Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter mainly discussed about the methods and techniques

that was used in gathering all the data that is needed for this study. This

chapter included the following: research design, research subjects, research

locale, data sources, data collection procedure, trustworthiness of the

study, role of the researchers, ethical consideration, and data analysis.

Research Design

This research is qualitative in nature. According to Creswell (2009),

qualitative study involves observation, and or archival (content) data to

collect, the data that is needed for the research. The emphasis is put on the

natural setting and the points of views of the research participants. The

qualitative research is descriptive, in that the researchers are interested in

process, meaning, and understanding gained through words or pictures.

From this data, the researcher interprets the meaning of the information

drawing on personal reflections and past research. The structure of the

final report is flexible, and it displays the researcher’s biases and thoughts.
2

Research Participants

Creswell (2002) has recommended that 3-5 participants can be used

for case study research. However, with respect to phenomenological

studies, sample size recommendations range from 6 (Morse, 1994) to 10

(Creswell, 1998).

In this study, the participants were the fourth year college students

of St. Mary’s College of Tagum, Inc. from the following programs;

Education, Bachelor of Arts, Criminology, Civil Engineering, Nursing,

Computer Science, Hospitality Management, Tourism Management,

Business Administration, and Accountancy.

From each program, we utilized purposive sampling having one

student among the seniors per program for the interview. This was used

by the researchers because it proved to be effective when only limited

numbers of people can serve as primary data sources due to the nature of

our research design. Through this also, personal judgment can be used to

choose cases that can easily help answer our research questions or achieve

our research objectives.

3

Research Locale

The researchers conducted the study in St. Mary’s College of Tagum

Inc., Tagum City, Davao del Norte. This school is a private institution run

by the Religious of the Virgin Mary (RVM) sisters. The school provides

basic education and tertiary education. As of today the College

Department offers 11 courses.

Data Sources

According to Creswell (2007), data sources are typically gathered in

multiple forms such as interview, observation, and documentation.

According to Creswell, 10 participants are enough in doing qualitative

research.

We conducted the study through Focus Group Discussion (FGD) for

our first 6 participants and followed by an in – depth interview for the

remaining 4 participants. This served as one of the pillars of this

qualitative study.

Using the recorded audio files of the interviews, we compiled

printed transcriptions of their interviews which were used to find and

analyze their answers.

4

The researchers also took-down notes about the whole process in

collecting the data; their reactions, the way they answer, their eagerness to

participate, and the words they emphasized.

Moreover, we, the researchers, used the questions we formulated.

These guide questions were aligned to the statement of the problem that

helped solve queries and served as an attainment for the purpose of the

study.

Data Collection Procedure

Conducting this study took thorough and systematic procedures to

attain its purpose. The following steps were tracked in conducting the

study.

First, the participants from our study were selected through

purposive sampling in which we chose one fourth year college student

from each courses here in SMCTI. Importantly, it was essential to note that

all the participants were already done with the CALL program for them to

really have an impression on its implementation.

Second, the participants were informed about the study and they

were requested to sign the consent form in order to have an agreement.

The researchers assured the participants that records were with utmost

confidentiality.
5

Third, the participants were oriented with regards to the central

purpose of the study, the protocol design in data gathering, the

participants’ confidentiality as this were given the highest assurance by the

researcher.

Fourth, the preparation of the necessary materials used during the

conduct of the interview such as the questionnaires, cameras, and audio-

recorder were made.

Fifth, we conducted an FGD for one session with the 6 participants

then an in-depth interview was done with the remaining 4 participants.

We collated the data then after that, we transcribed their verbatim words

into writing.

The next step in the study is getting the perceptions of the

participants regarding CALL. Then, we separated the answers according

to the perception of the participants. The results were done when the

answers were analyzed and the identification of the major themes and core

ideas followed.

Lastly, findings were discussed.

Trustworthiness of the Study

6

This study was conceptualized, carefully planned, and authentically

established by the researchers.

Foremost, the title of the activity was defended by the researchers

and was accepted before the panellists allow this study to be conducted.

The information that was gathered especially the background of the study

and the review of related literature is surely with citations. This is to

ensure that we, the researchers, are not the owners of the supporting

studies.

We made it to the point that we remain faithful to our participants

so as to not modify what they uttered in our interview.

In order for us to produce a surely credible and trustworthy study as

we go along with this, we made sure to shadow what Lincoln and Guba

(1985) stated in their Naturalistic Inquiry book that as a qualitative

researchers, we must establish truthfulness by involving credibility,

transferability, dependability, and conformability.

Credibility, in which they seek to ensure that their study measure or

test what is actually intended (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). The researchers used

probes to elicit detailed data and iterative questioning through

paraphrased questions.
7

Transferability as cited by Lincoln and Guba is the responsibility of

the investigator to ensure that sufficient contextual information is

provided to enable the reader to make such transfer for future use of other

researchers. The researchers made the study utilized for other researchers

to be used also for certain information from the study for further

development of the same goals.

Dependability is often compared to the concept of reliability in

quantitative research and refers to how stable the data are (Graneheim and

Lundman, 2004). The researchers used of individual in-depth interview

and focused group discussion which were suitable in getting information

for the study.

Confirmability refers to the neutrality and accuracy of the data

(Tobin and Begley 2004). The researchers made sure that the results were

not be the researchers’ biases and thoughts but rather the vantage points of

the identified participants.

Moreover, as to the objective qualification of this study, particularly

on the efficacy of CALL from the vantage points of the college students in

SMCTI, we consulted prior researches that are related with our study.

Ethical Considerations
8

We, the researchers, considered certain research ethics to ensure

quality validity and integrity of the study. First, we asked the approval of

our school president in St. Mary’s College of Tagum in order for us to start

our data gathering formally. For our participants, we gave them our

consent form in order for them to liberately decides whether to be a part of

our research study or not. We did not force them to be our participants.

They have the right to refuse and we made sure to keep privately all the

personal information, even his/her real name, and his/her data that were

given to us throughout the interview. During our interview, we allowed

them to have their excuses or anything that can stop our talk. The

participants’ educational backgrounds, particularly their grades in the

CALL subject were not mentioned in our study. It is purely their personal

experiences and points only. Lastly, the participants’ cultural background

and social preferences were given highest respect.

Data Analysis

The data analysis technique that was used in our study was thematic

analysis. Thematic analysis is a widely used method of analysis in

qualitative research. It is a method for identifying, analysing and reporting

patterns within data (Braun and Clarke, 2006). Through this technique,
9

rich, detailed, and complex description of our data were gathered. This

will help researchers move from a broad reading of the data toward

discovering patterns and framing specific research questions (Boyatzis,

1998).

The results of the gathered data were the basis of our conclusions,

the implications for practice and recommendations for further research.

10

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