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Example of flow between 2 parallel plates : Two parallel plates are 1 mm apart.

The lower plate is

stationary and the upper plate moves with a velocity of 2 m/s • A stress of 5 Pa is needed to
maintain the upper plate in motion. Find the viscosity of the fluid contained between the plates in
Pa.s and cp
Non-Newtonian fluids
Corn starch suspension in water

It changes its viscosity almost instantly under stress, so you can punch it as a liquid and
it’ll turn into a solid, and you can literally walk across a pool of it, which looks amazing.
https://www.cornell.edu/video/how-oobleck-works-shear-thickening-cornstarch
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja-6JtEZ7lk
Non-Newtonian Fluids
Newtonian Fluid
duz
 rz  
dr
Non-Newtonian Fluid
duz
 rz  
dr
η is the apparent viscosity and is not constant for
non-Newtonian fluids.
η - Apparent Viscosity
The shear rate dependence of η categorizes
non-Newtonian fluids into several types.
Power Law Fluids:
 Pseudoplastic – η (viscosity) decreases as shear rate
increases (shear rate thinning)
 Dilatant – η (viscosity) increases as shear rate increases
(shear rate thickening)
Bingham Plastics:
 η depends on a critical shear stress (0) and then
becomes constant
Bingham Plastic: sludge, paint, blood, ketchup
Pseudoplastic: latex, paper pulp, clay solns. (shear thinning)
Newtonian
Dilatant: Corn starch suspension (shear thickening)
GENERALIZED NEWTONIAN FLUIDS (GNFs)

Modeling Power Law Fluids
Oswald - de Waele
 duz 
n
  duz    duz 
n 1
 rz  K     K     
 dr    dr    dr 
where:
K = flow consistency index
n = flow behavior index  eff
Note: Most non-Newtonian fluids are pseudoplastic n<1,

n= 1: Newtonian and n>1 : Dilatant
Modeling Bingham Plastics
 rz   0 duz
0 Rigid
dr
duz
 rz   0  rz    0
dr
Coefficient of rigidity or plastic viscosity
A number of non-Newtonian fluids can be found naturally, although most of them are
pseudoplastics as opposed to dilatants. A famous example of a non-Newtonian fluid is
quicksand. At first it seems solid but as the victim walks onto it, thereby applying stress
and causing it to become less viscous (as quicksand is a pseudoplastic), they sink in as
they struggle, applying more stress to the quicksand, which then thins causes them to sink
faster. Another example of a pseudoplastic is ketchup, which will not flow until it is
squeezed or shaken .
There are not as many natural dilatants, although certain proportions of sand and water
mixed together can display dilatant properties. For example at a beach, if you stand on the
wet sand, your feet will sink in slightly, but if you run across the sand (thus applying greater
stress to it), it will behave as a solid and your feet will not sink in. A dilatant fluid can easily
be made by making a 2:1 mixture of cornflour and water. It is a liquid, but when stirred it
becomes thicker and more difficult to stir. If hit with a hammer, it will shatter like a brittle
solid; but if left it will return to a liquid.
When no stress is being applied, the small repulsive
forces between the particles are enough to allow them to
flow past each other as a liquid. However, when a stress is
applied, these small interparticular forces are overwhelmed
and they clump together, forming hydroclusters (shown in
red on diagram). The hydroclusters make it more difficult
for the particles to flow around each other, thus increasing
the viscosity. In some dilatant fluids enough stress can
cause solid-like behaviour, as essentially one large
hydrocluster is formed and none of the particles can flow
around one another.
Improving Kevlar with dilatant fluids
Poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide
The way dilatant fluids are currently being used in body armour is by being
impregnated in Kevlar and thus strengthening it. In one case silica particles in
ethylene glycol form the dilatant fluid - this is then impregnated into the
Kevlar. This results in a material that is just as flexible as normal Kevlar, yet
when struck by a projectile it hardens, offering more protection to the
individual wearing it.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L5Ts9lYZIDk
GNF Visoelastic fluid
THIXOTROPIC FLUIDS: HAVE A STRUCTURE WHICH BREAKS DOWN WITH TIME UNDER SHEAR
Examples:
CLAYS, SOLDER PASTES, SEMI SOLD PROCESSING OF MATERIALS – THIXOCASTING
RHEOPECTIC FLUIDS: VISCOSITY INCREASES WITH TIME
They thicken or solidify when shaken or agitated. The longer they undergo a shearing
force, the higher their viscosity becomes, (the microstructure of a rheopectic fluid builds
under continuous shearing possibly due to shear-induced crystallization)
Examples of rheopectic fluids include some gypsum pastes, printer inks, and lubricants
Semi Solid Metal Processing
A
Solid
Liquid
Alloy is heated into the liquid phase and held cooled

back into the two phase region where it is stirred and
subsequently injected as slurry into the die
• Rheocasting - injecting non-dendritic, semi-solid slurry

directly into dies
Thixocasting - the slurry is first cast as billet, cut
into appropriate slug & reheated back to semisolid
condition before injecting into the die
 uses pre-cast billet feedstock. In fact for many
years, the very symbol of SSM was a billet that could
be easily cut with a knife when properly preheated for
processing (likened to cutting butter).
Itis the near net shape forming processes from a

partially melted non-dendritic alloy slug within a metal die.
Microstructure of Al-7 Si-0.5Mg alloy
Conventionally Cast – Dendritic Nondendritic Semi-Solid

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Example of flow between 2 parallel plates : Two parallel plates are 1 mm apart.

The lower plate is

Corn starch suspension in water

Pseudoplastic: latex, paper pulp, clay solns. (shear thinning)

Dilatant: Corn starch suspension (shear thickening)

GENERALIZED NEWTONIAN FLUIDS (GNFs)

Note: Most non-Newtonian fluids are pseudoplastic n<1,

RHEOPECTIC FLUIDS: VISCOSITY INCREASES WITH TIME

Alloy is heated into the liquid phase and held cooled

• Rheocasting - injecting non-dendritic, semi-solid slurry

Itis the near net shape forming processes from a

Conventionally Cast – Dendritic Nondendritic Semi-Solid

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