4.1. Introduction 14.2 Scalars and vectors 14.3. Multiplication of vectors by real numbers 14.4 Addition and subtraction of vectors — graphical method 4.5. Resolution of vectors 4.6 Vector addition — analytical method 14.7 Motion in a plane 14.8 Motion in a plane with * constant acceleration 14.9 Relative velocity in two 4.10 Projectile motion }411 Uniform circular moljan— Points to, Ponder Sox —" J Additional exercises “7 dimensions “e) \ lar ) 4.1 INTRODUCTION mn the last chapter we developed the concepts of position, displacement, velocity and acceleration that are needed to describe the motion of an object along a straight line. We found that the directional aspect of these quantities can be taken care of by + and - signs, as in one dimension only two directions are possible. But in order to describe motion of an object in two dimensions (a plane) or three dimensions (space), we need to use vectors/to describe the above- mentioned physical quantities. Therefore, its first necessary to learn the language of vectors. What is a vector? How to add, subtract and multiply vectors ? What is the result of multiplying a vector by a real number ? We shall learn this to enable us to use vectors for defining velocity and discuss motion of an object ina plane. As a simple case of motion in a plane, we shall discuss motion with constant acceleration and treat in detail . Circular motion is a familiar class of The equations developed in this chapter for motion in a Plane can be easily extended to the case of three dimensions. 4.2 SCALARS AND VECTORS In physics, we can classify quantities as scalars or vectors. Basically, the difference is that is not with a scalar. A scalar quantity is a quantity with magnitude only. Itis specified completely by a single number, along with the proper unit. Examples are : the distance between two points, ‘mass of an object, the temperature of a body and the time at which a certain event happened. The rules for are the rules of ordiné ebra. Scalars can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided~66 For example. rectangle are Just as the ordinary numbers if the length and breadth of a 1.0 m ea 0.5 m respectively, then its perimeter is the sum of the le oe four sides, 1.0 m + 0.5 m +1.0m + OO 3.0 m. The length of each side is a ree and the perimeter is also a scalar. 10 another example: the maximum minimum temperatures on 2 particular day are 35.6 °C and 24.2 °C respectively. Then, the difference between the two temperatures is 11.4 °C. Similarly, if a uniform solid cube of aluminium of side 10 cm has a mass of 2.7 kg, then its volume is 10° m® (a scalar) and its density is 2.7x10° kg m*° (a scalar). Avector quantity is a quantity that has both a magnitude and a direction an |. So, a vector is ‘specified by giving its magnitude by a number and its direction. Some physical quantities that ted by vectors arelilaSlaBeReDt, oc seca vector, we use a bold face type in this book. Thus, a velocity vector can be represented by a symbol v. Since bold face is difficult to produce, when written by hand, a vector is often represented by an arrow placed over a letter, say (@! Thus, both v and 6 represent the velocity vector. The a vector is often called its €.g. by A, @ p,q, X, .. x, y. with respective magnitudes denoted by light face A, @, p,q. 1... XY. 4.2.1 Position and Displacement Vectors To describe the position of an object moving in a plane, we need to choose a convenient point, say O as origin. Let P and P’ be the positions of the object at time tand f, respectively [Fig. 4.1(a)]. We join O and P by a straight line. Then, OP is the position vector of the object at time t An arrow is marked at the head of this line. It ig represented by a symbol r, i.e. OP = r, Point P” -* m of scalars make. sense ‘of different units. < only Jor quantities with same units, However youct™ vectors . 2 an aT ete Sy or quanttes wth same nts, Hoeven woe {s represented by another positio, denoted by F- The length of the ven represents the magnitude of the vecto, direction is the direction in which P lieg at from O. If the object moves from p toe! vector PP’ (with tail at P and tip at py 4, * ty the displacement vector correspon; motion from paint P (at time 4 to point P (ai 4 Fig. 4.1 (a) Position and displacement ve (b) Displacement vector PQ and differey courses of motion. It is important to note that Paptlons. For example, in Fig. 4.1b Hal and final positions as P and Q, te displacement vector is the same P for differet paths of journey, say PABCQ, PDQ, and PBEF) Therefore, the magnitude of displacement i eithe: to the fength ofa object between two points. This fac “emphasised in the previous Chapter also whit discussing motion along a straight line. 4.2.2 Equality of Vectors -2[a) shows two equal vectors Aa B. We can easily check their equality- of Parallel to itself until its tail Q coincides wi of A, ie. Q coincides with O. Then, sinc? © tips S and P also coincide, the two atl said to be equal. In general, equality 1s in#! I sd——o yA PLANE, ne 67 “Ie ae * ciet cues es (©) Two 9 *" sectors A’ and B’ are unequal though they ae of the same length. ‘eB, Note that in Fig. 4.2(b), vectors A’ and § have the same magnitude but they are not pecause they have different directions. fest B parallel to tse so that ts tall with the tail O’ of A’, the tip $’ of BY gesnot coincide with the tip P of A’, 43. MULTIPLICATION OF VECTORS BY REAL NUMBERS Forexample, if Ais multiplied by 2, the resultant vector 2A is in the same direction as A and has amagnitude twice of |A| as shown in Fig. 4.3(a). numbers, say -1 and -1.5, gives vectors as shown in Fig 4.3(b). a » —- a ae @ () Fig. 4.9. (a) Vector A and the resultant vector after multiplying A by a positive number 2. (b) Vector A and resultant vectors after multiplying it by a negative number -1 and =1,5, fo 60x Then, thé dimension 6! Bo ‘the dimensions of 4 and A. For example, if we multiply a constant velocity vector by duration (of time), we get a displacement vector. 44 ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF VECTORS — GRAPHICAL METHOD As mentioned in section 4.2, vectors, by definition, obey the triangle law or the parallelogram law of addition. We shall now describe this law of addition using the graphical method. Let us consider two vectors A and B that lie in a plane as shown in Fig. 4.4{a). ie sum A + B, we place vector B so that its tail is at the head of the vector A, as in Fig. 4.4(b). Then, we join the tail of A to the head of B. This line OQ represents a vector R, that is, the sum of the vectors A and B. Since, in this procedure of vector addition, vectors are ) {@) Pig. 4.4 (a) Vectors A and B. (b) Vectors A and B added graphically. (c) Vectors B and A added graphically. (d) Illustrating the associative law of vector addition. v 22called the he: and their restiftant So this method is also known as of vector addition. If we find the resultant of B + Aas in Fig. 4.4(c), the same vector R is obtained, Thus, tion ts| 'o-tail method..The two vectors le, (4.1) The addition of vectors also obeys law as illustrated in Fig. 4.4(d). The result of adding vectors A and B first and then adding vector C is the same as the result of adding B and € first and then adding vector A: (4.2) What ts the result of adding two equal and opposite vectors ? Consider two vectors A and At,>At,). The velocity — Vectors at points P, P| P., B, are also shown Figs. 4.15 (a) (b) and (0). fn each case of At AP tained using the triangle law of vector By definition, the direction of averse as Atdecréases, the jon of Av chan and consequent! ‘ f » the di tion 0! Seceleration =. Finally in the limtt Bt? |w . © ® acceleration for three time intervals (a) At,, 5 The (0) Atp, andl (c) Ats, (Aty> At> Aty). (d) In the 7 ‘acceleration. average | iv tat 70, the average acceleration becomes the: ys@, the average acceleration becomes ret wus acceleration and has the otan(2)-tan (3): 3 with wants oe shown, em vy 3 am ecitria one dimension, the velocity and) a ‘eceiration of an object are always along straight line (either in the same di- 48 MOTION IN A PLANE WITH CONSTANT t ACCELERATION v, _ Suppose that an object is moving in xy plane _and its acceleration a is constant. Over an " interval of time, the average acceleration will equal this constant value. Now, let the velocity of the object be vg at time t= 0 and vat time t 1301+ 2.007] +5.0k Then, by definition tere tis in seconds and the coefficients =o _¥-¥o ‘atetheproper units for x to be in metres. f=0 "at ‘Find v(d and a(i) of the particle. (b) Find ‘be magnitude and direction of v(t) at Or, (WEG Hat (4.33a) 10s" In terms of components : Dy = Voy + gt : by = Voy tayt (4.33b) Let us now find how the position r changes with time. We follow the method used in the one- dimensional case. Let r, and r be the position ae vectors of the particle at time 0 and t and let the #0) velocities at these instants be v, and v. Then, 349 over this time interval t, Xtalgy - ne, along y-direction The displacement is the average yale 4.0] multiplied by the time interval : i wtties v= \3"+4? =5.0ms? (Wo +at)+¥0), is 2=Vot+ par? Or r=%o+ vot+ pat? (4.34a) It can be easily verified that the derivati a, 94a), 1e, HF gives Ba. 90e) ane 8° at at t=O, F = Tor satisfles the condition thi 4 Equation (4.34a) can be written in component form as ve of lie = =—a,t X=Xo + Vat + Y= Yo +t t dat? (4.340) One immediate interpretation of Eq.(4.34b) is that . That is, motion a ) can be treated as two separate simultaneous one-dimensional mations with constant acceleration along wo perpendicular directions. This is an important result and is useful in ‘motion of objects tn two dimensions. A sirnilar result holds for three dimensions. The choice of perpendicular directions is convenient in many physical Situations, as we shall see in section 4.10 for projectile motion. 2.5 A particle starts from origin at t=O witha velocity 5.0i m/s and moves 3 xy plane under action of a force which produces a constant acceleration of (3.04 + 2.03) m/s’. (a) What is’ the y-coordinate of the p: article at the instant jts x-coordinate is 84 1n ? (b) What is the speed of the particle at this time ? (Answer ‘The position of the particle is given by = volt tat? ¥(t)=Vol+ zat = 5.0it + (1/2)(3.01 + 2.0) =(5.0¢+1.5¢)i+1.02j x(t)=5.00+1.517 Therefore. y(t)=+1.007 of the bicycle she is riding. That !§ Pay, r m, t=? . Given x(0 5.0 t+ 1.5t?=84>t=6s 6s, y= 1.0 (6) = 36.0 m dr Att= Now, the velocity ¥ = v= 23.01 +12.0j = (5.0+3.02)i +2047 tj At t=65 speed =|v1= V23" +12? =26ms" 4.9 RELATIVE VELOCITY IN TWO DIMENSIONS . ‘The concept of relative velocity, introduce aeotion 3.7 for motion along a straight lin, a be easily extended to include motion in a ca orin three dimensions. Suppose that two obj {and B are moving with velocities v, anit (each with respect to some common frame} reference, say ground.). Then, velocity of ote, Arelative to that of B is: aee ta and similarly, the velocity of object B relativey that of A is Rain is falling vertically with s-', Awoman rides a bieyéle sin east to west hich ple 4.6 f aspeed of 35 m with a speed of 12 m direction. What is the direction in w! she should hold her umbrella ? Answer In Fig. 4.16 v, represents of rain and v,, the velocity of the woman is riding. Both these velocities are vil) respect to the ground. Since ‘the woman ist a bicycle, the velocity of rain as edt ' the velo) Fig. 4.16 vel her is the velocity of rain relative t the v4 Yowort S as _ ive velocity vector as shown in nc ssmsies anand 8 with the vertical, It is by o=2= 2 L343 tan o, 35 or, gel . refore, the woman should hold her Them at an angle of about 19° with the = towards the west. te carefully the difference between this Note jeand tht Example 4,1. In Example 4.1, a experiences the resultant (vector fom) of two velocities while in this example, the woman experiences the velocity of rain relative to the bicycle (the vector difference ofthe two velocities). 4 4.10 PROJECTILE MOTION ‘As an application of-the ideas developed in the previous sections, we consider the motion of a a tastall or any other object. The motion of a projectile may be thought of as the FéSult of two" iene component is along oe destin MIRESIETEIBESSEESOn andthe other fong the vertical direction with constant acceleration due tO the Torce of gravity. It was ‘“GifresistafiGehasinegligible effect on the motion of the projectile. Suppose that the projectile is _ launched with velocity v, that makes an angle ®,with the xaxis as shown in Fig. 4.17. After the object has been projected, the acceleration acting on it is that due to gravity Which is directed vertically downward: as-g) % a-0q=-g The components of initial velocity v, are : Y= U, cos 8, Ya ¥, sin @, (4.36) (4.37) Fig 4.17 Motion ofan object projected with velocity », , a If we take the initial position to be the origin of the reference frame as shown in Fig. 4.17, we have : %,= 0. y,=0 ‘Then, Eq.(4.47b) becomes : X= v,,t= (V, cos @,) t and y=(v, sin 8.) t-(%)ge _ 4.38) The components of velocity at time t can be obtained using Eq.(4.33b) : * v, = v,, =v, Cos 8, v, 2, sin 8,- gt (4.39) Equation (4.38) gives the x-, and y-coordinat of the position of a projectile at time tin terms of two — initial speed v, and projection - angle 8,. Notice that the choice of mutually perpendicular x-, and y-direction for the analysis of the projectile motion has resulted in a simplification. One of the components of velocity, i.e. x-component remains constant throughout the motion and only the ¥y- component changes, like an object in free fall in vertical direction. This is shown graphically at few instants in Fig. 4.18. Note that at the point of maximum height, v,= 0 and therefore, q=tan!t =9 Equation of path of a projectile What is the shape of the path followed by the projectile? This can be seen by eliminating the time between the expressions for x and y as given in Eq. (4.38). We obtain:Now, since g, @, and v, are constants, {s of the form y= ax+ bx’, in which aand Dare tants. This is the (Fig. 4.18). Fig. 4.18 The path of a profectile is a parabola. Time of maximum height How much time does the projectile take to reach the maximum height ? Let this time be denoted by t,, Since at this point, v,= 0, we have from’ Eq. (4.39): v, =v, sind,-gt,=0 Or. (4.41a) The total time T, during which the projectile is in flight can be obtained by putting y = 0 in Eq. (4.38). We get : (4.41b) T. is known as the time of flight of the projectile. We note that T,.= 2 t,,, which is expected because of the : Maximum height of a projectile The maximum height h,, reached by the projectile can be calculated by substituting t=, in Eq, (4.38) : vpsinds ) g| yea =(eotnto Ee 2 | sss . J 5 Hot 4 projectile ‘The horizontal distance travelled from its initial position (x = y moe where it passes y= O during its fall jg °° horizontal range, R. It is the distance tm during the time of flight T, . Therefore, Ris * the; R =(v, cos 8) (T,) =(v, cos @) (2 v, sin 8)/g ° ( Equation shows that for a , profection velocity v,, R is maximum whe 26, is maximum, i.e., When @, = 45°. | range is, therefo (4. Sciences, stated that “for elevations exteed or fall short of 45 nts, the ranges are equal”. Prove th tement. Answer For a projectile launched with vel v, at an angle 0, , the range is given by an v2 sin 26) g Now, for angles, (45° + a) and ( 45°- a ? (90° + 2a) and (90° - 2a) , respectively. values of sin (90° + 2a) and sin (90° - 24 the same, equal to that of cos 2a. Th ranges are equal for elevations which fall short of 45° by equal amounts & tands on the fe Example 4.8 A hiker s\ ae of a cliff 490 m above the groune ig throws a stone horizontally with @0 ne speed of 15 ms. Neglecting air re er find the time taken by the stone bet i the ground, and the speed wil he's hits the ground. (Take g = 9-8 ™$pLAl We choose the origin ol the x-,and y- spe edge of the cli and ¢ = 0 s al the axis at OM stone is thrown. Choose the positive the -axis to be along the initial velocity sitive direction of y-axis to be the and the Pipward direction. The x. and y- vertically ig of the motion can be treated compo Miently. The equations of motion are : 2X, tat s ay, +0, ¢41/2) a, yer 7H 2 0: Uy 70: = 9 = 8.88% y,215ms". a tone hits the grounc en y(t) = - 490 m. ‘The sih1,90 m = -(1/2)(9.8) e. t=10s. 18 see 0ad zv,-gt 2 st when the stone hits the ground : v= 15ms" or=0-9.8x 10=-98ms" ‘therefore the speed of the stone is ne os? ‘Example 4.9 A cricket ball is thrown at a speed of 28 m s" in a direction 30° above the horizontal. Calculate (a) the maximum height, (b) the time taken by the ball to return to:the same level, and (c) the distance from the thrower to the point where the ball returns to the same level. Answer (a) The maximum height is given by _ (vp sind) _(28sin30°)" dU _M4xi4 “2x98 (0)The time taken to return to the same level is T= (2 v, sin @,)/g = (2x 28 x sin 30°)/9.8 9 =10.0m =28/9.85=2.9s (Q The distance from the thrower to the point Where the ball returns to the same level is pe (i822) 28x28xsin60° in 9 ; ~ 79 Neglecting air resistance - what does the assumption really mean? While treating the topic of projectile motion, we have stated that we assume that the air resistance has no effect on the motion of the projectile. You must understand what the statement really means. Piet esistance ar Fees. In the presence of any of stich forces opposing motion, any object will lose some part of its initial energy and consequently, momentum too. Thus, a projectile that traverses a parabolic pal would certainly show @@viation’ from i creliseaie}GeBO in the presence of air front. tn X-component of the velocity remains constant and itis only the y-component that undergoes a continuous change. However. nce of ance, both of fected. That would mean” that the range would be'less'than: the one” given by Bq. (4.43). Maximum height als painted tay 30 YOU Tico. anticipate the change in (He time of flight? In order to avoid air resistance, we will have to perform the experiment in vacuum or under low pressure, which is not easy. When we use a phrase: like ‘neglect air resistance’, we imply that the change in parameters such as range, height etc. is much smaller than their values without air resistance. The calculation without air resistance is much simpler than that with air resistance. 4.11 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION When an object follows a circular path at a e motion of the object is called rm circular motion. The word “uniform” refers to the speed, which is uniform (constant) throughout the motion. Suppose an object is moving with uniform speed vin a circle of radius Ras shown in Fig. 4.19. Since the velocity of the object is changing continuously in direction, the . Let us find the magnitude and the direction of this acceleration.@ Fg. 4.19 Velocity and acceleration of an object in uniform circular motion. The time interval b) (©) At decreases jy (@) to (c) where it is zero. The acceleration is directed, at each point of the path, fowards the ceniey the circle. Let r and ¥’ be the position vectors and v and ¥ the velocities of the object when it is at point P and P’ as shown in Fig. 4.19{a). By definition, velocity at a point is along the tangent at that Point in the direction of motion. The velocity vectors v and W’ are as shown in Fig. 4.19{al). Av is obtained in Fig. 4.19 (a2) using the triangle law of vector addition. Since the path is circular, v is perpen and so is'v’ to r’. Therefore, ince average acceleration is along Av ( = average acceleration a is perpendicular to Ar. If we place Av on the line that bisects the angle between rand r’, we see that it is directed towards the centre of the circle. Figure 4.19(b) shows the ‘same quantities for smaller time interval. Av and hence @ is again directed towards the centre. In Fig. 4.19(c), At-+0O and the average acceleration becomes the instantaneous acceleration. It is . ‘Thus, we find that ion of an object in unjform circular motion is always directed towards the centre of the circle. Let us now find magnitude of the acceleration. one magnitude of a is, by definition, given by [av| ll= 4", 0 ae Let the angle between position vectors r and Se ¥ be Ad. Since the velocity vectors v and v ay always perpendicular to the position vectors, ty angle between them is also A@. Therefore ie triangle CPP’ formed by the position vectors ani the triangle GHI formed by the velocity’ vecioy ¥, v and Av are similar (Fig. 4.19a). Therefor, the ratio of the base-length to side-length fs one of the triangles is equal to that of the other triangle. That is : lawl vae| vlad I im oe ao Rar Rabo at If At is small, A6 will also be small and then a PP’ can be approximately taken to be! Arl: lar = vat lar sv At tim [ant _ Or, —= At 0 at Therefore, the centripetal acceleration 4.’ At-0. A BECOMES PEPEMEAFIO: I ths Ut 800 cand ts consequent aso pores” * In the Umit. nis directed towards the centre, at each point of the circular path. to,V. Therefore, thea yo 81 ae (a) (aay acceleration of an object Moving with ‘Tous. fa actrele of radius R has a magnitude ‘way of describing the vebcty and the acceleration of an object in «uniform circular motion. As the object moves from P to P’ in time At (= t' - 9, the line cP (Fg 4.19) tums through an angle A@ as shown inthe igure. 40 is called angular distance. We define the angular speed « (Greek letter omega) aé the time rate of change of angular displacement : J o=— a (4.45) Now, ifthe distance travelled by the object during the time At is As, i.e. PP’is As, then : ve At but As = RA@. Therefore : Ao D=R—=R@ rm URRO (4.46) > We can express centri ipetal acceleration a, in jtems angular speed: : (4.47) ‘The time taken by an object to make one revolution {s known as its time period T and the number of Tevolution made in one second is called its freq However, this time the distance moved by the object is $ = 2nR. Therefore, v= 2nR/T=2nRv (4.48) In terms of frequency v, we have @=2nyv v= 2nRv aaa ve (4.49) Example 4.10°An insect trapped in a circular groove of radius 12 cm moves along the groove steadily and completes 7 revolutions’ in 100 8. (a) What is the angular speed, and the linear speed of the motion? (b) Is the acceleration vector a constant vector ? What is its magnitude ? Answer This is an example of uniform circular Motion. Here R= 12 cm. The angular speed w is given by é @=2n/T=2nx 7/100 = 0.44 rad/s The linear speed vis : v= R=0.4481x 12cem= 53cmsi The direction of velocity vis along the tangent to the circle at every point. The acceleration is towards the centre of the circle. Since this direction changes continuously, acceleration here is not a constant vector, However, the magnitude of acceleration is constant: a= o R= (0.44 s"}? (12 cm) =2.3cms? < T:aAar - = 1Q8s 2x22. Lee fr vK [od Vv ON ye_10. n. 13. SUMMARY are quantities with magnitudes only. Examples are distance, eee ‘Scalar mass and temperature, tude and direction both. tities with magni! Examples i re ‘ tion. They obey special rules of vector algeby.* os ber A is also a vector, whose magnitude ie j i, vector A multiplied by a real:nur! quantities nme \ mullPthe vector A and whose direction is the same or opposite depengine ‘whether A is positive or negative. Lt ue ie and Bmay be added graphically using head-to-tail method or parallelogry, method. : Vector addition is commutative : AtB=B+A It also obeys the associative law : (A+B)+C=A+B+O) ‘A rulllor zero vector is a vector with zero magnitude. Since the magnitude is zero, we don't have to specify its direction. It has the properties ¢ A+O0=A AO=0 OA=0 ‘The subtraction of vector B from A is defined as the sum of A and —B : A-B = At (-B) ‘Avector A can be resolved into component along two given vectors a and b lying in the ‘same plane : A=ha+yb where 2 and jt are real numbers. ‘A unit vector associated with a vector A has magnitude one and is along the vector A: ao ial: ‘The unit vectors j, j, & are vectors of unit magnitude and point in the direction of the x, y+, and zaxes, respectively in a right-handed coordinate system. A vector A can be expressed as A=Ad+Aj where A,, A, are its cpmponents along x-, and y -axes. If vector A makes an angle @ with the x-axis, then A;= [Link] 8, A=Asin @and A=|A|=./A? + Aj. tand=7" ‘Vectors can be conveniently added using analytical method. vectors & and B. that lle in xy plane, is R, then : a R= Rit Rj. where, R=A+B,and R= A, +B, The posttion vector of an object in xy plane is given by r = xi + 4 and the displacement from position r to ce ¥ to position r ts given by =i’-xit+y’-yj = Axitayj ‘ - {fan object undergoes a displacement Ar in time At; its average velocity 18 given PF ar = inp The velocity of an object at time tis the limiting value of the average Yel”tm —=—, ve oat at "ean be writen in unit vector notation as : sugltojj+oge where vp 2%) dy) _ dz orlinceniner nach a WV is tangen the curve representing the path of the object, ai eee : ihe velocity ofan object changes from v to vin time at then its average acceleration ssgven oy: ee ae 5 ‘The acceleration a at any time tis the limiting value of @ as At=0: an um ar ae At>Oat at In component form, we have : cadtajtak where, a, = 2, 9, = 2% _ due eget Oy Gp a Ian object is moving in a plane with constant acceleration a=|a|= fa? +a; and its position vector at time t= 0 is r,, then at any other time tit will be at a point given by. 1 THR +¥ot+ Dat? and its velocity is given by : vev,+at where v, is the velocity at time ¢= 0 In component form : lig XX, tat t aye Xp + Vat + 5 ay lg Yay, tYy tt oat Dy =Doe + Agt v, = gy + yt . i Motion in a plane can be treated as superposition of two separate simultaneous one- dimensional motioris along two perpendicular directions An object that is in flight after being projected ts‘called a projectile. If an object 1s Projected with initial velocity v, making an angle 6, with x-axis and if we assume its initial posttion to coincide with the origin of the coordinate system, then the position and velocity of the projectile at time tare given by: x=(v, cos 8) t y=(v,sin @) t- (1/2) 9 & ¥,= D,, =v, COs 8, v, =v, sin 8,-gt ‘The path’of a projectile is parabolic and {s given by : y= (tand,)x - 2 __ (tané,) De, c008,F ‘The maximum heighi that a projectile attains is :hy = ‘The time taken to reach this height 1s + _ Yo sine mong i The horizontal distance travelled by a projectile from its initial post ee ae Corioate tats called thevrance, Ref the protean tent the Position R~%sin2s, 17. When an object follows a circular [Link] constant speed, the motion called uniform of circular motion. The magnitude of its acceleration is a ae direction of a: is always towards the centre of the circle. SOR Te ‘The angular speed a, is the rate of change of angular distance. It is related to vey vby v=@R. The acceleration is a, = @*R. Paty if Tis the time period of revolution of the obj frequency, we have w= 2nv, ject in circular moti v=2mwR, a= 4nvR lon and V is its res reRee staposts TO PONDER | me path feng traversed by an ject between two points | RRERETA owe aes 1 . The displacement dey ‘pends only on the end points; the ame ‘Implies) depends on the actual path. The two quanities are 4 during the course of motion. In all ‘agnitude of displacement. in view of point 1 above, the average speed of an : object ts greater than or equal to the > Hagnitude of the average velocity over a given, time interes ‘The two are equal only i the i length i equal to the magnitude of displacermere 6 The resultant acceleration of an object in circular totion is towards the ecatre only if the speed is coristant example, the & [Link] he a straighi EXERCISES A foreach of the following physical quantities, if it is [Link] or a vector : Kelar ae ‘ie speed, acceleration, density, number of males, velocity, \ , displacement, angular velocity. met. angular Vins 49 Pek out the two scalar quantities in the following list: 8 ay) 2 force, angular momentum, work, cwrent, linear momentuin, electric field, average SC OAM) velocity, magnetic moment, relative velocity. > US Pick out the only vector quantity in the following list : ‘Temperature, pressure, impulse, time, power, total path length, energy, gravitational Potential, coefficient of friction; charge. 4 State with reasons, whether the following algebraic operations with scalar and veetor quantities are A ‘Bbriog sy e setae Being sort avec fe sane dimers, tial iplll Sof tabi s lal + Ib! Jal ta-bl Hal -IBIT ‘When does the equality sign above apply? 7 Givena+b+e+d=0, which of the following | statements are correct : {a) a, b, e, and d must each be a null vector, ‘The magnitude of (a+) equals the magnitude of b+), ‘The magnitude of a can never be greater than the sum of the magnitudes of b, ¢, and 4, , ae \or . the, cyclist on the circular tum ? per 4146) Show that fora project the angle betwen the velocity andthe x-axis as a funetion of time is given by : sean ( ee) ft) Shows that the projection angle 0, for a projectile launched from the origin is by where the symbols have thelr usual meaning,