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    Negro, Gwyn Steffani
    The document discusses different measures of relative standing that can be used to describe the position of a data value within a data set. It describes the z-score, percentile, and quartile measures. The z-score indicates the number of standard deviations a value is from the mean, allowing normalization and comparison of data sets. Percentiles divide data into 100 equal parts, showing the percentage of values below a given value. Quartiles divide data into four equal parts. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating each measure.

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    Research Paper

    Uploaded by

    Negro, Gwyn Steffani
    107 views6 pages
    The document discusses different measures of relative standing that can be used to describe the position of a data value within a data set. It describes the z-score, percentile, and quartile measures. The z-score indicates the number of standard deviations a value is from the mean, allowing normalization and comparison of data sets. Percentiles divide data into 100 equal parts, showing the percentage of values below a given value. Quartiles divide data into four equal parts. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating each measure.

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    RESEARCH-PAPER

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    The document discusses different measures of relative standing that can be used to describe the position of a data value within a data set. It describes the z-score, percentile, and quartile measures. The z-score indicates the number of standard deviations a value is from the mean, allowing normalization and comparison of data sets. Percentiles divide data into 100 equal parts, showing the percentage of values below a given value. Quartiles divide data into four equal parts. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating each measure.

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    107 views6 pages

    Research Paper

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    Negro, Gwyn Steffani
    The document discusses different measures of relative standing that can be used to describe the position of a data value within a data set. It describes the z-score, percentile, and quartile measures. The z-score indicates the number of standard deviations a value is from the mean, allowing normalization and comparison of data sets. Percentiles divide data into 100 equal parts, showing the percentage of values below a given value. Quartiles divide data into four equal parts. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating each measure.

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    Republic of the Philippines

    CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS


    M. J. Cuenco Avenue Cor. R. Palma Street, Cebu City, Philippines
    Website: http://www.ctu.edu.ph E-mail: [email protected]
    Phone: +6332 402 4060 loc. 1109
    COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
    DEPARTMENT OF PURE SCIENCES

    RESEARCH
    PAPER
    _________________________
    In Fulfillment of the Requirements
    for the subject Statistical Biology Lab
    __________________________________

    Negro, Gwyn Steffani J.


    BSBIO ECO 1-1

    May 2023
    MEASURE OF RELATIVE STANDING

    INTRODUCTION

    A way to describe the relationship between a particular value in a data set and the
    rest of the values in the set or to compare values from different data sets to each
    other is to use a measure of relative standing. In particular, a proportion of
    relative standing alludes to numerical stunts that permit you to scale an
    informational collection and its dissemination such that you can definitively look
    at this information in numerous ways (be it inside itself, or with other relatively
    scaled informational indexes); Because of this, a measure of relative standing,
    also known as a measure of location or a measure of position, focuses on the
    relative position of a data value within the data set.

    The significance of one observed value in a data set strongly depends on how that
    value compares to the other observed values in a data set. Therefore we wish to
    attach to each observed value a number that measures its relative position.

    BODY

    The three basic measures of relative standing are the z-score (also called the
    standard score), the percentiles and quartiles.

    ● Z-SCORE

    The z score definition above might appear to be too straightforward however the
    cycle is very astounding, let us develop this. 

    Re-scaling a data set and its distribution with the z score, also known as the
    standard score or the standardized score, enables us to make meaningful
    comparisons with other data sets.

    You can create frequency distributions and histograms to compare all of these
    sets of data, which we assume are normally distributed, and once you do so, you
    come to the following problem: Regardless of how great are your dissemination
    diagrams, you can't precisely look at them in light of the fact that the examples of
    the populace utilized in each measurable informational collection are unique,
    thus, the extents don't fit with either.

    Here is where normalization and the z-score come to play a role! Calculating the z
    score of the values in each data set you can produce re-scaled distributions that
    can literally be overlapped on each other for comparison.

    How to calculate z–score:

    The process can get quite complicated, so let us first start with the basic
    calculation for the z score, and once we have learned more about the normal
    distribution we can come back to the use of the z score for higher difficulty,
    unrelated data set, comparisons.

    FORMULA

    z = (X – μ) / σ

    EXAMPLE

    Suppose the mean and standard deviation of the GPA's of all currently registered
    students at a college are μ=7.20 and σ=0.50. The z-scores of the GPA's of two
    students, Antonio and Beatrice, are z= –0.62 and z= 1.28, respectively. What are
    their GPA's?

    SOLUTION:

    Using the formula of z-scores, we compute the gpa as

    Antonio: x=μ+σ= 2.70+(–0.62)(0.50) = 2.38

    Beatrice: x=μ+σ= 2.70+(1.28)(0.50) =3.34


    ● PERCENTILE

    Percentiles indicate the percentage of data outcomes in a set which fall under a
    certain value.

    Percentiles divide the entire data set into a hundred equal parts when translating
    this into a distribution graph, the percentiles produce 99 division marks that
    denote the percentage of data located up to a particular value. A percentile is
    what we call each of the 99 division marks in the distribution. We are able to see
    the percentage of data that is found below (or up to) a particular data value when
    we look at a percentile mark on that value. As a result, percentiles do not
    necessarily lie equally separated on a distribution.

    How to calculate percentiles:

    In order to calculate the percentile of a certain value XX from the data set we
    follow the next equation:

    FORMULA

    Let us look at an example so you see the process of finding percentiles in action:

    EXAMPLE

    Sidney is taking a biology course in university. She got a mark of 78% and the list
    of all marks from her class (including her mark) is given by {56, 83, 74, 67, 47, 54,
    82, 78, 86, 90}.What percentile did she score in?
    Sydney's friend Billy knows he got in the 70% percentile, what was his mark?

    SOLUTION

    First we order the scores from lowest to highest: {47, 54, 56, 67, 74, 78, 82, 83,
    86, 90}. Notice we put Sidney's score in bold. Now, solving for the percentile
    Sidney scored in, we use the percentile formula shown in equation 4:

    Percentile for Sidney's score= \frac{5}{10} \times 100 = 50=105​×100=50


    Equation 5: Sidney's percentile

    So we have that Sidney scored in the 50th percentile (or above the 50%).

    Now to answer the second question of this problem, let see what is Billy's mark if
    he is in the 70th percentile: Using the percentile equation (equation 4) we solve
    for the number of data points less than X so we can then go and check back which
    score meets this condition in the set:

    Therefore, there are 7 data values in the set before Billy's score, which means
    Billy got a 83% in his Biology course.
    ● QUARTILE

    Quartiles divides a data set into four equal parts. The values dividing each part
    are called the first, second, and third quartiles having the symbols Q1, Q2, and
    Q3 respectively.

    In summary, the point marks or calculations that let you see where a particular
    data value is within the entire data set (or its proper distribution) are the
    measures of relative standing. the z-score will let you know the number of
    standard deviations that is a sure worth away from the mean (either above or
    underneath it), the percentiles will let you know in which of the 99 focuses that
    partition the informational collection into 100 equivalent parts is your
    information point found and even furnish you with a position on how much
    information is above or beneath it, and the quartiles will do likewise as the
    percentiles yet separating the information in four equivalent parts as it were.

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