isoflavones have a preventive effect on vascular
component in diet also in Japan, where it has been diseases, osteoporosis, menopausal symptoms, and
known for more than 400 years. It is generally sold in cognitive function (Sirisomboon, Pornchaloempong,
the pods as fresh or frozen beans. For consumption, & Romphophak, 2007). Soybean also has potential
edamame is boiled for 5 to 7 minutes in highly salted for cancer prevention and suppression due to its
water (Johnson, Wang, & Suzuki, 1999). Edamame, high genistein content (Huang et al., 2014). Clinical
boiled with or without pods, is consumed as snacks, studies show that isoflavones in soybean proteins have
soups, salads or vegetable dishes (Mentredy et al., a positive influence on blood substance and reduce
2002; Stevenson, Jane, & Inglet, 2007). In Brazil, the risk of cardiovascular diseases (Mentredy et al.,
edamame packaging is canning; if sucrose is added, 2002). Edamame is a valuable food for vegetarians
it helps to save the desirable colour (Czaikoski et al., and vegans due to its high nutritional value, especially
2013). as a source of proteins and amino acids. Vegetable
Soybean is an annual self-pollinated diploid soybeans are also used in the preparation of innovative
legume (Gurdip, Thomas, & Carter, 1993). It is a products such as green milk, green tofu and green
popular crop that is widely consumed worldwide noodles (Basavaraja, Naidu, & Salimath, 2005).
(Song et al., 2013). Soybean can be used as oil bean According to literature, the vegetation period
and as food bean. Soybean varieties with a larger seed for edamame in most cases is between 75 and 100
size than traditional varieties, harvested at immature days. Such length of vegetation period is common
stage, also are called edamame (Saldivar et al., for majority of agricultural crops in Latvia. Taking
2011). The consumption difference between soybeans into account this fact, assumption of too short
and edamame is in the stage of maturity when the vegetation period in Latvia is deniable. Nonetheless,
beans are harvested. Edamame beans are harvested the shorter the vegetation period, the more secure
before full maturity when bean pods are green and is a high quality production outcome. This fact is
just before turning to yellow (Basavaraja, Naidu, & taken into consideration also by edamame breeders
Salimath, 2005; Hu et al., 2006; Pao et al., 2008). worldwide – the most important breeding objectives
Similarly to dried soybeans, the seeds of edamame are early maturity, high quality (Fig. 1.) and disease
are characterized by high nutritional and medicinal and insect resistance (Shanmgasundaram, 1991).
value (Konovsky, Lumpkin, & MeClary, 1994). It Edamame tradability is characterized by physical and
is valuable due to high protein, fat, phospholipids, organoleptic properties. Quality characteristics depend

40 RESEARCH FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2017, VOLUME 2

are mostly used in the human diet. It is found that shortly boiled/blanched edamame beans are a good source of
ascorbic acid, vitamin E and dietary fibre (Shanmgasundaram, 1991; Johnson, Wang, & Suzuki, 1999). Analysis
of vegetable soybean performed in Japan showed energy value 2435 kJ per 100 g, as well as 71 g water, 11 g
protein,
INSIGHT7 INg EDAMAME
lipids, 7 g carbohydrates,
YIELD AND 2 g fiber, 16 g dietary fiber, 2 g ash and 70 mg calcium, 140 mg
QUALITY PARAMETERS:
phosphorus, A REVIEW
140 mg potassium, 27 mg ascorbic acid and also other vitaminsSolvita Zeipiņa, Ina Alsiņa,
and microelements Līga Lepse
(Johnson, Wang,
& Suzuki, 1999; Wszelaki et al., 2005).

Figure1. Quality components of vegetable soybean (Shanmgasundaram, 1991).

Figure1. Quality components of vegetable soybean (Shanmgasundaram, 1991).
on genotype, harvest time, growth and environmental machines are used. Seeds have to be sown in 2.5 – 5.0
The aim of this literature survey is to give a review on history and consumption facts of edamame, as well as
conditions (Mentreddy et al., 2002). cm depth, in well-drained, warm, moist fertile soils.
on the yield and quality parameters of this fresh commodity.
Quality parameters of vegetable soybean are Plantlets may be started in a greenhouse and later
scaled intoand
Materials fiveMethods
categories, including visual aspects, transplanted in the field. If edamame is sown for the first
taste,
Monographic methodand
flavour, texture nutritional
has been used forvalue. The Literature
this review. time in a particular field,scientific
from different the seed should
journalsbeallinoculated
around the
pod colour is crucial and bright-green is the most with the Rhizobium
world has been used in its development. It includes information from research conducted in Japan, India, strain, Bradyrhizobium japonicum
suitable. Georgia,
Thailand, YellowingPakistan,of the Canada,
pods showsBrazil, freshness bacterium
Dakota, Mississippi and(Konovsky,
Colorado. Lumpkin, & MeClary, 1994;
decrease and debasement of ascorbic acid. At Kaiser & Ernst, 2013; Zhang et al., 2013). As planting
harvest, and
Results edamame
Discussionhas more vitamins than field-dried depth increases, soybean seedling emergence declines
Growing conditions determined by sucrose, glutamic (Zhang et al., 2013). Soybean germination will be
soybeans. Taste is
acid and
Untilalanine.
harvest,Sucrose promotes
the edamame sweetness,
growing system while betterto ifthat
is similar seeds are plantedgrain
of traditional into soybeans.
moist soil However,
(Mentredythe
saponin, isoflavonoids, and L-arginine add bitterness
edamame seeds are larger and it can be necessary to organize a different sowing system if the sowingused
et al., 2002). In Japan, base fertilizer rates for
machines
are used. Seeds
to edamame have The
seeds. to beblanched
sown in 2.5 beans– 5.0
arecm depth, in
mostly well-drained,
soybean warm, moist50fertile
are approximately – 80 soils. Plantlets
kg nitrogen hamay
-1
,
be
usedstarted
in theinhuman
a greenhouse and
diet. It is laterthat
found transplanted in the field.
shortly boiled/ 70 –If100 edamame is sown for
kg phosphorus, andthe
100first timekginpotassium
– 140 a particular
field, the seed
blanched edamame should be inoculated
beans are a good withsourcetheofRhizobium
ascorbic strain, Bradyrhizobium
ha-1. Immoderate nitrogenjaponicum bacterium
fertilizer (Konovsky,
can influence pod
Lumpkin,
acid, vitamin& MeClary,
E and dietary1994;fibreKaiser & Ernst, 2013; Zhang
(Shanmgasundaram, numberet al., and2013).
increaseAs planting
the numberdepthofincreases,
empty orsoybeanone-
seedling emergence
1991; Johnson, Wang, declines (Zhang
& Suzuki, et al.,
1999). 2013). Soybean
Analysis of seeded germination
pods. Onewill of thebesignificant
better if seeds areinfluencing
factors planted into
moist soil soybean
vegetable (Mentredy et al., 2002).
performed In Japan,
in Japan showed base fertilizer
energy rates
yield is used for soybean
the planting are approximately
density. The distance 50 – 80 kg
between
nitrogen
value 2435 , 70per– 100
ha-1kJ 100 g,
kgasphosphorus,
well as 71 and 100 –11140rows
g water, kg potassium
influencesha
-1
plant. Immoderate
developmentnitrogen
more than fertilizer
distancecan
influence
g protein, pod number7 and
7 g lipids, increase the 2number
g carbohydrates, g fiber,of16empty or one-seeded
between plants in a pods. One of
row. Lower thedensities
plant significant factors
provide
influencing
g dietary fiber,yield2 is the and
g ash planting
70 mg density. The140
calcium, distance
mg between
darker pods rows influences
(Kanovsky,plant development
Lumpkin, more than
& MeClary,
distance
phosphorus,between140 mg plants in a row.27
potassium, Lower plant densities
mg ascorbic provideLow
acid 1994). darker pods (Kanovsky,
phosphorus Lumpkin,
availability & MeClary,
can negatively
1994). Low phosphorus availability can negatively influence edamame growing and development. The
and also other vitamins and microelements (Johnson, influence edamame growing and development.
biotechnological tool can be used to improve phosphorus using efficiency in vegetable soybean – a rice
Wang, & Suzuki, 1999; Wszelaki et al., 2005). The biotechnological tool can be used to improve
phosphate transporter gene has to be transferred into the vegetable soybean genome (Yan et al., 2014).
The aim of this literature survey is to give a review phosphorus using efficiency in vegetable soybean – a
Plant growing and development conditions can influence properties of a particular variety. A major factor
on history
for vegetableandsoybean
consumption facts of
production is edamame,
seed quality. as well
In Indiarice phosphate
research transporterwith
was performed genethehasaim
to to
be determine
transferredthe
as on the yield and quality parameters of this fresh into the vegetable
best nutrient management system for higher seed quality. From 12 different tested treatment combinationssoybean genome (Yan et al., 2014).the
commodity. Plant growing
best results showed variants with treatment combination of recommended rates of NPK (30:80:37.5 kg ha and development conditions can
-1
)+
influence properties
Recommended dose of FYM (farmyard manure), (10 t ha ) + Bradyrhizobium inoculant (250 g ha ) + PSB
-1 of a particular variety. A -1 major
Materials and
(phosphate Methodsbacteria), (250 g ha-1) can be usedfactor
solubilizing for vegetable
for obtaning good quality soybean
seedsproduction
of vegetableissoybean.
seed
Monographic method has been used for this review. quality. In India research
In all variants, the mean germination rate was 85.4% (Maruthi & Paramesh, 2016). There is a high variation was performed with the aim
Literature from different scientific journals all around to determine the best nutrient
found between genotypes according to plant height, yield, seed size, seed flavour, and time to maturity (Kaiser management system for &
the world has been used in its development. It includes higher seed quality. From
Ernst, 2013). In India, an investigation was performed with 10 vegetable soybean genotypes, where plants were 12 different tested treatment
information from research conducted in Japan, India, combinations the best results showed variants with
Thailand, Georgia, Pakistan, Canada, Brazil, Dakota, treatment combination of recommended rates of NPK
Mississippi and Colorado. (30:80:37.5 kg ha-1) + Recommended dose of FYM
(farmyard manure), (10 t ha-1) + Bradyrhizobium
Results and Discussion inoculant (250 g ha-1) + PSB (phosphate solubilizing
Growing conditions bacteria), (250 g ha-1) can be used for obtaning good
Until harvest, the edamame growing system is quality seeds of vegetable soybean. In all variants,
similar to that of traditional grain soybeans. However, the mean germination rate was 85.4% (Maruthi &
the edamame seeds are larger and it can be necessary Paramesh, 2016). There is a high variation found
to organize a different sowing system if the sowing between genotypes according to plant height, yield,

RESEARCH FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2017, VOLUME 2 41

INSIGHT IN EDAMAME YIELD AND
Solvita Zeipiņa, Ina Alsiņa, Līga Lepse QUALITY PARAMETERS: A REVIEW

seed size, seed flavour, and time to maturity (Kaiser & and total fresh pod weight was higher than for the
Ernst, 2013). In India, an investigation was performed early-maturing varieties. In 2004, the plant height
with 10 vegetable soybean genotypes, where plants ranged between 21 – 74 cm and in 2005 from 17 to
were grown with a spacing of 30 cm between rows 144 cm; accordingly, pods per plant ranged between
and 10 cm between plants in a row. In all vegetable 14 – 57 and 27 – 98, and yield ranged between 1.6 –
soybean genotypes a significant difference was 21.4 and 8.5 – 39.2 t ha-1 respectively in both years.
observed between measurements, except pod width.
Plant height ranged from 26.7 to 62.73 cm, number Harvesting
of branches 2 – 3, period of 35 – 46 days to 50% In small farms edamame yield is usually harvested
flowering and 79 – 84 days to harvest, pod number on by hands. Pods are ready for harvest when they are
plant was ranged from 22 to 31, pod length 3.3 – 4.6 close to full size and are bright green (between R6
and pod width 0.9 – 1.1 cm, the fresh pod yield varied and R7 growth stage), and pods have filled up to
between 6.2 and 11.4 t ha-1 and, accordingly, the seed 80 – 90% of the pod width (Konovsky, Lumpkin, &
yield was 2.0 – 4.9 t ha-1, but hundred seed weight MeClary, 1994; Mentreddy et al., 2002; Basavaraja,
was found to be 16.7 – 35.8 grams. Basavaraja with Naidu, & Salimath, 2005). It is highly recommended
colleagues observed a positive correlation between to perform pod cooling during post-harvest to save
seed yield, pod length, and hundred seed weight the product freshness as long as possible (Kaiser, &
(Basavaraja, Naidu, & Salimath, 2005). In Pakistan, Ernst, 2013). Edamame pods at harvest should have
an investigation was performed on evaluation of white pubescence; the hilum should be light brown
different soybean genotypes, where plants were grown or gray. Two or three seeds must be developed in the
in a spacing of 30 cm between rows and 5 cm between pod and pod length must be at least 5 cm and width
plants in a row. The average number of pods per plant 1.4 cm (Metredy et al., 2002). Pods are sorted in two
was recorded as 21 and average plant height – 71 cm grades. Level A, – at least 90% pods with two or three
(Rehman et al., 2014). seeds. The pods have a good shape, are completely
In China, 30 edamame genotypes were analyzed. green, and without injury or blots. Level B edamame
Seeds were sown in a row with 65 cm spacing. Plant pods can be a little bit lighter green, and a few pods
height was varying from 32 to 119 cm and growing can be slightly spotted, injured. In both levels, pods
period between 101 – 130 days (Li et al., 2012). cannot be completely mature or unripe, with disease,
Investigation in two different places in Colorado during or insect-damaged. Pod colour is the most seeable
1994 – 1998 year showed significant differences in quality parameter of edamame (Konovsky, Lumpkin,
yield, depending on location. The yield of five edible & MeClary, 1994; Sirisomboon, Pornchaloempong,
bean cultivars ranged between 2.2 – 8.1 in one location & Romphophak, 2007; Sirisomboon, Hashimato, &
and 4.1 – 10.2 t ha-1 in another, but marketable yield Tanaka, 2009). Ensuring of high quality is quite a
between 1.0 – 4.8 in one location and 2.1 – 6.8 th-1 challenging task in edamame production. In Thailand,
in another (Johnson, Wang, & Suzuki, 1999). Another green soybean pods were analyzed with NIR scanning
investigation was performed in Georgia, US with six system, all samples were classified into 10 groups
edamame cultivars from Japan, two from China and of pods. From total pod number (802) only 98 were
two US elite soybean cultivars during 1995 – 1998. of good quality. Most of pods had downy mildew
The average fresh green pod yield ranged between (Peronospora manshurica) (167) and brown spots
16.3 and 19.7 t ha-1, but seed yield ranged between 7.3 (Septoria glycines) (193) (Sirisomboon, Hashimato,
and 11.6 t ha-1 (Mentreddy et al., 2002). & Tanaka, 2009).
In Brazil, four vegetable soybean genotypes were
compared. The number of pods per plant during two Yield quality
vegetation seasons on average fluctuated between 17 Different factors such as cultivar, growing
and 29. Fresh bean yield was stated to be from 3.3 to conditions, climate, soil type, and plant maturity can
6.6 t ha-1 (Santos et al., 2013). influence the biochemical quality of crop. Not only
Five vegetable soybean cultivars were evaluated environmental factors, but also genetic factors can
during 2003 and 2004 in Dakota. Marketable yield in strongly affect the seed biochemical composition.
the trial ranged between 6.5 and 11.3 t ha-1 and pod Soybean is an important source of vegetable proteins
number per plant was 27 – 81 (Duppong & Hatterman- and lipids, especially of essential fatty acids (Zarkadas
Valenti, 2005). During 2004 and 2005 in Mississippi et al., 2007). In Japan and Canada, different methods
Zhang and Kyei-Boahen (2007) observed that plant are used for protein quality determination. These
growth and development were faster in 2004 than methods are used by breeders to select high quality
2005 because in 2004 there were warmer temperatures soybean varieties. In Canada, 14 soybean cultivar
at planting (average 25 °C). The late-maturing variety seeds were analyzed, where average protein content
plants in the trial were taller, had more pods per plant values among these varieties ranged from 29.8 to

42 RESEARCH FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2017, VOLUME 2

INSIGHT IN EDAMAME YIELD AND
QUALITY PARAMETERS: A REVIEW Solvita Zeipiņa, Ina Alsiņa, Līga Lepse

36.1% (Zarkadas et al., 2007; Lee et al., 2012). Starch activity varied from 10 to 25% (Kumar et al., 2014). In
content in immature soybean seeds was found to be another investigation in India, ten different vegetable
4 – 5%, but it decreased to almost zero at maturity. soybean genotypes were compared. It was determined
Level of oil increased rapidly to 20% at 40 days after that protein content in seeds ranged from 11.6 to 15.3
flowering, and stayed constant until maturity, but g 100 g-1 of fresh sample. It should be stressed that
protein was accumulated at later stages. 60 soybean regarding protein content, the vegetable soybean has
genotypes were analyzed and it was observed that the highest ranking among other legumes. Vitamin C
sucrose and raffinose contents were positively content of vegetable soybean genotypes ranged from
correlated with oil content, but negatively correlated 15.90 to 20.85 mg 100 g-1 (Salmani, Vijayalakshmi, &
with protein content (Saldivar et al., 2011). From Sajjan, 2012).
trials performed in Pakistan data shows that protein Researchers observed that 10 – 14 day storage
concentration of soybean seeds was significantly in a fridge at 3 – 5 °C temperature did not show
affected by planting time. Early planted soybean significant loss in edamame seed quality (Johnson,
produced seeds with lower protein (Rehman et al., Wang, & Suzuki, 1999). On the contrary, others
2014). Protein content increased by 7 – 8% in the observed that when stored at 5 °C for 10 days, green
period of 20 days before harvest (Stevenson, Jane, colour, content of sucrose, and seed weight gradually
& Inglett, 2007). In Georgia, protein and oil content decreased. Combination of blanching in boiling
in dry seeds for different genotypes ranged between water and following freezing is found to be a good
33.3 and 38.6%, and from 5.0 to 6.9% in fresh seeds. way to save the quality of vegetables. However,
The content of sugar ranged from 6.0% to 7.4%. blanching negatively influences the vegetable quality,
The content of total soluble sugar of the fresh green texture – they become soft, their colour changes to
beans is a significant factor that directly affects the brown, and the content of nutrients is lower. Steam
organoleptic attribute of seeds (Mentreddy et al., blanching is better than water blanching because more
2002). In China, eight vegetable soybean genotypes soluble matters have been lost during water blanching
were analyzed on biochemical composition. It was (Saldivar et al., 2010).
found that sucrose concentration ranged between 9.4
and 31.8 mg g-1, which is 78.9 to 93.7% of the total Conclusions
sugar content; free amino acids ranged between 4.6 Edamame is becoming more and more popular
and 10.2 mg g-1 dry matter. Vegetable soybean contains all over the world, particularly in countries from the
23 free amino acids (Song et al., 2013). In India, United States to Asia. Vegetable soybean is of similar
biochemical evaluation of 16 edamame genotypes of growth and development peculiaries as traditional
Taiwan origin was performed. Results of investigation soybean. Fresh green soybeans have a low oil and
indicate significant genotypic variation for content of high protein content (10 – 15 g 100 g-1). Vegetable
vitamin C, from 34.8 to 88.7 mg 100 g-1 dry seeds. soybean yield and its quality can vary depending on
Total phenol content in green seeds ranged from 0.68 genotype, weather conditions and other environmental
to 1.39 mg gallic acid equivalent g-1. Antiradical and agrotechnological factors.

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INSIGHT IN EDAMAME YIELD AND
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